Ukwakhiwa kwe-CPU okune-core eminingi kanye nezinhlelo ze-multiprocessor

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Uma uvula cishe noma iyiphi ikhompyutha yedeskithophu, i-laptop, noma ngisho ne-smartphone namuhla, uzothola iprosesa enezinsika eziningi eyenzelwe ukusebenza ngokufanaNakuba sesiphile nalobu buchwepheshe iminyaka eminingi, kusenokudideka okukhulu ngokuthi kusho ukuthini ukuba nama-core amaningi, ukuthi ahluke kanjani ekubeni nama-processor amaningi angokwenyama, nokuthi konke lokhu kuhambisana kanjani nemibono efana ne-HyperThreading, i-SMT, noma ama-GPU.

Ukuze silungise konke lokhu kudideka, ake sibukeze, ngokuthula kodwa ngaphandle kokushaya indlwabu, injani i ukwakheka kwe-CPU enama-core amaningiiyiphi indima edlalwa yizingxenye zayo ngayinye nokuthi isetshenziswa kanjani uhlelo lokusebenza kanye nesofthiweSizophinde sibheke umehluko wangempela phakathi kwezinhlelo ze-multi-core kanye ne-multi-processor, sithinte isihloko sokusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nokusatshalaliswa kokushisa, bese siphetha ngokubheka indima yama-GPU nama-chip akhethekile emisebenzini efana ne-AI noma ukuhlela ividiyo.

Umsebenzi oyisisekelo we-CPU kukhompyutha

Iprosesa, i-CPU edumile noma Iyunithi Yokusebenza EphakathiYisekethe kagesi ehumusha futhi isebenzise imiyalelo yezinhleloYakhiwe ngezigidi noma izigidigidi zama-transistors, ahlelwe ngamasango e-logic kanye nezindlela zangaphakathi lapho izimpawu zikagesi zijikeleza khona, ezimele idatha nemiyalo.

Yiyo kanye le CPU evumela ikhompyutha ukuthi isuke ekubeni yinqwaba yama-chip nezintambo ibe yi- umshini okwazi ukuguqula izimpawu zikagesi zibe imisebenzi yedatha futhi, ezimweni eziningi, zibe yizenzo ezibonakalayo ezweni langempelaNgaphandle kweprosesa, i-PC, ikhonsoli, ifoni ephathekayo, noma ngisho nomshini "ohlakaniphile" kungaba nje umhlobiso obizayo.

Uma usebenzisa uhlelo lokusebenza lwehhovisi, uhlanganisa ikhodi, uveza ividiyo, noma umane uphequlula i-inthanethi, I-CPU yakho ifunda imiyalelo, ihambisa idatha phakathi kwememori, amarejista, kanye nezinto ezisetshenziswayo, futhi iqondisa umsebenzi wesistimu yonke.Lokhu kuhlelwa kwemisebenzi kulinganiswa nge-hertz (Hz), okubonisa ukuthi zingaki imijikelezo yewashi ngomzuzwana iprosesa engayiqeda.

Sekuyiminyaka imboni ifuna kakhulu ukuvama: Umjaho wokufinyelela nokwedlula i-gigahertz uholele ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ezifana ne-Intel's NetBurst, eyenzelwe ukukala ku-GHzKodwa kamuva zashaya udonga: ukwanda ngakunye kokuvama kwabangela ukusetshenziswa kanye nokushisa ukuba kukhuphuke kakhulu kwaze kwaba semazingeni okunzima ukuwalawula ngezitofu zokushisa ezivamile.

Iyini ngempela i-processor core?

Ngaphakathi kwephakheji ye-CPU yesimanje akukho iyunithi eyodwa yokubala ye-monolithic, kodwa amabhlogo amaningana aphindaphindwayo: Ingqikithi ngayinye empeleni iyi-CPU ephelele ehlanganiswe ngaphakathi kwe-chip efanayoUkuhlanganiswa kwawo wonke lawo ma-core, ama-cache awo, kanye namabhasi angaphakathi yilokho esivame ukukubiza ngokuthi ukwakheka kweprosesa.

Emakethe yama-PC abathengi, ukwakheka okuvelele yi-x86 kanye nezandiso zayo ezingama-64-bit. Lo mklamo uchaza isethi yemiyalelo, amarejista, izindlela zokubhekana, kanye nokuziphatha okuvamile kwama-kernelKuyo kwakhiwe amaprosesa anama-core angu-2, 4, 8, 16 noma ngaphezulu, wonke akwazi ukusebenzisa uhlobo olufanayo lwekhodi yomshini.

