Izinyathelo ezibalulekile eziyi-7 zenethiwekhi yokuqala yekhompyutha i-ARPANET

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I-athikili ehlobene:

Umugqa Wesikhathi Womlando Wekhompiyutha: Uhambo Oludlula Izigigaba Ezinkulu Zezobuchwepheshe

1. Inethiwekhi yekhompyutha yokuqala i-ARPANET

I-ARPANET, isifinyezo se-Advanced Research Projects Agency Network, yayiyiphayona emhlabeni wamanethiwekhi ekhompyutha . Yasungulwa ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960 nguMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-United States, i-ARPANET yaphawula ukuqala kwenkathi entsha kwezokuxhumana kanye nokwabelana ngolwazi.

Le nethiwekhi eqanjiwe ayizange ivele ngokuphazima kweso. Bekuwumphumela weminyaka yocwaningo nentuthuko, eqhutshwa isidingo sokudala uhlelo lokuxhumana oluqinile noluhlukaniselwe ezindaweni. Ososayensi nonjiniyela abalandela i-ARPANET babhekane nezinselele zobuchwepheshe ezingakaze zibonwe, kodwa ukubekezela kwabo kwaba nemiphumela emihle.

I-ARPANET yasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obushintshashintshayo obubizwa ngokuthi i-packet switching. Le ndlela ihlukanise idatha ibe amaphakethe amancane angahamba emizileni ehlukene futhi akhiwe kabusha lapho aya khona. Le nqubo ayithuthukisanga nje kuphela ukusebenza kahle kokudluliswa kwedatha, kodwa futhi yandisa kakhulu ukuqina kwenethiwekhi ekuhlulekeni.

Ngomhla zingama-29 kuMfumfu, 1969, umlayezo wokuqala wathunyelwa nge-ARPANET. Nakuba isistimu iphahlazekile ngemva kokudlulisa izinhlamvu ezimbili kuphela ("LO" esikhundleni sokuthi "LOGIN"), lesi sikhathi siphawule ukuzalwa okusemthethweni kwenethiwekhi yokuqala yekhompyutha esebenzayo emhlabeni.

2. Umsuka we-ARPANET: Yadalelwani?

Ukwakhiwa kwe-ARPANET kwaqhutshwa inhlanganisela yezinto zobuchwepheshe, ezempi, kanye nezemfundo. Kodwa zaziyini izizathu eziqondile ezabangela ukukhula kwawo?

1. Isidingo sezempi:Phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi, uMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-US wawubheke uhlelo lwezokuxhumana olungasinda ekuhlaselweni kwezikhali zenuzi.
2. Intuthuko kukhompyuthaUkuthuthuka okusheshayo kwamakhompiyutha ngeminyaka yawo-60 kwadala isidingo sokuwaxhuma ukuze abelane ngezinsiza kanye nedatha.
3. Uphenyo lwesayensi: Amanyuvesi nezikhungo zocwaningo zidinga indlela esebenza kahle kakhulu yokuhlanganyela nokwabelana ngolwazi.
4. Umbono wekusasa:Abanye ososayensi sebewabonile amandla enethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke yamakhompiyutha ukuguqula umphakathi.

I-ARPANET yathathwa njengesixazululo kulezi zinselelo. Idizayini yayo ehlukaniselwe indawo kanye nekhono lokuthumela kabusha idatha ngokuzenzakalelayo uma kwenzeka yehluleka kuyenze yafaneleka ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zempi nezesayensi yangaleso sikhathi.

Iphrojekthi ye-ARPANET iphinde yazuza ekubambisaneni phakathi kukahulumeni, amanyuvesi kanye nomkhakha ozimele. Lokhu kubambisana phakathi kwemikhakha ehlukene kuzoba yisibonelo esizophindaphindwa ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe besikhathi esizayo.

Naphezu komsuka wayo wezempi, i-ARPANET ngokushesha yaba ithuluzi elibalulekile emphakathini wesayensi. Inethiwekhi ivumele abacwaningi ukuthi babelane ngedatha nezinsizakusebenza zekhompuyutha ngezindlela ebezingenzeki ngaphambili, okusheshisa ijubane lokutholwa kwesayensi.

3. Ubuchwepheshe obusha: Ukushintsha iphakethe

Ukushintsha iphakethe bekuwumgogodla wezobuchwepheshe we-ARPANET. Kodwa buyini ngempela lobu buchwepheshe futhi kungani buguquke kangaka?

