Umhlahlandlela othuthukisiwe wokwenza ngcono i-kernel ye-Linux nokunciphisa ukubambezeleka

Informatec Digital » Izinsiza » Umhlahlandlela othuthukisiwe wokwenza ngcono i-kernel ye-Linux nokunciphisa ukubambezeleka

Uma sikhuluma ngokusebenza ku-Linux, cishe konke kuphelela endaweni efanayo: i i-kernel njengengxenye ephakathi elawula ukubambezeleka, ukuzinza, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinsizaUkuyilungisa kahle kungenza umehluko phakathi kohlelo "oludlulayo" kanye noluphendula kahle kumaseva, amadeskithophu, izindawo zamafu, noma ngisho naku- ihadiwe endala kakhulu.

Lo mhlahlandlela ugxile ekutheni kanjani Lungiselela i-kernel ye-Linux ukuze unciphise ukubambezeleka ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni ukuphepha noma ukugcinwa kwayoSizohlanganisa konke kusukela emiqondweni eyisisekelo yokwakha kuya ekulungiseni nge-sysctl, ukuhlanganisa ama-kernel ngokwezifiso, sisebenzisa ama-patches esikhathi sangempela, ukulungisa amanethiwekhi ane-low latency (njengaku-EC2), kanye namasu okuqapha nokulinganisa ukuze kulinganiswe ukuthi lokho okulungisayo kuyathuthukisa yini noma cha.

Ukwakhiwa kwe-kernel ye-Linux kanye namaphuzu ayisihluthulelo okubambezeleka

I-Linux kernel isebenza njengengqimba yokuxhumana phakathi kwezinhlelo zokusebenza kanye nehadiwe, ilawula inkumbulo, izinqubo, ukuphazamiseka, abashayeli, kanye nezinhlelo zamafayela. ISu umklamo we-monolithic kodwa we-modularNgenxa yamamojula alayishwayo, ikuvumela ukuthi usebenzise noma uvale imisebenzi ngendlela eguquguqukayo ngaphandle kokuhlanganisa kabusha lonke uhlelo.

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi ukulibaziseka kuvela kuphi, kubalulekile ukwazi izinhlelo eziningana ezincane: umhleli wenqubo (umhleli wesheduli)Ukuphathwa kwememori kanye nokuphathwa kokuphazamiseka kubalulekile. Ishejuli engahlelwanga kahle, inqubomgomo yememori enolaka, noma inani elikhulu lokuphazamiseka okungalawulwa kungabangela izikhathi zokuphendula ezisheshayo, ngisho nangehadiwe enamandla.

Ukucushwa kwe-kernel kuhilela izinketho ezifana I-CONFIG_PREEMPT, i-CONFIG_PREEMPT_VOLUNTARY noma i-CONFIG_SMPLezi zici zinquma izinga lapho i-kernel ingaphazanyiswa khona ukuze inakekele imisebenzi ephuthumayo kakhulu nokuthi isebenzisa kanjani izinhlelo eziningi eziyinhloko. Ukukhetha imodeli efanele yokulungiselela kushintsha kakhulu ukubambezeleka okubonwayo kuma-desktop, amaseva ane-low-latency, noma izinhlelo zezimboni.

Kumaseva anamuhla, i-topology yehadiwe nayo ibalulekile: ukusatshalaliswa kwama-cores, amasokhethi, i-NUMA, kanye nokuhlelwa kwe-cacheUkulungisa kahle ama-CPU affinities kanye nezinqubomgomo ze-NUMA (isb., ukulungisa izinqubo kanye nememori ku-node efanayo) kusiza ukunciphisa izikhathi zokufinyelela nokuthuthukisa izinga lokushaya kwe-cache, okuyinto ebalulekile uma sifuna ukunciphisa i-jitter kanye nokubambezeleka okungalindelekile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-CPU scheduler kanye nezinhlelo ezingaphansi kwe- I/O (idiski nenethiwekhi) inquma ukuphuma kanye nokubambezeleka kokuphela izinhlelo zokusebenza ezibonayo. Ngaphambi kokuthinta noma yini, kuyalulekwa ukuthi ubhale phansi isimo samanje (ukucushwa kwe-kernel, i-sysctl, i-GRUB, amamojula alayishiwe) ukuze ukwazi ukubuyela emuva ngokushesha uma ushintsho lwenza ukusebenza kube kubi kakhulu.

