Iyini imodi ye-UEFI futhi ihluke kanjani ku-BIOS?

Informatec Digital » Izinsiza » Iyini imodi ye-UEFI futhi ihluke kanjani ku-BIOS?

Uma sivula ikhompyutha yethu futhi konke kubonakala sengathi kuqala njengomlingo, empeleni kukhona uhlelo olusezingeni eliphansi kakhulu olusebenza ngemuva. Lo "buchopho" bokuqala bungaba yi-BIOS yakudala noma indawo yayo yesimanje, i-UEFI . Zombili zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-BIOS ngokungajwayelekile, kodwa azifani, futhi kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwazo uma ufuna ukugwema ukumangala lapho ufaka izinhlelo zokusebenza noma ushintsha ama-hard drive.

I-UEFI isifikile ukuzothatha indawo ye-BIOS ebesiyisebenzisa kusukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-70. Yenza umsebenzi ofanayo oyisisekelo—ukuqalisa ihadiwe nokuqalisa uhlelo lokusebenza—kodwa inezela ukuthuthukiswa okuningi: isikhombikubona sezithombe, ukuphepha okuthuthukisiwe, ukwesekwa kwamadiski amakhulu kakhulu, kanye nokuphathwa kokuhlukanisa okuguquguqukayo . Kodwa-ke, indlela ikhompyutha yakho eqala ngayo inquma ukuthi yiziphi izinhlelo zokusebenza ongazifaka nokuthi kufanele uhlukanise kanjani idiski , ngakho-ke kufanelekile ukuyiqonda ngokucophelela.

Yini i-firmware, i-BIOS, ne-UEFI?

Ngaphambi kokuthi siqhathanise, kuyasiza ukucacisa umqondo oyisisekelo: kokubili i-BIOS ne-UEFI ziyi-firmware . Okusho ukuthi, uhlelo olugcinwe kwimemori ekhethekile ebhodini lomama elilawula ngqo amasekethe kagesi ekhompyutha ngaphambi kokuba uhlelo lokusebenza luthathe izintambo.

Le firmware isebenza ngokushesha nje lapho inkinobho yokuvula icindezelwa. Iqala futhi ihlole i-RAM, iprosesa, ikhadi lehluzo, ama-hard drive, kanye nezinto eziyisisekelo ezisetshenziswayo . Uma isiqinisekisile ukuthi konke kuhamba kahle, ithola ukuthi iyiphi idivayisi okufanele iqalise (i-hard drive, i-USB, inethiwekhi, njll.) bese ilayisha uhlelo lokusebenza kusukela lapho.

Iyini i-BIOS (Uhlelo Lokufaka/Lokukhipha Oluyisisekelo)

I-BIOS yakudala yavela ngawo-70 kanye nawo-80, futhi isifinyezo sayo simelela i- Basic Input/Output System . Sekungamashumi eminyaka iyindinganiso yokuqalisa cishe kuwo wonke ama-PC ahambisanayo . Ikhodi ye-BIOS isebenza ngama-bits angu-16 futhi yenzelwe ihadiwe elinganiselwe kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezindinganiso zanamuhla.

Uma uvula ikhompyutha nge-BIOS yendabuko, into yokuqala eyenzekayo yi-POST (Power-On Self Test): i-BIOS isebenzisa uchungechunge lokuhlola ihadiwe, ukuhlola imemori, amadiski, i-CPU, amafeni, amazinga okushisa, njll. Uma konke kulungile, ibheka ithebula lokuhlukanisa lesitayela se-MBR, ihlonze umkhakha wokuqalisa wediski, bese iyisebenzisa ukuze ilayishe uhlelo lokusebenza.

I-interface yokucushwa kwe-BIOS yendabuko iyabonakala kalula: isikrini sangemuva esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma esimnyama, ukubukeka okufana ne-MS-DOS, kanye nokuzulazula kusetshenziswa ikhibhodi kuphela . Kule menyu, ungashintsha i-oda lokuqalisa , unike amandla noma ukhubaze amadivayisi, ulungise amaphrofayili wamandla, noma ushintshe amapharamitha eprosesa nememori.