Ukushintsha iphakethe kuyindlela yokudlulisa idatha lapho ulwazi luhlukaniswa ngamayunithi amancane abizwa ngokuthi amaphakethe. Iphakethe ngalinye liqukethe idatha evela kumlayezo wokuqala, kanye nolwazi mayelana nomsuka walo nendawo okuyiwa kuyo. Lawa maphakethe athunyelwa ngokuzimela ngenethiwekhi futhi aphinde ahlanganiswe endaweni okuyiwa kuyo.

Le ndlela yanikeza izinzuzo ezimbalwa ezibalulekile:

1. Ukusebenza kahle: Ivumele ukusetshenziswa okuphumelelayo kwezinsiza zenethiwekhi, njengoba abasebenzisi abaningi babekwazi ukwabelana ngemigqa yokuxhumana efanayo.
2. Ukuphikiswa: Uma ingxenye eyodwa yenethiwekhi yehluleka, amaphakethe angase ahanjiswe kabusha ngeminye imizila.
3. Ukuvumelana nezimo: Bekulula ukwengeza noma ukususa amanodi ku- inethiwekhi ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukusebenza kwayo jikelele
4. Ukwehluka: Inethiwekhi ingakhula kalula ukuze ikwazi ukwamukela abasebenzisi abaningi kanye nethrafikhi.

Ukuqaliswa kokushintshwa kwephakethe ku-ARPANET kwaba impumelelo ebalulekile yobuchwepheshe. Idinga ukuthuthukiswa kwezinqubo zokuxhumana ezintsha kanye nezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha ezikhethekile, njenge-Interface Message Processors (IMPs), esebenza njengamarutha anamuhla.

Lobu buchwepheshe, nakuba buyinguquko, bebunganazo izinselele. Onjiniyela bekufanele baxazulule izinkinga ezinjengokulahleka kwephakethe, ukuminyana kwenethiwekhi nokuvumelanisa idatha. Nokho, impumelelo yayo ku-ARPANET yabeka isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kwezivumelwano zesimanje ezifana ne-TCP/IP, ezihlala ziyisisekelo ekusebenzeni kwe-inthanethi.

4. Amanodi okuqala: Ukuxhumanisa amanyuvesi aphayona

I-ARPANET yaqala njengenethiwekhi enesizotha, kodwa umthelela wayo wawushesha futhi ujulile. Yiziphi izikhungo zokuqala ezixhumene futhi inethiwekhi yanda kanjani?

Amanodi amane okuqala e-ARPANET asungulwa emanyuvesi ahlonishwayo e-United States:

1. IYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, eLos Angeles (UCLA):I-node yokuqala yafakwa e-UCLA ngo-August 30, 1969.
2. I-Stanford Research Institute (SRI): Kuxhunywe ngo-Okthoba 1, 1969.
3. Inyuvesi yaseCalifornia, iSanta Barbara (UCSB): Ujoyine inethiwekhi ngoNovemba 1, 1969.
4. Inyuvesi yase-Utah: Indawo yesine yengezwe ngo-December 1, 1969.

Lezi zikhungo zakhethwa ngenxa yobuchwepheshe bazo emikhakheni eyahlukene yesayensi yamakhompiyutha. Isibonelo, i-UCLA ikhethekile ekuhlaziyweni kwethrafikhi yenethiwekhi, kuyilapho i-SRI yayiyingcweti ekuxhumaneni komsebenzisi.

Ukunwetshwa kwe-ARPANET kwakushesha. Ngo-1973, inethiwekhi yayinama-node angu-23, okuhlanganisa ama-node e-Hawaii nase-Norway, okubonisa ukuqina nokuguquguquka komklamo we-ARPANET.

Ukuxhumana kwalawa manyuvesi kube nomthelela omkhulu ocwaningweni lwezemfundo. Ososayensi manje sebengakwazi ukwabelana ngedatha futhi bahlanganyele ngesikhathi sangempela, basheshise ijubane lokutholwa kwesayensi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inethiwekhi igqugquzele ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha namaphrothokholi azohlala efanelekile esikhathini se-inthanethi.

5. Izivumelwano zokuxhumana: I-NCP ne-TCP/IP

Izivumelwano zokuxhumana ziyimithetho evumela amakhompyutha ukuthi aqondane kunethiwekhi. I-ARPANET isungule ukuthuthukiswa kwalezi zimiso. Yiziphi ezazibaluleke kakhulu futhi zavela kanjani?

Uhlelo Lokulawula Inethiwekhi (NCP)

Iphrothokholi yokuqala eyasetshenziswa ku-ARPANET kwakuwuhlelo Lokulawulwa Kwenethiwekhi (NCP), olwaqalwa ngo-1970. I-NCP yayibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kwenethiwekhi, ivumela:

• Ukuxhumana phakathi kwababungazi
• Ukusungula nokugcina ukuxhumana
• Ukulawula ukugeleza kwedatha

Nokho, i-NCP yayinemikhawulo. Ayikwazanga ukusingatha amaphutha okudlulisela futhi yayiklanyelwe ukusebenza kuphela ku-ARPANET, eyayikhawulela ukuxhumana namanye amanethiwekhi.