Ukulungiswa nge-sysctl ukuthuthukisa ukubambezeleka nokusebenza

isikhombimsebenzisi i-sysctl ikuvumela ukuthi ushintshe amapharamitha e-kernel ngokushesha ngokusebenzisa i-/proc/sys, ngaphandle kokuyihlanganisa kabusha. Yindawo efanele yokuqala ukulungisa ngaphandle kokuxinwa yizinto ezihlanganisiwe okwamanje.

Ensimini yenethiwekhi, amapharamitha anjenge net.core.rmem_max, net.core.wmem_max noma net.ipv4.tcp_congestion_control Zithinta ngqo i-throughput, i-latency, kanye nokuziphatha kokuxhumeka kwe-TCP. Ukulungisa kahle ama-buffer kanye ne-algorithm yokuxinana kubalulekile kumaseva ewebhu anethrafikhi ephezulu noma izimo zamafu ezine-latency ephansi.

Ngenkumbulo, amanani anjengokuthi i-vm.swappiness, i-vm.dirty_ratio, i-vm.vfs_cache_pressure noma i-vm.overcommit_memory Zikuvumela ukuthi ulawule ukuthi kusetshenziswa i-swap engakanani, ukuthi i-page cache iphathwa kanjani, kanye nokuziphatha kwememori ebonakalayo. Ukunciphisa i-swappiness (isibonelo, kuya ku-10) kuvame ukusiza ekuvimbeleni uhlelo ekusebenziseni i-swap kaningi, okunciphisa ama-spikes e-disk I/O latency.

Uma usebenza ngama-database amakhulu noma izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenzisa inani elikhulu lememori eyabiwe, kubalulekile ukulungisa i-kernel.shmmax, i-kernel.shmall kanye nenani eliphezulu lamafayela avulwe nge fs.file-max kanye fs.nr_openLe mikhawulo engalingani kahle ingabangela izithiyo namaphutha okunzima ukuwathola ngaphansi komthwalo.

Indlela engcono kakhulu ukusebenzisa izinguquko ezincane, ukukala umthelela wazo ngamathuluzi okuqapha, bese kuphela lapho ziqhubekele ku-/etc/sysctl.conf noma ku-/etc/sysctl.d/Ezindaweni ezifakwe izitsha, khumbula ukuthi amapharamitha amaningi e-kernel asebenza emhlabeni wonke kumphathi: ukuwashintsha ngokunganaki kungathinta zonke izinsizakalo, ngakho-ke ukuhlanganisa i-sysctl nama-cgroups kanye nezikhala zamagama cishe kuyimpoqo.

Ukuhlanganisa nokugcina ama-kernels ngokwezifiso

Ukuhlanganisa i-kernel yangokwezifiso kuhlala kuyithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu uma ufuna nciphisa ukubambezeleka, susa izindleko ezingadingekile, noma usekele ihadiwe engavamileNakuba ukusatshalaliswa kuza nama-kernel anokuguquguquka okuningi, ezimweni ezithile i-kernel ethile yenza umehluko omkhulu.

Umsebenzi wakudala uhilela ukulanda ikhodi kusuka ku- i-kernel.org noma izihlahla ezilungisiwe njenge-xanmod noma i-liquorixfuthi usebenzise amathuluzi anjenge make menuconfig ukukhetha izinketho. Ukulondoloza ifayela le-.config endaweni yakho yokugcina i-git, kanye nezikripthi zokwakha, kukuvumela ukuthi uphinde ukhiqize futhi ugcine ukuvumelana phakathi kwezinguqulo.