Uma sibheka imininingwane, sizobona ukuthi Ingqikithi ngayinye yakhiwe ngamabhulokhi amaningana asebenzisanayo ukuze kufezwe imiyalelo ngokushesha nangendlela ehlelekile.Nakuba ukusetshenziswa okuthile kuhluka kuye ngomkhiqizi kanye nokwakhiwa, izakhi eziyisisekelo zifana kakhulu.

I-core ejwayelekile ihlanganisa, phakathi kokunye, izingxenye ezilandelayo:

• Iyunithi yokulawula (UC): uphethe ukuqondisa ukugeleza kwemiyalelo futhi uhlele ngendlela evumelanisiwe umsebenzi we-kernel kanye nokuxhumana kwayo nenkumbulo kanye nezinto ezisetshenziswayoIkhiqiza izimpawu zokulawula ezibonisa ukuthi yini okufanele uyifunde, uyibhale, noma uyihlukanise emjikelezweni ngamunye.
• Iyunithi ye-Arithmetic-logical (ALU): yingxenye leyo Yenza imisebenzi yezibalo (ukwengeza, ukususa, ukushintsha) kanye nemisebenzi enengqondo (FUTHI, NOMA, XOR, ukuqhathanisa) kudatha eyitholayoNgokuvamile kunezinhlobo eziningana ze-ALU zokulinganisa ukusebenza okuncane.
• Amarekhodi: Amangqamuzana amancane enkumbulo eshesha kakhulu lapho idatha, amakheli, kanye nemiphumela ephakathi yemiyalelo esetshenziswayo kugcinwa khona okwesikhashanaBasebenza njengeqembu elisebenzayo eliseduze le-core.

Kuzungeze lezi zinto kukhona futhi ama-cache amazinga ahlukene (L1, L2, ngezinye izikhathi abelana nge-L3), imigqa yemiyalelo, i-branch prediction logic, kanye namayunithi akhethekile ekusebenzeni kwe-floating-point noma vectorKonke lokhu kuhlangana nokucubungula ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kwemiyalelo ngendlela esebenza kahle kakhulu ngangokunokwenzeka.

Kungani sisuke ekukhuliseni i-GHz saya ekwengezeni ama-core amaningi?

Ezinsukwini zokuqala zokubala komuntu siqu, indlela elula yokuthengisa amandla engeziwe kwakuwukukhulisa imvamisa yewashi: Uma imijikelezo yewashi iyanda ngomzuzwana, imiyalelo eminingi ingaqedwa uma ukwakheka kuvumela lokho.Ukufinyelela iprosesa yokuqala ye-1 GHz kwaba yingqophamlando enkulu kumaseva kanye nama-PC asekhaya.

I-chip yokuqala yezentengiselwano eyafinyelela ku-gigahertz kwakuyi- I-DEC Alpha ekuqaleni kwawo-90, iprosesa eyenzelwe izindawo zokusebenza namasevaEmakethe yasekhaya, emuva ngo-1999, i-Intel ene-Pentium III yayo kanye ne-AMD ene-Athlon yayo nayo yafinyelela isithiyo se-GHz, futhi okwesikhashana ukumaketha kwagxila "ekubeni i-GHz ingcono, kuba ngcono".

Kodwa-ke, ngale kwephuzu elithile, abakhiqizi bathole ukuthi Ukwandisa imvamisa kwandisa kakhulu ukukhiqizwa kokushisa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla.Ingaphakathi labhekana nokucindezeleka okukhulu kokushisa, futhi izinhlelo zokupholisa ezidingekayo zazingasafaneleki kumsebenzisi ojwayelekile.

Kulowo mongo, kwavela ushintsho lwesu: uma ukukala ku-MHz naku-GHz kwakuya ngokuya kuncipha ukusebenza, Enye indlela enengqondo kwakuwukwethula ama-core amaningana akwazi ukusebenza ngasikhathi sinye emisebenzini ehlukene.Esikhundleni se-core eyodwa ku-10 GHz, imboni yashintsha yaya ekuhlinzekeni ama-core amabili, amane, ayisishiyagalombili noma ngaphezulu asebenza kumaza aphansi.