Iminyaka eminingi lokhu bekwanele, kodwa i-BIOS ayiphumelelanga ngokufika kwama-hard drive amakhulu kakhulu, izinhlelo ezinwetshiwe ze-64-bit, kanye nezidingo ezintsha zokuphepha . Yilapho i-UEFI ingena khona.

Iyini i-UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface)?

I-UEFI iwukuvela okuqondile kwe-BIOS, futhi isifinyezo sayo simele i -Unified Extensible Firmware Interface . Yaqala njengendinganiso eyayiqhutshwa yi-Intel futhi yasungulwa yi-UEFI Forum ngo-2002 , nezinkampani ezifana ne-AMD, i-Apple, i-Dell, i-Lenovo, ne-Microsoft, phakathi kwezinye eziningi, ezazihilelekile ekuthuthukisweni kwayo.

Umgomo we-UEFI ucacile: ukufaka esikhundleni se-BIOS ngokuhlinzeka ngendawo eguquguqukayo nephephile ekwazi ukuphatha ihadiwe yesimanje . I-firmware ye-UEFI ibhalwe ngo-C, isebenza ngama-bits angu-32 noma angu-64, futhi ingahlala kunoma iyiphi inkumbulo engaguquki, hhayi nje i-chip ejwayelekile ye-CMOS.

Empeleni, i-UEFI yenza imisebenzi efanayo eyisisekelo njenge-BIOS : iqalisa ihadiwe, iqinisekisa ukuthi konke kusebenza kahle, ihlonza idivayisi yokuqalisa, futhi iqalise uhlelo lokusebenza. Umehluko ukuthi ingeza ungqimba lwezinsizakalo ezengeziwe: umphathi wayo wokuqalisa, ukwesekwa kwenethiwekhi yomdabu, ikhono lokulayisha izinsiza zangaphandle, ukuvikela i-boot, ukusekelwa kwamadiski ahlukaniswe yi-GPT, nokunye okuningi.

Ngokubukeka, ushintsho lusobala. Izixhumi ze-UEFI zivame ukunikeza amamenyu anezithombe, ukwesekwa kwegundane, izilimi eziningi, ngisho nama-animation nomsindo . Amanye amabhodi omama akuvumela ukuthi ubuke ulwazi lwesikhathi sangempela ngamazinga okushisa, ama-voltage, nama-fan curve, noma uhlanganise amathuluzi amancane okuxilonga.

Umehluko obonakalayo phakathi kwe-BIOS ne-UEFI

Uma uke waqaphela ukuthi "ufaka i-BIOS" ngokucindezela inkinobho uma uqala, kungase kubonakale sengathi konke kuyafana, kodwa phakathi kwe-BIOS yakudala ne-firmware ye-UEFI kunezinguquko ezinkulu , kokubili kulokho okubonayo nakulokho okwenzekayo ngaphansi.

Umehluko osobala kakhulu ukubukeka. I-BIOS yendabuko inikeza indawo emfushane, esekelwe kumbhalo elawulwa kuphela ngekhibhodi . I-UEFI, ngakolunye uhlangothi, inikeza isikhombikubona sezithombe esifana kakhulu nesistimu yokusebenza elula, ngokusekelwa kwegundane futhi, ezimweni eziningi, ngezikrini "eziyisisekelo" zabasebenzisi abasafufusa kanye nezikrini "ezithuthukisiwe" kulabo abafuna ukulawula okunembe kakhudlwana.

Omunye umehluko obalulekile ukuxhumana. I-UEFI ingaxhuma kwi-inthanethi yodwa ukuze ibuyekeze i-firmware noma ifinyelele izinsizakalo zenethiwekhi, ngisho nangaphandle kokulayisha uhlelo lokusebenza. Lokhu kuvula umnyango wezinsiza zokulungisa kude kumakhompyutha angavuli ngisho ne-Windows noma i-Linux.

Ngokombono wekhodi, i-BIOS inqunyelwe kuma-bits angu-16, kuyilapho i-UEFI isebenza ngqo kuma-bits angu-32 noma angu-64 . Lokhu kuyivumela ukuthi iphathe imemori eningi, amadivayisi amaningi ngesikhathi esifanayo, kanye nezikhathi zokuqalisa ezisheshayo, kunciphisa isikhathi kusukela ekucindezeleni inkinobho yamandla kuya ekuboneni ideskithophu.