Uma usebenzisa i-Debian noma ama-derivatives, kulula kakhulu ukuhlanganisa “Isitayela se-Debian"Ukuthola amaphakheji e-.deb e-kernel, ama-header, kanye nemitapo yolwazi ehlobene. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi usebenzise leyo kernel yangokwezifiso emishinini eminingi ngokufaka amaphakheji nokuphatha izinguqulo nge-repository yakho."

Ezweni langempela, ukuhlanganisa ngesandla kuvame ukuba nengqondo uma usebenza ihadiwe endala noma elinganiselwe kakhuluIsibonelo esijwayelekile yi- i-netbook endala nge-Atom CPU kanye ne-1 GB ye-RAM, lapho i-kernel yesimanje ejwayelekile, egcwele abashayeli abangadingekile nezinketho zeseva, ifaka ukubambezeleka kanye nokusetshenziswa okwengeziwe kwe-CPU ongenakukwazi ukukukhokhela.

Isu elivamile ukuqala kusukela ekucushweni kwe-kernel yamanje (isibonelo, ngokukopisha /ukulungiswa kwe-boot), bese usika noma ulungise kusukela lapho. Ungashintsha imodeli yokulungiselela ibe “I-Kernel Engaguquki (Ideskithophu Ephansi Yokubambezeleka)"ukubeka phambili impendulo yedeskithophu esebenzisana, noma ukwengeza abahleli be-I/O abathile njenge I-BFQ ngesimo semodyuli yokuthuthukisa ulwazi kuma-disc omshini.

Ukuze ugweme ukuchitha ingxenye yempilo yakho uqoqa, kunengqondo ukwakha emshinini onamandla kakhulu, futhi uma kudingeka, sebenzisa ukuhlanganisa okuhlanganisiwe (Isibonelo, ukuhlanganisa i-kernel engu-32-bit ye-Atom kusuka ku-PC ye-x86_64 ngokumane ulungise i-ARCH kanye nama-toolchain ahambisanayo). Ngemuva kwalokho udinga nje ukufaka amafayela e-.deb emshinini oqondiwe bese wengeza okufakiwe okufanele ku-GRUB.

Ingxenye enzima ukugcinwa: kuyalulekwa ukuhlola i-kernel entsha kuma-node aseCanary Islands, babe nezindlela ezicacile zokubuyela emuva kumphathi we-boot futhi barekhode amalogi kanye nezilinganiso ngesikhathi sokuguquka ukuze bathole ukuhlehla kokusebenza noma ukuhambisana nomshayeli.

Amamodeli okuvikela kanye nama-patches e-PREEMPT_RT ezinhlelo ze-low-latency

Imodeli yokulungiselela ye-kernel inquma ukuthi umsebenzi osebenzayo ungaphazanyiswa kangakanani ukuze kuvunyelwe umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu ukuthi uthathe izintambo, okuthinta ngqo ukubambezeleka kwempenduloLokhu kufaka phakathi izinketho zokucushwa ezijwayelekile kanye nama-patches esikhathi sangempela.

Ama-kernel ajwayelekile anikeza izinketho eziningana: akukho ukukhululwa (okugxile kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kweseva), ukukhululwa ngokuzithandela, kanye i-kernel engasetshenziswa yedeskithophuLokhu kubeka phambili isikhathi sokuphendula okusheshayo kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenzisanayo. Ukulungisa lesi silungiselelo kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kwezinhlelo zedeskithophu, umsindo, noma ngisho nemishini emidala elayishwe kakhulu.