Umqondo ulula kakhulu: Uma i-core eyodwa ikwazi ukucubungula inani elithile lemiyalelo ngeyunithi yesikhathi, ama-core amaningi angasabalalisa umthwalo womsebenzi futhi andise ukusebenza okuphelele, ikakhulukazi uma isofthiwe iklanyelwe ukusebenza ngesikhathi esisodwa.Leso yisisekelo sokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zesimanje ezinezinsika eziningi.

Amaprosesa okuqala e-multi-core kanye nokuvela kwawo

Nakuba abasebenzisi basekhaya baqala ukuzwa nge-dual core maphakathi nawo-2000, Amaprosesa okuqala anezinsika eziningi ayesevele esetshenziswa ezindaweni zeseva kanye nezinhlelo ezinkuluNjengoba kuvame ukwenzeka, ubuchwepheshe baqala ukuvela emhlabeni wezinkampani.

Esinye sezigaba zokuqala kwaba I-IBM POWER4, ebhekwa njengeprosesa yokuqala yezentengiselwano enama-cores amabili ahlanganiswe ku-chip eyodwaYavela cishe ngo-2000-2001 ngamaza acishe abe yi-1,1 GHz futhi yayihloselwe amaseva asezingeni eliphezulu.

Emakethe yabathengi, igxathu lafika kamuva. Ngo-2005, I-Intel yethule i-Pentium Extreme Edition 840, iprosesa yedeskithophu enezinsika ezimbili ephinde yafaka i-HyperThreading.ngakho uhlelo lokusebenza lubone amaprosesa amane anengqondo. Ngemva nje kwalokho, i-AMD yaphendula nge-Athlon X2.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwahlolwa enye indlela: Izinhlelo ze-Multiprocessor, lapho ibhodi lomama ligcina khona ama-CPU amabili noma ngaphezulu aphelele angokwenyamaLe nketho inikeze ukusebenza okuphezulu, kodwa ngezindleko zobunkimbinkimbi, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, kanye nentengo, ngakho yahlala ikakhulukazi kumaseva anamandla nezindawo zokusebenza.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi ngenxa yokwenziwa kancane kwama-transistors, kwaba nokwenzeka ukuhlanganisa Ama-core amaningi kakhulu kusekethe eyodwa ehlanganisiwe, okunciphisa usayizi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla ngeyunithi ngayinye yokusebenzaIzinqubo zokukhiqiza ezicishe zibe ngu-7 nm noma ngaphansi zivumele ukwethulwa kwezilo zangempela ezinama-cores angu-32 noma angu-64 emkhakheni wobungcweti.

I-Multicore vs multiprocessor: ingabe ziyafana?

Ezingeni lomqondo, uhlelo olunezinsika eziningi kanye nohlelo olunezinsika eziningi kufana kakhulu: Kuzo zombili izimo kukhona "ubuchopho bekhompyutha" obuningana obukwazi ukwenza imicu ngasikhathi sinyeYingakho izincazelo eziningi (njengaleyo evela ku-Superuser oyishilo) zifingqa umehluko njengento engokoqobo neyomnotho.

Eqenjini i-multiprocessor yakudala une ama-CPU amaningi angokoqobo afakwe kuma-socket ahlukene kubhodi lomama, ngalinye linama-core alo, ama-cache, kanye nabalawuli baloNokho, ku-chip yesimanje enama-core amaningi, wonke lawo ma-core ahlala ngaphakathi kwephakeji efanayo futhi abelana ngezinye zezinhlelo, njengezilondolozi ezithile noma ukufinyelela kwimemori.

Kusho ukuthini lokhu empeleni? Kusho ukuthi Uhlelo olunezinsika eziningi luvame ukusebenza kahle kakhulu ngokwezindleko, isikhala, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla kunokuhlanganisa amaprosesa amaningana ahlukene ukuze kufezwe inani elifanayo lama-core.I-logic ye-cache coherence kanye namabhasi angaphakathi ahlanganiswe kakhulu futhi alungiselelwe kahle.

Kodwa-ke, ngokombono wohlelo lokusebenza kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi, I-core imane nje iyiyunithi yokwenza ekwazi ukusebenzisa imicu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iku-chip efanayo namanye ama-core noma ku-CPU ehlukile.Yingakho izincazelo eziningi zenza kube lula futhi zithi ama-multi-core kanye nama-multi-processor "ayenza into efanayo".