Kumsebenzisi wokugcina, olunye ushintsho oluwusizo kakhulu ukuthi i-UEFI ifaka umphathi wayo we-boot, okwaziyo ukuphatha izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi kanye nokufakwa kwe-boot okuningana , ngaphandle kokuthembela kuhlelo oludala lwe-MBR oluqinile. Lokhu kuhlanganiswe nokusetshenziswa kwezingxenye ze-GPT, esizoxoxa ngazo ngokuningiliziwe kamuva.

Izinzuzo eziyinhloko zemodi ye-UEFI kune-BIOS

Ngaphandle kobuhle, i-UEFI inikeza izinzuzo eziningi zobuchwepheshe ezichaza ukuthi kungani abakhiqizi benze ushintsho ngobuningi. Kumakhompyutha amaningi anamuhla, uma ungakhetha phakathi kwe-UEFI ne-BIOS yakudala, uzofuna ukusebenzisa i-UEFI , ngaphandle kwezimo ezithile.

Enye yezinguquko ezibalulekile ukuhlonipha kwayo isikhathi somsebenzisi: izikhathi zokuqalisa zivame ukushesha kakhulu . I-UEFI ingakwazi ukuqalisa amadivayisi amaningi ngasikhathi sinye, ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwayo kwesimanje, njengoba isebenza ngama-bit angu-32/64 enesikhala sekheli esitholakalayo. Lokhu kubonakala kakhulu ezinhlelweni ezinamadiski noma abalawuli abaningi.

Enye inzuzo ebalulekile ukwesekwa kwesitoreji. I-UEFI isebenza kahle ngamadiski ahlukaniswe yi-GPT , okukuvumela ukuthi usebenzise amadrayivu amakhulu kune-2 TB futhi wakhe ama-partition ayisisekelo afinyelela ku-128 kudiski eyodwa ngaphandle kwesidingo sama-partition anwetshiwe noma ezinye izindlela zokuwalungisa.

Endaweni yokuphepha, i-UEFI yethula i-Secure Boot eyaziwayo . Lesi sici siqinisekisa ikhodi esebenza ngesikhathi sokuqalisa futhi sivimbele ukuqala kabusha kwezinhlelo ezingasayiniwe noma eziphazamisekile, sinciphise ubungozi be-bootkits kanye ne-malware esebenza ngaphambi kokuba uhlelo lokusebenza lukwazi ukuzivikela.

Futhi akufanele sikhohlwe ukunwetshwa. I-UEFI iyi-modular futhi inganwetshwa ngabashayeli bezinkampani zangaphandle kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza : izinsiza zokusebenzisa ngokweqile, amathuluzi okuxilonga, abadlali bemidiya abancane, noma amaklayenti enethiwekhi afakiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokukwazi ukuhlanganisa abashayeli ngqo ne-firmware, uhlelo lokusebenza lukhululekile ekulayisheni abashayeli abathile , okungenza umsebenzi walo ube lula futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza okuphelele.

Okokugcina, maqondana nokugcinwa, i-UEFI isekela ukuphathwa okukude kanye nokufinyelela kwenethiwekhi kumapulatifomu amaningi ochwepheshe, ukuze uchwepheshe akwazi ukungenelela kuseva noma kwi-PC noma ngabe uhlelo lokusebenza luphukile noma idiski eyinhloko yehlulekile.

Imikhawulo evamile nezinkinga ze-UEFI

Ngazo zonke lezi zinto ezingenhla, kungase kubonakale sengathi i-UEFI iphelele, kodwa akukho uhlelo olungenaphutha. I-UEFI ingadala futhi amakhanda , ikakhulukazi uma uxuba izindlela noma usebenza nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezindala.

Okokuqala, i-UEFI igxile kakhulu ezinhlelweni ezingama-64-bit . Nakuba kukhona ukusetshenziswa okuthile kwezinhlelo ezingama-32-bit, empeleni kuvamile ukuthi amakhompyutha anamuhla abe nezinkinga noma angakwazi ukuqalisa izinhlelo ezindala ezingama-32-bit, ikakhulukazi uma idiski ifomethiwe njengoba i-GPT kanye ne-Secure Boot zivuliwe.