Uma udinga ukuya phambili ngesinyathelo esisodwa, kuvela okulandelayo: Ama-patches e-PREEMPT kanye ne-PREEMPT_RTLezi zinguquko zishintsha izingxenye ezibalulekile ze-kernel ukuze kuncishiswe izingxenye ezingenakugwenywa. I-PREEMPT_RT ihloselwe izinhlelo lapho ukubambezeleka okubi kakhulu (hhayi nje isilinganiso) kumele kube phansi kakhulu futhi kubikezelwe: ukuzenzekela kwezimboni, umsindo wobungcweti, ukuxhumana ngocingo, noma ukuhweba ngemvamisa ephezulu.

Isinqumo sokwethula i-PREEMPT_RT akufanele sisekelwe emfashinini, kodwa ku- izilinganiso ezithile ze-latency kanye ne-jitterOkokuqala, kuyalulekwa ukusebenzisa ngokugcwele izilungiselelo zesheduli, ama-affinities e-CPU, i-sysctl, kanye, uma kusebenza, ukucushwa okufana ne-dynamic tickless ngaphambi kokwenza ukulungiswa kube nzima ngesihlahla se-RT.

Ukuhambisana nakho kudinga ukucatshangelwa: ezinye Abashayeli kanye nezinhlelo ezingaphansi azivumelani ngokugcwele ne-RT futhi kungadinga izinguqulo ezithile noma ama-patches engeziwe. Indlela ehlakaniphile ukulungiselela uhlelo lokunakekela oluchaza ngokucacile ukuthi kufanele luhlanganiswe nini futhi kanjani izinguqulo ezintsha ze-kernel eyinhloko negatsha le-RT, elivumelanisa ngezikhathi ezithile kodwa lisalele emuva kancane.

Ukulungiswa kokuhlela i-CPU, ukusebenza ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwe-core

Ngaphezu kokukhetha imodeli yokulungiselela, ungalungisa i-latency ngokudlala ngokuhlela i-CPU kanye nokuziphatha kwesikhathi se-kernel, ikakhulukazi ekusatshalalisweni okugxile ebhizinisini njenge-RHEL.

Isibonelo, i-Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 iza ne- i-kernel ayithikhi ngokuzenzakalelayo kuma-CPU angasebenziLokhu kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngokugwema ukuphazamiseka ngezikhathi ezithile lapho i-core ingasebenzi. Imodi ingavulwa ukuze kusebenze imisebenzi ezwela ukubambezeleka. i-dynamic tickless kusethi yama-kernelsukuze i-CPU eyodwa kuphela ("i-home core") iphathe imisebenzi eminingi esekelwe esikhathini, kanti eminye ikhululekile ngangokunokwenzeka ekuphazamisekeni okuvamile.

Lokhu kulungiselelwa kwenziwa ngokungeza amapharamitha afanele ku- umugqa womyalo we-kernel ku-GRUBukuvuselela ukucushwa, bese kulungiswa ukuhambisana kwezintambo ezibalulekile ze-kernel, njengezintambo ze-RCU noma izintambo bdi-flush, ukuze zihlale enkabeni egcinelwe ukugcinwa.

Le ndlela ingagcwaliswa ngepharamitha i-isolcpusLokhu kuvumela ama-core ukuthi ahlukaniswe nemisebenzi evamile yesikhala somsebenzisi. Kuvamile kakhulu ezimweni zokubambezeleka okuphansi ukubhukha ama-core amaningana kuphela kuhlelo lokusebenza olubucayi, kuyilapho lonke uhlelo (ama-daemons, ukuphazamiseka, njll.) luphathwa ngamanye ama-core.

Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imodi yokungasebenzisi i-tick iyasebenza, ukuhlolwa okulula kungenziwa nge stress noma izikripthi ezigcina i-CPU imatasa isikhashana futhi ziqaphele izibali zokumaka zesikhathi Indlela inani lokuphazamiseka ngomzuzwana elincipha ngayo lisuka ezinkulungwaneni liye kwelilodwa kuma-core ahlukanisiwe, uphawu lokuthi i-periodic timer isinyamalele.

