- Ithuluzi lokubala lendabuko: uhlaka olunezinduku kanye nobuhlalu obumele izindawo zamadesimali zokwengeza, ukususa, ukuphindaphinda nokuhlukanisa.
- Imvelaphi yasendulo ikhona eMesopotamia, eGibhithe, eShayina naseJapan; kunezinhlobo ezifana ne-suànpán, i-soroban, i-schëty kanye ne-Inca quipu.
- Ukusetshenziswa kwezemfundo kwamanje: kuthuthukisa ukubala ngengqondo, inkumbulo, ukugxilisa ingqondo kanye namakhono okucabanga; kufundiswa e-Asia nasemincintiswaneni yokubala ngengqondo.
I-abacus ingenye yamathuluzi okubala amadala kakhulu esintwini , asetshenziswa yimiphakathi ehlukene emlandweni ukwenza imisebenzi yezibalo. Nakuba sinezibali namakhompyutha namuhla, leli thuluzi lihlala liyithuluzi eliyisisekelo lemfundo lokuthuthukisa amakhono okubala ngengqondo.
Kulesi sihloko sizohlola ngokujulile umlando we-abacus, izinhlobo ezahlukene eziye zaba khona emasikweni ahlukene, ukuthi isebenza kanjani kanye nokubaluleka kwayo emfundweni yesimanje. Hlanganyela nathi kulolu hambo ngokusebenzisa idivayisi eye yadlula isikhathi futhi esaqhubeka ibhekwa njengethuluzi elibalulekile lokufunda izibalo.
Iyini i-abacus?
I-abacus iyithuluzi lokubala elikuvumela ukuthi wenze imisebenzi eyisisekelo yezibalo njengokuhlanganisa, ukususa, ukuphindaphinda, nokuhlukanisa. Ngokuvamile iqukethe uhlaka olunezinduku noma izintambo lapho ubuhlalu noma amabhola amancane eshelela khona , ngalinye limelela inani lezinombolo.
Imvelaphi yayo eqondile ayiqinisekile, kodwa kukhona ubufakazi bokusetshenziswa kwayo emasikweni ahlukahlukene asendulo njengeMesopotamia, iGibhithe, iGrisi, kanye neShayina. Naphezu kokuvela kwamathuluzi edijithali, i-abacus iyaqhubeka nokusetshenziswa kwezemfundo ukuthuthukisa amakhono ezibalo nokuthuthukisa ukucabanga okunengqondo.
Umlando we-abacus
Izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi i-abacus iyithuluzi lokuqala lokubala eladalwa isintu. Amamodeli okuqala ayehlanganisa amatshe ahlelwe ngemigqa edwetshwe esihlabathini noma ezibhebheni zobumba.
I-abacus eMesopotamiya
Imvelaphi yokuqala ye-abacus isukela empucukweni yaseBhabhiloni , cishe ngo-2300 BC. Kukholelwa ukuthi babesebenzisa amaphilisi anemigqa namamaki ukwenza izibalo, okwenza kube lula ukubalwa kwezimali kanye nokubala okuyisisekelo.
I-abacus eGibhithe lasendulo
EGibhithe, abathengisi nababhali babesebenzisa amaphilisi anezimbobo lapho babehambisa khona ubuhlalu noma amatshe amancane ukuze bagcine amarekhodi okuthengiselana kwebhizinisi labo kanye nezikhumbuzo.
I-abacus eGrisi naseRoma
AmaGreki namaRoma athuthukisa ukwakheka kwe-abacus ngamathebula okubala athuthuke kakhulu. ERoma, igama elithi “abacus” lalisho indawo eyisicaba embozwe yisihlabathi okwakudwetshwa kuyo imigqa ukuze kubalwe.
I-abacus e-China
I -suànpán yesiShayina , eyakhiwa cishe ngekhulu lesibili BC, ihlukaniswa ngesakhiwo sayo esiyinkimbinkimbi, enezinduku kanye nama-bead ahlukaniswe yibha ephakathi, okuvumela ukubalwa okusheshayo nokunembile.
I-abacus eJapane
I-abacus yaseJapan, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-soroban , iyinguquko ye-suanpan yaseShayina. Yavela ngekhulu le-17 futhi ibonakala ngokuba nobhontshisi owodwa phezulu kanye no-4 phansi kwenduku ngayinye, okwenza kube lula ukubala.
I-abacus eMelika
Imiphakathi yangaphambi kwamaHispanic, njengeMaya nama-Inca, yasungula izinguqulo zayo ze-abacus. Ama-Inca ayesebenzisa i- quipu , uhlelo lwezintambo eziboshwe ngamafindo olwaluwavumela ukuthi agcine amarekhodi ezinombolo.