Amashadi okuqhathanisa kwamanye amawebhusayithi (njengalawo owaxhumanise kusuka ku-GeeksforGeeks noma i-Javatpoint) ngezinye izikhathi ayenza ihaba umehluko, aze afinyelele ezingeni lokuthi izinto ezinjalo zibikwe. "Uhlelo olunezinsika eziningi luwusizo kuphela ekusebenziseni uhlelo olulodwa olusheshayo, kanti ama-multiprocessor ayadingeka ekusebenziseni izinhlelo eziningi."okuyinto engalungile. Zombili izinhlobo zezinhlelo zingasebenzisa izinqubo eziningi kanye nezintambo eziningi; umehluko wangempela ulele endleleni ukusetshenziswa okuxazululwe ngayo ngokomzimba kanye nezici ezihlukile zokuhambisana kwememori, ukubambezeleka, kanye nokukhula.

Yini edingekayo ukuze kuzuze ngempela ama-cores amaningi?

Ukufaka ama-core amaningi ku-silicon kuyingxenye yendaba. Ukuze uthole okuningi kuwo, udinga Uhlelo lokusebenza, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, izinhlelo zokusebenza zenzelwe ukuhlanganisa umthwalo wazo womsebenzi ngemicu eminingi.Okwesikhathi esithile, lokhu kwakuyisithiyo sangempela ekushintsheni kwabaprosesa abanezinsika eziningi.

Izinhlelo zokusebenza zesimanje (iWindows, iLinux, i-macOS, njll.) Zisebenza ngokuphindaphindiwe ngokugcwele futhi ziyakwazi ukusabalalisa izinqubo kanye nemicu phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zomzimba nezinengqondo ezitholakalayo.. I umhleli Inesibopho sokunquma ukuthi iyiphi intambo esebenza kuyiphi i-core nokuthi isikhathi esingakanani.

Inkinga yomlando yayingekho kakhulu ohlelweni lokusebenza kodwa yayikusofthiwe yomsebenzisi. Izinhlelo eziningi ezindala zabhalwa kucatshangelwa umucu owodwa wokusebenza, ngakho-ke noma ngabe ikhompyutha inama-cores angu-4 noma angu-8, lolo hlelo lokusebenza oluthile lwaluzogcwalisa elilodwa kuphela.Kulezo zimo, ukwengeza ama-core engeziwe akukuthuthukisi kangako ukusebenza kwalowo msebenzi othize.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kuqhutshwa yisidingo (ukuhlelwa kwevidiyo, ukwakheka kwe-3D, ukulingisa, amaseva edathabheyisi, njll.), Abathuthukisi baqala ukuklama izinhlelo zokusebenza ngokusekelwa kwangempela kwe-multi-core, bahlukanisa umsebenzi ube yimicu ekwazi ukusebenza ngesikhathi esifanayo.Kulo mongo, imiqondo yemicu yenqubo, izinqubo ezincane, noma imicu iba yinto ebalulekile.

Namuhla, ukuklama kobungcweti, ukudweba, ukuhlela ividiyo, noma izinhlelo ze-CAD Zivame ukukala kahle kakhulu ngenani lama-cores kanye nezintambokuyilapho imidlalo eminingi yevidiyo isancishisiwe kakhulu yintambo eyodwa noma ezimbalwa ezisindayo (yize kube nentuthuko enkulu ekuhambisaneni kwemidlalo).

I-HyperThreading, i-SMT kanye nezintambo ezinengqondo

Ngaphezu kokwandisa ama-cores angokwenyama, abakhiqizi bethule omunye umbono othakazelisayo: ukuvumela umongo ngamunye ongokoqobo ukuthi uphathe intambo engaphezu kweyodwa yokwenza "ngesikhathi" ngokusebenzisa i-multithreading ngesikhathi esisodwaKwa-Intel, lokhu kwaduma ngaphansi kwegama elithi HyperThreading; kwa-AMD, kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-SMT (Simultaneous Multi-Threading).

Isisekelo sale ndlela ukuthi Ngaphakathi kwe-kernel kuneziniyunithi eziningi zokwenza ezingahlali zihlalwa ngo-100%Uma uphatha intambo eyodwa kuphela, kunezikhathi lapho i-kernel ishiywa ilinde idatha evela kwimemori noma imiphumela evela kwenye ibhulokhi yangaphakathi, ichitha amandla.