Ngokombono wokuphepha, kubalulekile ukucacisa okuthile: ngenkathi i-UEFI ene-Secure Boot ithuthukisa ukuvikelwa, akuyona into ephelele . Kunezinsongo ezithile ku-firmware ye-UEFI—njengezinye i-Trojans eziqhubekayo —ezizifaka zona ngokwezinga eliphansi kangangokuthi zisinda ekufometheni, ekufakweni kabusha, ngisho nasekushintshweni kwe-hard drive ngoba zihlala kubhodi lomama uqobo.

Esinye isici sezinkinga sivela lapho ukucushwa kwebhuthi kulahleka noma kushintshwa ngengozi . Ukusetha kabusha okulula kwe-UEFI (ukusebenzisa inkinobho, i-jumper, noma ibhethri) kungabuyisela i-motherboard kuzilungiselelo zasefekthri, kushintshe imodi yokuqalisa (UEFI/Legacy) futhi kuvimbele iWindows ukuthi iqale, noma ngabe idatha iphelele.

Okokugcina, ukuhambisana nehadiwe endala kakhulu ngezinye izikhathi kudinga ukuvumela imodi ye-legacy (CSM) , engangqubuzana namadiski e-GPT noma izinhlelo zesimanje ezazilindele ukuqala ku-UEFI emsulwa. Ngamafuphi, inikeza amandla, kodwa futhi neziguquguquko eziningi okufanele ziphathwe.

I-Secure Boot: iyini nokuthi ingena kanjani kukho konke lokhu

I-Secure Boot ifanelwe yisigaba sayo ngoba iphakamisa imibuzo eminingi. Akuyona isici se-Windows uqobo, kodwa yingxenye yezinga le-UEFI izinhlelo zesimanje—i-Windows 8 neyakamuva, kanye nokusatshalaliswa okuningi kwe-Linux kwakamuva—zazi ukuthi zingalisebenzisa kanjani.

Umqondo ngemuva kwe-Secure Boot ulula kakhulu: ngesikhathi sokuqalisa, i-firmware isebenzisa kuphela ikhodi esayiniwe futhi yaqinisekiswa kusetshenziswa okhiye be-cryptographic abathembekile . Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-boot loader yesistimu yokusebenza kanye, kwezinye izimo, abashayeli abangazikhethela abalayisha ngaphambi kwe-OS.

Uma into ethile izama ukuqala ngaphandle kokusayinwa ngokhiye oqashelwayo, i-UEFI ayikuniki ukulawula . Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ngomhlaseli ukulayisha uhlelo lokusebenza oluhlukile kusuka ku-USB ukuze afunde idiski yakho ngaphandle kwemvume, noma ukuthi i-malware ishintshe i-boot loader ukuze isebenze ngaphambi kwesofthiwe ye-antivirus.

Le ndlela yadala impikiswano lapho iqala ukuvela ngoba ekuqaleni yayikhiphe izinhlelo eziningi ezingezona eze-Windows kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwe-Linux endala . Ngakho-ke, amabhodi e-motherboard anamuhla avame ukufaka imodi yokuhambisana ne-legacy (CSM/Legacy) kanye nenketho yokukhubaza i-Secure Boot, okuvumela ukufakwa kwezinhlelo ezingadalelwanga i-UEFI.

Njengamanje, iningi lezinhlelo ze-Linux ezingama-64-bit ezidumile sezivele zisekela i-Secure Boot , ngakho-ke zingasebenza ne-Windows 10/11 kumodi ye-UEFI ngaphandle kokudinga ukuyikhubaza, inqobo nje uma ukucushwa kwekhi ye-firmware kuvumela.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-MBR ne-GPT: kungani kubalulekile nge-BIOS ne-UEFI

Uma kuxoxwa nge-BIOS kanye ne-UEFI, akunakwenzeka ingasaphathwa eyokuthi ulwazi luhlelwe kanjani kudiski. Ithebula lokuhlukanisa lichaza ukuthi idiski ebonakalayo ihlukaniswe kanjani ibe izingxenye ezisebenzisekayo , futhi lapha kusebenze amasu amabili abalulekile: i-MBR kanye ne-GPT.