Izinhlobo ze-abacus
Kuwo wonke umlando, izinguqulo ezahlukene ze-abacus ziye zathuthukiswa, zajwayelaniswa nezinhlelo zezinombolo kanye nezidingo zesiko ngalinye.
I-Chinese abacus (Suànpán)
Yakhiwe yizinduku eziqondile ezihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili: ingxenye engenhla enama-bead amabili kanye nengxenye engezansi enamahlanu. Ivumela ukubalwa okuthuthukisiwe kwenziwe ngokushesha okukhulu.
I-Japanese abacus (Soroban)
Kufana ne-suànpán, kodwa kunobuhlalu obubodwa phezulu kanye nobane phansi, okwenza kube lula ukuyisebenzisa futhi kube lula ukubala ngengqondo.
I-abacus yaseRussia
Ibizwa ngokuthi i-schëty , inomklamo ovundlile onama-bead ayishumi ngenduku kanye nenduku ekhethekile enama-bead amane kuphela ukuze kube lula ukubalwa kwezingxenyana.
I-Mayan abacus
Ngokusekelwe ohlelweni lwe-vigesimal, amaMaya asebenzisa uhlelo lwezinti namachashazi ahlelwe ngezikhundla ukuze amele amanani ezinombolo.
I-abacus yaseNapierian
Idalwe ngu-John Napier ngekhulu le-17, le-abacus yenza izibalo zaba nezimpande eziyisikwele nama-logarithms.
Isebenza kanjani i-abacus?
I-abacus isetshenziswa ngokuhambisa ubuhlalu ezindongeni zayo ukuze imele amanani ahlukene ezinombolo . Ikholomu ngayinye ye-abacus imele indawo ohlelweni lwedesimali: amayunithi, amashumi, amakhulu, njll.
Ukwengeza nokukhipha, hambisa ubuhlalu uye phezulu noma phansi ngokufanelekile. Ukwenza ukuphindaphinda nokuhlukanisa, kunezindlela ezithuthuke kakhulu ezidinga ukuzijwayeza nekhono.
Izinzuzo zokusebenzisa i-abacus
I-abacus ayilona nje ithuluzi lokubala, kodwa futhi iyithuluzi lokufundisa elinezinzuzo eziningi:
- Ukuthuthukiswa kokubala kwengqondo: Kuyasiza ukwenza imisebenzi ngaphandle kwesidingo sepensela nephepha.
- Ukugxilisa ingqondo okuthuthukisiwe: Kudinga ukugxila nokunaka ukwenza ukunyakaza okunembile.
- Ukuqinisa inkumbulo: Ngokubona ngeso lengqondo i-abacus nobuhlalu bayo, ukugcinwa kolwazi kuyathuthukiswa.
- Ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono okuqonda: Isiza ukuthuthukisa ukucabanga okunengqondo kanye nezibalo.
I-abacus namuhla
Naphezu kokukhuphuka kwama-calculator namakhompyutha, kanye nendawo yawo emugqeni wesikhathi womlando wekhompyutha , i-abacus isasetshenziswa kwamanye amazwe, njengeJapan neShayina, emfundweni eyisisekelo. Imincintiswano yokubala ngengqondo esebenzisa i-abacus iyahlelwa, lapho abahlanganyeli bengaxazulula khona imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi ngesivinini esimangalisayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye kwabonakala ukuthi ukuqeqeshwa kwe-abacus ezinganeni kuthuthukisa ikhono lazo lezibalo futhi kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwazo kwezemfundo.
Indlela yokwenza i-abacus eyenziwe ekhaya?
Uma ufuna ukwakha i-abacus ekhaya, ungakwenza ngezinto ezilula njengekhadibhodi, utshani, kanye nobuhlalu bepulasitiki . Okudingayo nje uhlaka, ucingo noma intambo yokubamba ubuhlalu, futhi usukulungele ukuqala ukuzijwayeza.
I-abacus ingaphezu kakhulu kwethuluzi lokubala elilula. Ibilokhu ihamba nesintu amakhulu eminyaka futhi ihlala iyithuluzi lokufundisa eliphumelelayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kusiza ukuqinisa amakhono ezibalo , ukuthuthukisa ukugxilisa ingqondo, nokuthuthukisa ukubala kwengqondo. Nakuba siphila enkathini yedijithali, i-abacus iyaqhubeka nokukhombisa ukubaluleka kwayo ekufundiseni nasekuthuthukiseni ukucabanga okunengqondo.