Ukuphathwa kwememori kanye nesitoreji kugxilwe ekubambezelekeni

Indlela i-kernel ephatha ngayo imemori kanye ne-disk I/O inomthelela omkhulu ku- ukubambezeleka okubonwa izinhlelo zokusebenzaikakhulukazi ezinqolobaneni zedatha kanye nezinsizakalo ezenza imisebenzi eminingi emincane nevamile.

Ngasohlangothini lwenkumbulo, nciphisa vm.swappiness ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-swap (cishe njalo okuhamba kancane kakhulu kune-RAM), vm.vfs_cache_pressure Ilawula ukuthi uhlelo luzama ngokushesha kangakanani ukususa i-inode kanye ne-dentry cache, futhi vm.nr_hugepages Ivumela ukubhukha ama-HugePages angaguquki emithwalo esindayo njengedathabheyisi noma ama-JVM, okunciphisa izindleko ze-TLB.

Endaweni yokugcina, khetha ishejuli ye-I/O efanele ngokuya ngohlobo lwediski Kubaluleke kakhulu. Kuma-SSD anamuhla, ngokuvamile kuwumqondo omuhle ukusebenzisa... none o mq-deadlineNakuba kumadiski omshini kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ngasikhathi sinye, ama-algorithms aklanyelwe ukulunga angase abe ngcono, njengokuthi I-BFQNgaphezu kwalokho, ukufaka izinhlelo zamafayela ngezinketho ezifana noatime y nodiratime Gwema ukubhala okungadingekile njalo lapho ifayela noma isiqondisi sifinyelelwa.

Ngokuphathelene nezinhlelo zamafayela, i-ext4 kanye ne-XFS Lezi zindlela ezihlala ziyizinketho ezivame kakhulu: i-ext4 ehlelwe kahle iyindlela ephephile, kuyilapho i-XFS ivame ukukhula kangcono ngaphansi kwesilinganiso esiphezulu semali. Ezimweni ezidinga kakhulu, ukuhlanganisa i-RAID (RAID 10 yama-database, i-RAID 0 yesitoreji sesikhashana sokuklwebha) nesheduli enhle kunganciphisa ukubambezeleka okumaphakathi, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukuguquguquka.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwenethiwekhi kanye ne-kernel ukuze kube nokubambezeleka okuphansi ku-Linux kanye ne-EC2

Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza zokuxhumana ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, ukubambezeleka akuxhomekile kuphela kwihadiwe noma ebangeni, kodwa futhi naku indlela i-TCP/IP stack kanye ne-kernel ngokwayo ezilungiselelwe ngayoLokhu kubonakala kakhulu ezimweni zamafu njenge-Amazon EC2 enezixhumi ze-ENA.

Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukunciphisa izici zangaphandle njengenani lezinto ezibangela ukucindezeleka. ukugxuma kwenethiwekhi ukuthi amaphakheji asebenza kanjani: ukusebenzisa ama-topology aqondile, ama-load balancers aseduze ne-backend noma izindawo zokutholakala ezilungiselelwe kahle kunciphisa izikhathi zokuhamba ngama-millisecond ngaphambi kokuthi kuthinte uhlelo lokusebenza.

Ngaphakathi kwe-kernel, ukucushwa kwenethiwekhi kuhilela ukwandisa izincazelo zefayela (ulimit -n), usayizi wamukela futhi uthumele ama-buffer nge net.core.rmem_max, net.core.wmem_max, net.ipv4.tcp_rmem, net.ipv4.tcp_wmemfuthi usebenzise izinketho ezifana nokuthi I-TCP ivulekile ngokushesha ukunciphisa ukubambezeleka kokusungulwa koxhumano.