Kuma-PC akudala, i-BIOS isebenza ngamadiski asebenzisa ithebula lokuhlukanisa le-MBR (Master Boot Record) . Le fomethi yaqala ngawo-80, lapho kukhulunywa ngamadiski e-multi-terabyte kwakuyindaba yesayensi. I-MBR igcinwa emikhakheni yokuqala yediski futhi iqukethe, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ikhodi yokuqalisa kanye nezincazelo zokuhlukanisa.

I-MBR inemikhawulo eminingana ebalulekile: ivumela kuphela izingxenye eziyinhloko ezifika kwezine (noma izingxenye eziyinhloko ezi-3 kanye nezingxenye ezinde ezinama-drive anengqondo angaphakathi), futhi ingxenye ngayinye ayikwazi ukudlula ama-TB angu-2 . Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuhlanganisa ulwazi endaweni eyodwa, uma i-MBR yonakala, ungase ulahlekelwe ukufinyelela kuzo zonke izingxenye.

I-UEFI iza ne-GPT (GUID Partition Table). I-GPT yaklanywa ngokuqondile ukuze inqobe ukulinganiselwa kwe-MBR . Ikuvumela ukuthi uchaze ama-partition ayinhloko afinyelela ku-128 kudiski eyodwa, ngalinye linosayizi ongafinyelela amakhulu ama-terabytes.

Omunye umehluko obalulekile ukuqina: I-GPT igcina amakhophi amaningi angafuneki ethebula lokuhlukanisa kudiski , ngakho-ke umonakalo emikhakheni embalwa yokuqala akusho ukuthi uzolahlekelwa yisakhiwo sonke. Lokhu kwenza ukululama kube lula uma kwenzeka amaphutha.

Empeleni, ukubhanqa okuvamile yi-BIOS+MBR kanye ne-UEFI+GPT . Ukuqalisa ikhompyutha ku-UEFI emsulwa kuvame ukulindela ukuthi idiski yesistimu ifomethwe njenge-GPT, kanye ne -EFI boot partition yayo ehambisanayo . Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-boot kwimodi ye-BIOS endala ivame ukusebenza kumadiski ane-MBR.

Kunengqondo nini ukusebenzisa ama-partitions bese ushintsha kusuka ku-MBR uye ku-GPT (futhi okuphambene nalokho)

Ukusebenza ngama-partition akuyona nje indaba yobuchwepheshe; kuthinta ngqo indlela ohlela ngayo idatha yakho nokuthi yiziphi izinhlelo zokusebenza ongazifaka . Kunezimo eziningana lapho ukuguqula ithebula lokuhlukanisa cishe kuyimpoqo.

Isibonelo esivamile i-multibooting. Uma ufuna ukuba nezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningana kukhompyutha efanayo —isibonelo, i-Windows ne-Linux—udinga ngayinye ibe ne-partition yayo echazwe ngokucacile (noma isethi yama-partition), futhi uhlelo lokuhlukanisa kumele luhambisane nemodi yokuqalisa oyisebenzisayo.

Esinye isimo esivamile yilapho usuvele unezingxenye ezakhiwe futhi udinga ukushintsha usayizi, ukuzisusa, noma ukuzihambisa ukuze wenze isikhala sesistimu yokusebenza entsha noma ingxenye yedatha. Yilapho ukunyakaza okungalungile kungabangela ukulahleka kwedatha, ngakho-ke kungcono ukuqhubeka ngokuqapha okukhulu, ube nekhophi yokusekelayo esandleni, futhi kungcono usebenzise isofthiwe ekhethekile.

Kuvamile futhi ukusebenza ngama-partition uma ufuna ukufaka i-operating system yakho kwenye idiski, ukuze ukwazi ukuyibuyisela njengoba yayinjalo uma kwenzeka inhlekelele. Kulezi zimo, uhlobo lokuhlukanisa (i-MBR/GPT) kanye nemodi yokuqalisa (i-BIOS/UEFI) kumele kufane phakathi kwamadiski omthombo kanye nendawo okuyo ukuze kugwenywe ukuthi kugcine kunesistimu engeke iqalise. Kulezi zinqubo, kuvamile ukubonisana neziqondiso zendlela yokuhlanganisa ukufakwa ngendlela efanele.