Ukuhlanganisa izintambo eziningi ngasikhathi sinye kuvumela imicu emibili (noma ngaphezulu) enengqondo yabelana ngomongo ofanayo womzimba kanye nezinsizakusebenza zayo zangaphakathi, igcwalisa izikhala emgudwini wokusebenzaKuhlelo lokusebenza kubonakala sengathi kunezinye "ama-processor" atholakalayo, kodwa empeleni okwenziwe ukusebenzisa kangcono ihadiwe ekhona.

Isibonelo, iprosesa enezinsika ezine ene-HyperThreading evuliwe izobonwa uhlelo njenge Amaprosesa anengqondo ayi-8, okusiza ezimweni lapho kunemisebenzi eminingi elula noma lapho kunememori eningi elindile.I-Intel inikeza lobu buchwepheshe ezinhlotsheni zayo eziningi ze-Core kanye ne-Xeon, kuyilapho i-AMD ibusebenzisa ku-Ryzen kanye ne-EPYC ngaphansi kwesambulela se-SMT.

Okubalulekile: Intambo enengqondo ayilingani ekusebenzeni ne-core eyengeziwe yomzimba, kodwa inikeza intuthuko ebonakalayo ezinhlotsheni ezithile zemithwalo yemisebenzi.Yingakho sikhuluma "ngama-cores angempela" uma sibheka i-Windows Task Manager noma amanye amathuluzi okuqapha.

Indlela yokuthola ukuthi zingaki izinhlayiya nezinhlayiya ze-CPU yakho

Kuzinhlelo ze-Windows, uma uvula i- Vula i-Task Manager bese uya kuthebhu ethi Ukusebenza; uzobona isigaba esithile se-CPU.Ibonisa kokubili inani lama-core angokwenyama kanye nenani lama-processor anengqondo (imicu) atholakalayo.

Kuyafaneleka ukuqaphela ukuthi ezinye izinsiza zesistimu noma amathuluzi akudala Azihlali zihlukanisa phakathi kwe-physical core kanye ne-logical thread futhi zingabhekisela kokubili ngokuthi “ama-processor”Yingakho kuvamile ukuthi iprosesa enezinsika eziyisithupha ene-SMT evuliwe ivele njenge-"CPU" eziyi-12 ohlwini oluthile.

Isimo sifana nakwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza: I-Linux inikeza imiyalo efana ne-lscpu noma i-cat /proc/cpuinfo ukuze ibuke ukuhlukaniswa kwama-cores nama-thread angokoqobo.Futhi ku-macOS ungabuka ulwazi lwesistimu noma usebenzise amathuluzi omugqa wemiyalo.

Lo mehluko phakathi kwama-cores kanye nemicu ubalulekile uma uqonda ukuthi uthengani noma ukuthi yini ongayilindela kukhompyutha yakho: Iprosesa enama-cores angu-4 kanye nezintambo ezingu-8 ayifani neyodwa enama-cores angu-8 kanye nezintambo ezingu-8, noma ngabe zombili zikhangiswa ngokuthi "izintambo ezingu-8".Owesibili ngokuvamile uzoba nemisipha eminingi eluhlaza ukuze kube nemithwalo efanayo.

Ama-GPU, ama-microprocessors, nezinye izingxenye ezihlobene

Nakuba uma sicabanga ngokwakhiwa kwe-multi-core sivame ukugxila ku-CPU, Kukhona amanye amaprosesa akhethekile asebenza namashumi noma izinkulungwane zama-core ukusheshisa imisebenzi ethile.Isibonelo esaziwa kakhulu yileso sama-GPU.

Una Iyunithi yokucubungula ihluzo (i-GPU) uhlobo lweprosesa eklanyelwe ukwenza inani elikhulu lemisebenzi elula ngesikhathi esifanayo.Yadalelwa ukusheshisa ukwenziwa kwezithombe kuma-PC, kuma-consoles, nakumadivayisi eselula, kodwa namuhla isetshenziswa kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwe-AI, ekumbeni imali yedijithali, kanye nokubala ngekhompyutha kwesayensi.