Kuma-interface e-AWS ENA, ukulawulwa kokuphazamiseka kudlala indima ebalulekile: ngokuzenzakalelayo, umshayeli uhlanganisa amaphakethe ukuze anciphise inani lama-IRQ. ama-rx-usecs kanye nama-tx-usecsUma ufuna ukunciphisa ukubambezeleka kube okungenani ngokuphelele, ungakhubaza lokhu kuhlola ngokuthi ethtool -CUkusetha ama-rx-usecs kanye nama-tx-usecs ku-zero kwehlisa ukubambezeleka kodwa kwandisa ukuphazamiseka kwe-overhead, ngakho-ke kufanele kutholakale ibhalansi kuye ngomthwalo.

Ingasetshenziswa futhi i-irqbalance ukusabalalisa ama-IRQ kuwo wonke ama-core amaningi, noma uyikhubaze bese usetha ngesandla ama-affinities e-interrupt kanye ne-network queue (RSS/RPS) kuma-core athile, into ejwayelekile kakhulu ezindaweni ze-latency eziphansi kakhulu noma uma usebenzisa i-DPDK futhi weqa ingxenye enhle ye-kernel stack.

Enye ipharamitha okufanele icatshangelwe yile Izimo ze-CPU CIzimo zokulala okujulile zinciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kodwa ziletha ukubambezeleka lapho i-core "ivuka." Ukuze unciphise ukubambezeleka kokuphendula, ungakhawulela lezi zimo ezijulile, wamukele ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphezulu kanye nesikhala esincane se-Turbo Boost kwamanye ama-core. Indawo ngayinye inesikhala sayo esimnandi phakathi kwama-watt asetshenzisiwe nama-microsecond atholiwe.

Ukulungiswa kwe-CPU, isevisi, kanye nohlelo lokusebenza ukuze kuncishiswe ukubambezeleka

Ngaphandle kwe-kernel uqobo, indawo ezungezile inokuningi okushiwoyo ngokubambezeleka okuphelele: kusukela ku- amasevisi asebenzayo ohlelweni kuze kufike ekucushweni okuthile kohlelo lokusebenza ngalunye.

Iseva esebenza kahle kakhulu kufanele isebenze kuphela amademoni adingekayo ngempelaAmasevisi afana ne-Bluetooth, ukuphrinta, noma ukutholakala ngokuzenzakalela kwenethiwekhi (CUPS, Avahi, njll.) emishinini yangemuva isebenzisa i-CPU, imemori, kanye ne-I/O kuphela ngaphandle kokunikeza noma iyiphi inzuzo. Buyekeza nge- systemctl list-unit-files --state=enabled Futhi ukukhubaza izinto ezingadingekile kungenye yezinto ezishibhile nezisebenza kahle kakhulu ongazenza.

Ukuze uqambe izinqubo ezibalulekile, ungasebenzisa amathuluzi anjenge i-renice, i-chrt kanye nesethi yemisebenziUkulungisa okubalulekile kwenqubo (renice), ukuyinika ukuhlela kwesikhathi sangempela (chrt -f 99), noma ukuyinika ama-core athile (taskset) kunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kweminye imisebenzi, kuthuthukisa ukubikezela kwe-CPU kuma-database, i-VoIP, ukusakaza, noma izinsizakalo zokuhweba.

Ezingeni lesicelo, ukulungisa kubaluleke kakhulu njengokuhlela i-kernel. Amaseva ewebhu afana ne- I-Nginx noma i-Apache Badinga ukulungiswa kahle kwabasebenzi, ukugcina izinto ziphila, ama-cache, kanye nokucindezelwa. Izizindalwazi ezifana I-PostgreSQL noma i-MySQL Kudingeka babuyekeze osayizi be-buffer, izindawo zokuhlola, i-connection pool, kanye namapharamitha okubhala ahambisanayo ukuze kufezwe ukubambezeleka okuphansi nokuzinzile.