Ukushintsha kusuka ku-MBR kuya ku-GPT—noma okuphambene nalokho—kungenzeka, kodwa kukhona inkinga. Ezimweni eziningi, kuhilela ukusula okuqukethwe kwediski , ngaphandle kokuthi usebenzisa amathuluzi athile avumela ukuguqulwa ngokushesha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, awukwazi "ukuguqula" idiski oqala kuyo iWindows ngaphandle kokulandela izinqubo ezithile nezibucayi; yingakho kuneziqondiso zokwenza lokhu ngokuphephile.

Ukuhambisana kwesistimu yokusebenza ne-BIOS/UEFI kanye ne-MBR/GPT

I-Firmware, imodi yokuhlukanisa, kanye nokuhambisana kwesistimu yokusebenza kuyindida encane efanele ukuqondwa. Akuzona zonke izinhlelo ezingakwazi ukuqala ku-UEFI, akuzona zonke ezisekela i-GPT, futhi akuzona zonke ezisebenza kahle nge-Secure Boot.

Kusukela ku-Windows, i-XP kanye nezinguqulo zangaphambilini kuqonda i-BIOS ne-MBR kuphela . Azikwazi ukuqala kwimodi ye-UEFI noma ukufakwa kudiski ye-GPT njengohlelo lokusebenza oluyinhloko. I-Windows Vista yethule ukwesekwa kokuqala kwe-UEFI, kodwa kwaba nge-Windows 7 futhi, ikakhulukazi, i-Windows 8 lapho ukwesekwa kwasungulwa khona.

Ezindaweni zanamuhla, ama-Windows angu-64-bit kusukela ku-Vista kuya phambili angasebenza nama-disk e-GPT , futhi kusukela ku-Windows 8 kuya phambili, ukufakwa kwe-UEFI nge-partition yesistimu ye-EFI yisimo esinconywayo. Eqinisweni, amakhompyutha aqinisekisiwe anezinguqulo zamanje ze-Windows avame ukuvela efektri ene-UEFI evuliwe, i-Secure Boot evuliwe, kanye ne-disk ehlukaniswe ku-GPT.

Ngokuphathelene ne-Linux, ukusatshalaliswa kwamanje kwama-bit angu-64 kuvame ukusekela kokubili i-UEFI kanye ne-GPT , ngisho ne-Secure Boot ezimweni eziningi. Kodwa-ke, ukusatshalaliswa okudala kakhulu noma izinguqulo ezingama-bit angu-32 kungadinga ukukhubaza i-Secure Boot ngisho nokuphoqa imodi ye-BIOS endala ukuthi isebenze.

Imininingwane ebalulekile ukuthi akuwona umqondo omuhle ukufaka uhlelo lokusebenza kwimodi yokuqalisa eyodwa bese ushintshela kwenye . Uma ufaka iWindows kwimodi ye-BIOS ku-partition ye-MBR bese uvula i-UEFI emsulwa ngaphandle kwe-CSM, ikhompyutha cishe izohluleka ukuqala. Okuphambene nakho kuyiqiniso: ukufakwa kweWindows ku-UEFI ku-partition ye-GPT ngeke kuqale kwimodi ye-Legacy uma umane ukhubaza i-UEFI kanye ne-Secure Boot.

Ungabona kanjani ukuthi ikhompyutha yakho isebenzisa i-BIOS noma i-UEFI

Uma ungaqiniseki ukuthi iyiphi isistimu yokusebenza esetshenziswa yikhompyutha yakho, asikho isidingo sokuvula ikesi noma ukudlala umdlalo wokuqagela. I-Windows ifaka izindlela eziningana ezilula zokuhlola ukuthi usebenzisa i-Legacy BIOS noma i-UEFI , kanye nokuthi idiski yakho ifomethiwe njenge-MBR noma i-GPT.

Enye yezindlela ezisheshayo ukusebenzisa ithuluzi elithi "Ulwazi Lwesistimu". Kusukela kumenyu yokuqala ungasesha "Ulwazi Lwesistimu" noma usebenzise msinfo32Ngaphakathi kwesifinyezo esikhulu uzobona insimu ebizwa ngokuthi "Imodi ye-BIOS".

Uma kuvela "iLegacy" noma okufanayo kuleyo nsimu, iWindows iqala kabusha kumodi ye-Legacy BIOS . Uma ithi "UEFI," kusho ukuthi uhlelo lufakiwe futhi lulungiselelwe ukusebenzisa i-firmware ye-UEFI, cishe ngediski ye-GPT kanye ne-partition ye-EFI boot.