Njenge-CPU, i-GPU yakhiwe ngama-transistors namabhulokhi e-logic, kodwa Ukwakheka kwayo kwangaphakathi kulungiselelwe ukuhambisana okukhulu, kanye nama-core amaningi amancane ahlelwe ngamaqembu akwazi ukucubungula idatha enkulu njalo.Yingakho zikhanya kakhulu kuma-graphics kanye namanethiwekhi e-neural.

Emkhakheni we-CPU yakudala, i-miniaturization iholele kuma-microprocessors: Ama-CPU aphelele ahlanganiswe ku-chip yesekethe eyodwa ehlanganisiwe, ene-core eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ebonakalayoNamuhla, cishe wonke ama-CPU abathengi angama-microprocessor amaningi ayisisekelo.

Kuleyo microprocessor, ingqikithi ngayinye ebonakalayo Ithembele ohlelweni lwezinhlelo zokugcina idatha, amabhasi angaphakathi, kanye nezilawuli zememori kanye nezokufaka/zokukhipha idatha, konke kupakishwe endaweni encane kakhulu.Lokhu kuvumela ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlelo ezinamandla kakhulu kumabhodi e-motherboard aqinile, okuyisihluthulelo sama-laptop, ama-PC amancane, namadivayisi afakiwe.

Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, ukushisa, kanye nomklamo wesikhungo sedatha

Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kungenye yezinto ezithonya kakhulu ukuvela kwama-CPU amaningi. Uma sifaka ama-core amaningi futhi uma siwasebenzisa kakhulu, amandla amaningi ayanyamalala njengokushisa.Lokho kushisa kufanele kususwe ngokoqobo ku-chip ukuze kungabhujiswa.

Kukhompyutha yasekhaya, lokhu kuhunyushwa ngokuthi ama-heatsink amakhulu, abalandeli abanamandla kakhulu, noma ngisho nezinhlelo zokupholisa uketsheziEsikhungweni sedatha, lapho izinkulungwane zamaseva zisebenza ngokugcwele, lesi sibalo siba sibi kakhulu: izindleko zokupholisa zingaba zinkulu kakhulu.

Ngakho-ke, abahlinzeki bamafu amakhulu kanye nezikhungo zedatha ezisezingeni eliphezulu Baklama ingqalasizinda ngokulawulwa kwesimo sezulu okufundwe ngokucophelela, izindawo ezishisayo nezibandayo, futhi, kwezinye izimo, ukupholisa okumanzi ngqo kwezingxenye.Ekugcineni, i-watt ngayinye elondolozwe ngeprosesa ngayinye iphindaphindwa ngezinkulungwane zemishini.

Ukusimama nakho kuyabandakanyeka ezingeni lasekhaya: Umshini onamandla kakhulu ungadla amandla amaningi uma uhlala ungaphansi komthwalo osindayo.Lokhu kuyamukeleka emisebenzini enzima ngezikhathi ezithile, kodwa akunangqondo uma sizomane siphequlule i-inthanethi, sibukele amavidiyo, futhi senze umsebenzi wehhovisi olula.

Yingakho abakhiqizi benaka kakhulu ukusebenza kahle: Izakhiwo ezihlanganisiwe ezinama-cores asebenza kahle kakhulu kanye nama-cores asebenza kahle kakhulu, ukukala kwemvamisa enamandla kanye ne-voltage, kanye nezindlela zokulala okujulile kusiza ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla lapho amandla aphelele engadingeki..

Ama-chip akhethekile kanye nendima ye-AI

Ukuqhuma kwamuva kobuhlakani bokwenziwa kuholele ekuveleni amaprosesa kanye nama-accelerator aklanyelwe ngqo ukufunda komshini kanye nemithwalo yemisebenzi yenethiwekhi ye-neuralLapha asisakhulumi ngama-CPU nama-GPU kuphela, kodwa futhi ngamayunithi afana nama-Tensor Processing Units (TPUs) noma ama-Tensor Streaming Processors (TSPs).

Lawa ma-chips agxile kuwo ukunikeza ukusebenza okunonya ekusebenzeni kwe-matrix kanye ne-vector, okuvamile kokuqeqeshwa kwemodeli ye-AI kanye nokuphethaNgokuvamile zihlanganisa amakhulu noma izinkulungwane zamayunithi ekhompyutha alula kodwa ahlelwe kahle kakhulu ukuze kukhuliswe ukufana kwedatha.