Ama-JVM nawo adlala indima: ukukhetha abaqoqi bakadoti abanjengo I-G1GC noma i-ZGC Ukulungisa osayizi be-heap kunganciphisa ukumiswa okwesikhashana, okuvela ngombono wangaphandle, njengokulibaziseka. Ezindaweni ezi-virtualized nezinama-container, ukusatshalaliswa okufanele kubalulekile. Izilinganiso ze-vCPU, vRAM, kanye ne-I/O Igwema impikiswano ethule ebonakala kamuva njengemigqa engapheli kudiski noma ku-CPU egcwele.

Ukuqapha kanye nokulinganisa i-kernel kanye nesistimu

Konke lokhu kulungisa akusizi ngalutho uma ungalinganisi umthelela. Isihluthulelo sisekuhlanganiseni. ukuqapha okuqhubekayo ngokuhlolwa kokusebenza okuphindaphindwayoukuze lonke ushintsho ku-kernel noma ku-sysctl luhlolwe ngedatha eqondile.

Ukuze ubone isimo sonke sesistimu, ungasebenzisa amathuluzi akudala anjenge i-htop, i-vmstat, i-iotop o sarUma udinga imininingwane eyengeziwe, amathuluzi athile e-kernel ayasetshenziswa, njenge i-perf kanye ne-ftraceokukuvumela ukuthi ulandelele ukuziphatha komhleli wesikhathi, ukuphazamiseka, kanye nezingcingo zangaphakathi ngokunemba okukhulu.

Ezindaweni zokukhiqiza, kunconywa ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zokulinganisa ezifana I-Prometheus, eqoqwe noma esetshenziswa ngabathumeli ngaphandle eziveza izibali ze-CPU, i-I/O, i-disk kanye ne-network latencies, i-process queues, njll. Le datha, eboniswe ku-Grafana noma amathuluzi afanayo, isiza ukuthola ukuhlehla noma ukungalingani ngaphambi kokuba umsebenzisi wokugcina aqaphele izinkinga.

Ukuze kulinganiswe, umqondo uwukuphinda umsebenzi wangempela bese uqhathanisa "ngaphambi nangemva" koshintsho ngalunye. Amathuluzi anjenge sysbench (kwama-CPU kanye nezizindalwazi), fio (yediski) noma iperf3 (Kumanethiwekhi) avumela ukwakhiwa kwezimo ezingaphindaphindeka. Ukubhala imibhalo kubalulekile. izinguqulo ze-kernel, ukucushwa kwe-sysctl, ihadiwe, kanye namapharamitha okuhlola ukuze ukuqhathanisa kube nomqondo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Empeleni, ukwenza ngcono i-Linux kernel kuyinqubo ephindaphindayo: uhlola uchungechunge lwezinguquko, ulinganise imiphumela, ugcine lokho okunikeza inzuzo yangempela, bese ulahla okunye. Ngokubusa okuhle kokushintsha, ungahumusha ukuthuthukiswa kwezinguqulo ezintsha ze-kernel (njengochungechunge lwakamuva olunesheduli, ihluzo, amandla, noma ukuthuthukiswa kwenethiwekhi) kube izinzuzo ezilinganisekayo zezinhlelo zakho zokusebenza, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi amaseva asezindaweni, efwini, noma ezindaweni zokusebenza ezidinga kakhulu.

Ukuhlanganiswa kolwazi lokwakha lwe-kernel, ukulungiswa kahle nge-sysctl, ukuhlanganiswa okulawulwayo, ukusetshenziswa okukhethiwe kwama-patches wesikhathi sangempela, kanye nesistimu yezilinganiso enhle kuvumela umphathi noma ithimba lokusebenza ukuthi lifeze Izimpendulo ezisheshayo, ukubambezeleka okuphansi, kanye nokuqina okuthuthukisiwe okuphelele ngaphandle kokushintsha ihadiwe ngokucasula okuncane noma ukufaka engcupheni ukuphepha kohlelo.

I-athikili ehlobene:

I-Linux 6.14: Yini Okusha, Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezokuphepha kanye Nokusekelwa Kwezingxenyekazi Zekhompyutha