Enye indlela ewusizo ukuphathwa kweDisk. Vula diskmgmt.msc bese uhlola idiski lapho kufakwe khona iWindows.Uma ubona ukwahlukaniswa okuncane "kwe-EFI System" ngefomethi ye-FAT32, kanye nokunye ukwahlukaniswa okugcinelwe i-Microsoft kanye nokuhlukaniswa okuyinhloko kwe-NTFS, ubheke ukufakwa kwemodi ye-UEFI ku-GPT.

Nokho, uma ubona i-partition eyodwa noma ezimbili eziyinhloko ze-NTFS futhi kungekho i-partition ye-EFI, i-Windows cishe ifakiwe ku-BIOS/MBR . Ukuqinisekisa lokhu, ungasebenzisa amathuluzi okuhlukanisa noma umugqa womyalo we-Windows.

Kukhona ngisho nendlela "yokuphenya" esekelwe kufayela lelogi yokufaka. Kwifolda C:\Windows\Panther ifayela ligciniwe setupact.log ngemininingwane yendawo yokuqalisa etholakele ngesikhathi sokufakwa. Ngokuhlunga lelo fayela ngentambo ethi "Indawo yokuqalisa etholakele", uzobona ukuthi uhlelo lufakwe yini endaweni ye-BIOS noma ye-EFI.

Indlela yokufinyelela i-UEFI noma i-BIOS kusuka ku-Windows

Ukufinyelela i-firmware akuseyona nje indaba yokuhlanganisa i-F2 noma i-Delete ekuqaleni, ikakhulukazi kumakhompyutha aqala ngokushesha kakhulu. I-Windows 10 ne-11 zinikeza izindlela eziqondile zokungena kuzilungiselelo ze-UEFI ngaphandle kokudinga ukusabela okufana ne-ninja.

Indlela "ehlanzekile" iwukusebenzisa Izilungiselelo ze-Windows. Iya ku-Qala → Izilungiselelo → Ukubuyekeza Nokuphepha → Ukubuyisela . Esigabeni esithi "Ukuqalisa Okuthuthukisiwe", uzothola inkinobho ethi "Qala Kabusha Manje" ekuyisa kumenyu ekhethekile yokuqalisa.

Ngemva kokuqala kabusha, uzobona izinketho eziningana. Khetha okuthi "Ukuxazulula Inkinga" → "Izinketho Ezithuthukisiwe" → "Izilungiselelo ze-UEFI Firmware" bese uthepha okuthi "Qala Kabusha." Idivayisi izoqala ngqo esikrinini sezilungiselelo ze-firmware, lapho ungashintsha khona amapharamitha okuqala, unike amandla noma ukhubaze i-Secure Boot, nokuningi.

Kukhona indlela emfushane elula kakhulu: bamba inkinobho ethi Shift ngenkathi uchofoza okuthi "Qala kabusha ," kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kumenyu ethi Qala, esikrinini sokungena ngemvume, noma ngisho naku-Ctrl+Alt+Delete ejwayelekile. Lokhu kukusa ngqo kumenyu ethi "Ukuqalisa Okuthuthukisiwe" ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka.

Uma ukhetha ukusebenzisa umugqa womyalo, lokho kungenzeka futhi. Vula umyalo osheshayo onamalungelo okuphatha bese usebenzisa shutdown.exe /r /oI-Windows izokuxwayisa ukuthi izoqala kabusha ukuze ifake izinketho ezithuthukisiwe, lapho ungafinyelela khona ne-UEFI.

Kulabo abavame ukwenza lezi zinguquko, Ungakha ngisho nesinqamuleli sedeskithophu esisebenza shutdown /r /fw /t 1Ngokuchofoza kabili kuyo, uhlelo luqala kabusha bese luya ngqo kuzilungiselelo ze-firmware, ngaphandle kokudlula kwamanye amamenyu.

Ukusetha kabusha izilungiselelo ze-UEFI uma kukhona okungahambi kahle

Ukulungisa izilungiselelo ze-UEFI ngaphandle kokwazi kahle ukuthi izilungiselelo ngazinye zenzani kungabangela ukuthi ikhompyutha ingaqali. Uma lokho kwenzeka, ungahlala ubuyisela ukucushwa kuzilungiselelo zasefekthri , ngokuvamile ngenye yalezi zindlela ezintathu.