Emkhakheni wama-CPU ajwayelekile, kukhona namamodeli aklanyelwe ngqo le mithwalo yemisebenzi. Isibonelo, Amaprosesa anama-core amaningi, njengeprosesa ethile ye-AMD Threadripper noma amaprosesa e-Intel Core ne-Intel Xeon aphezulu, ayaziswa kakhulu ngokuhlela ividiyo, ukuveza, kanye ne-AI exubile kanye nemisebenzi yokudala..

Kuye ngokuthi uhlose ukuyisebenzisa kanjani idivayisi, kunengqondo ukubeka phambili izici ezithile kunezinye: Ukuze uhlele ividiyo yobungcweti, unentshisekelo kuma-core amaningi e-CPU kanye ne-GPU enhle; emidlalweni, ukubambezeleka kanye nokusebenza kwe-per-core kubaluleke kakhulu; futhi emisebenzini evamile, cishe noma iyiphi i-CPU yesimanje ephakathi nendawo izokwanela..

Konke lokhu kuhambisana nokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kobuningi be-transistor: Isizukulwane ngasinye esisha senqubo yokukhiqiza sivumela ukuthi kube nokucabanga okwengeziwe okufakwe endaweni efanayo noma ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuncishisiwe ukuze kusebenze ngendlela efanayo.Yingakho sibona ama-CPU akamuva adlula kakhulu amamodeli eminyaka embalwa edlule kokubili ekusebenzeni nasekusebenzeni kahle.

Ama-Transistors: isisekelo salo lonke lolu lwakhiwo

Ngaphansi kwayo yonke i-jargon yama-cores, imicu, ama-cache, nama-GPU kulele ingxenye ethobekile kodwa eyisisekelo: I-transistor, leyo divayisi encane ye-semiconductor elawula ukugeleza kwamandla kagesi kuseketheIgama layo livela egameni elithi “i-transfer resistor”.

Ekubaleni, ama-transistors asetshenziswa ukwakha amasango e-logic, amarejista, izinkumbulo, kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo zamabhulokhi edijithali. Banesibopho sokusebenzisa ngokoqobo ulimi lwesibili lwama-0 nama-1 olusetshenziswa amakhompyutha ukumela ulwazi kanye ne-Boolean logic..

Ukuvela kwezinto zobuchwepheshe zesimanje kungafingqwa kanje: umjaho wokufaka ama-transistors amaningi kakhulu endaweni encane, ngesikhathi esifanayo kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla nge-transistor ngayinyeYilokho okuyisisekelo sezizukulwane ezilandelanayo zezinqubo zokukhiqiza: kusukela kuma-micrometer (µm) sithuthele kuma-nanometer (nm) futhi siyaqhubeka nokwehla.

Ku-CPU yesimanje enama-multi-core kunezigidigidi zalezi switch ezincane ze-elekthronikhi ezisebenza ngesivinini esigcwele. Ukuthembeka kwayo, ubukhulu, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwayo ekugcineni kunquma ukusebenza kanye nemikhawulo yanoma yiluphi uhlaka lweprosesa..

Uma sicabanga ngakho ngombono ofanele, wonke umlingo wokusebenzisa imicu eminingi, ukuxhumanisa ama-core amaningi, ukwabelana ngama-cache, noma ukuhambisa idatha phakathi kwama-CPU, ama-GPU, kanye nama-accelerator akhethekile awulutho olunye ngaphandle kokuthi i-choreography enkulu yama-transistors avula futhi avala ngokulandela amaphethini achazwe kahle kakhulu.

Njengoba sesibonile konke okungenhla, singathola umbono ocacile kakhulu wokuthi yini ngempela engemuva "kweprosesa yama-core amaningi" ngale kwenani elilula lama-core. Inani lama-core kanye nokuvama kwawo kubalulekile, yebo, kodwa nokwakheka kwangaphakathi kubalulekile, ukwesekwa kobuchwepheshe obufana ne-HyperThreading noma i-SMT, ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, ukwakheka kwesofthiwe ebasizayo, kanye nokuhambisana nezinye izinqubo ezifana ne-GPU.Ukuqonda lezi zingxenye kukuvumela ukuthi ukhethe ihadiwe yakho kangcono, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, ucacise ukuthi lezo zincazelo ozibonayo kumashidi edatha yobuchwepheshe zisho ukuthini ngempela.