Abanye abakhiqizi bafaka inkinobho ethi UEFI Reset ebonakalayo kubhodi lomama noma etholakala ngaphandle kwekhava. Ukuyibamba imizuzwana embalwa ikhompyutha ivuliwe futhi ingaxhunyiwe ngokuvamile kwanele ukusula izilungiselelo ezenziwe ngokwezifiso.

Enye indlela evamile yokudlala nge-motherboard jumper. Ngokushintsha okwesikhashana indawo ye-jumper esetshenziselwa ukusula ukucushwa (imininingwane yayo etholakala encwadini yemiyalelo ye-motherboard) bese ushiya ikhompyutha ingenawo amandla imizuzwana embalwa, i-UEFI ilahlekelwa izilungiselelo ezigciniwe bese ibuyela esimweni sayo esizenzakalelayo.

Indlela "yakudala" kakhulu ukususa ibhethri le-CMOS ebhodini lomama. Uma ikhompyutha ingaxhunywanga, susa ibhethri le-CMOS cishe imizuzwana eyi-10-15 bese ulishintsha. Lesi isikhathi esanele sokuba i-firmware ikhohlwe ukucushwa kwangaphambilini.

Kunoma yiziphi izimo ezintathu, kungumqondo omuhle ukubhala phansi noma ukuthatha izithombe kusengaphambili uma usenakho ukufinyelela kukho, ukuze ukwazi ukubuyisela konke ngendlela okwakuyiyo uma inkinga isixazululiwe.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-UEFI: Kunini lapho kufanele khona?

Njengoba kugxilwe kakhulu ezibuyekezweni zesistimu yokusebenza kanye nomshayeli, kungokwemvelo ukuzibuza ukuthi i-UEFI nayo idinga ukubuyekezwa njalo . Impendulo emfushane ithi: kuphela uma kunesizathu esizwakalayo.

Ngokuvamile, ukuvuselela i-UEFI akudingekile uma ikhompyutha yakho isebenza kahle futhi ungenazo izinkinga zokuhambisana noma ukungasebenzi kahle okukhulu. Amabhodi e-motherboard esimanje athuthuke kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinguqulo ze-BIOS ezindala, kodwa isibuyekezo se-firmware esihlulekile sisabeka engcupheni enkulu.

Kungaba nengqondo ukucabangela ukuthuthukiswa lapho umenzi ekhipha inguqulo elungisa amaphutha athile obhekene nawo , ethuthukisa ukuhambisana namaprosesa amasha noma inkumbulo, noma exazulula ubuthakathaka obukhulu bokuphepha.

Ukuze uthole ukuthi iyiphi inguqulo ye-firmware onayo, ungahlola insimu ethi "Inguqulo ye-BIOS kanye nosuku" kuthuluzi Lolwazi Lwesistimu . Bese uyiqhathanisa nenguqulo yakamuva etholakala kuwebhusayithi yomkhiqizi webhodi lakho lomama noma i-laptop.

Kodwa-ke, uma ikhompyutha yakho iqala ukungasebenzi kahle ngemva kokushintsha izingxenye—isibonelo, ngemva kokuthuthukisa i-RAM noma ukufaka ikhadi lehluzo elinamandla kakhulu— inkinga ingaba ngenxa yokungalingani ngokomzimba noma imikhawulo yebhodi lomama , hhayi ngempela inguqulo ye-UEFI. Kunconywa ukuthi ungazivumeli lezi zinto ngaphambi kokuzama ukubuyekeza i-firmware.

Ukuqonda lolu hlaka lonke lwe-BIOS, i-UEFI, i-Secure Boot, i-MBR, kanye ne-GPT akuyona nje ilukuluku lobuchwepheshe; kukunikeza amathuluzi okunquma ukuthi uzifaka kanjani izinhlelo zakho, ukuthi uhlela kanjani amadiski akho, nokuthi yini okufanele uyithinte (noma ungayithinti) lapho okuthile kuyeka ukuqala , okukubeka eduze kakhulu nephrofayili yochwepheshe okwazi ukulawula noma iyiphi i-PC efika ezandleni zakhe.