I-Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

Ukuze unqobe imikhawulo ye-NCP futhi uvumele ukuxhumeka kwamanethiwekhi ahlukene, iphrothokholi ye-TCP/IP yathuthukiswa. Le protocol entsha, eyakhiwe nguVint Cerf noBob Kahn ngo-1974, yanikeza izinzuzo ezimbalwa:

• Ukuthembeka okukhulu ekudlulisweni kwedatha
• Ikhono lokuxhuma amanethiwekhi ahlukahlukene
• Iphutha elingcono nokuphatha ukuminyana

NgoJanuwari 1, 1983, i-ARPANET yashintsha ngokusemthethweni isuka ku-NCP yaya ku-TCP/IP, umcimbi owaziwa ngokuthi "Usuku Lwefulegi." Lolu shintsho lwaphawula ukuzalwa kwalokho esikwazi namuhla njenge-inthanethi.

I-TCP/IP ibe indinganiso ye-de facto yokuxhumana ngamakhompiyutha futhi iseyisisekelo se-inthanethi namuhla. Idizayini yayo eguquguqukayo neqinile inike amandla ukunwetshwa okukhulu kwe-inthanethi kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza nezinsizakalo ze-inthanethi ezingenakubalwa.

6. Izicelo zokuphayona: I-imeyili kanye nokudlulisa ifayela

I-ARPANET ayizange nje iguqule indlela amakhompiyutha axhumana ngayo, kodwa futhi yabangela izinhlelo zokusebenza ezingashintsha ukuxhumana kwabantu. Yiziphi izinhlelo zokusebenza zokuqala ezenzelwe i-ARPANET futhi zaba nomthelela kanjani endleleni esisebenza ngayo nesixhumana ngayo?

Ukuzalwa kwe-imeyili

I-imeyili yayingenye yezinhlelo zokusebenza zokuqala nezinethonya kakhulu ezenzelwe i-ARPANET. Ngo-1971, uRay Tomlinson, unjiniyela kwa-BBN Technologies, wasebenzisa uhlelo lokuqala lwe-imeyili kunethiwekhi. Ezinye izici ezibalulekile zalolu hlelo kwakuyilezi:

• Kusetshenziswa uphawu lwe-@ukuhlukanisa igama lomsebenzisi nomsingathi
• Amandla okuthumela imilayezo phakathi kwamakhompyutha ahlukene kunethiwekhi
• Ikhono lokunamathisela amafayela emilayezweni

I-imeyili yasheshe yaba uhlelo lokusebenza oludume kakhulu ku-ARPANET. Ngo-1973, u-75% wethrafikhi ye-ARPANET kwakuyi-imeyili. Leli thuluzi liguqule ukuxhumana okuchwepheshile nokomuntu siqu, labeka izisekelo zenguquko yokuxhumana kwedijithali esibhekene nayo namuhla.

Ukudluliswa Kwefayela: FTP

Olunye uhlelo lokusebenza olubalulekile olwakhelwe i-ARPANET kwakuyi-File Transfer Protocol (FTP). Yethulwe ngo-1971, i-FTP yavumela abasebenzisi ukuthi:

• Dlulisa amafayela phakathi kwamakhompyutha akude
• Faka ohlwini lwemibhalo kumasistimu akude
• Susa futhi uqambe kabusha amafayela kumasistimu akude

I-FTP ibibalulekile ekwabelaneni ngedatha nezinhlelo phakathi kwamanodi e-ARPANET. Nakuba iye yathathelwa indawo kakhulu izivumelwano ezivikeleke kakhulu namuhla, i-FTP yabeka isisekelo sokwabelana ngefayela ku-inthanethi.

Lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza ezihamba phambili zibonise amandla e-ARPANET ngaphezu kwenhloso yayo yasekuqaleni yokwabelana ngezinsiza zekhompyutha. Babonise ukuthi inethiwekhi yekhompiyutha ingakwazi kanjani ukubambisana nokuxhumana ngezindlela ebezingacatshangwa ngaphambili.

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Izikhathi Ezingu-10 Ezibalulekile Emlandweni Wokusebenzisa Ikhompyutha: Ukusuka ku-Abacus kuya ku-AI

7. Ifa le-ARPANET: Kusukela kunethiwekhi yezempi kuya ku-inthanethi yomhlaba wonke

I-ARPANET yaqala njengephrojekthi yezempi, kodwa umthelela wayo udlulele ngalé kwendawo yezokuvikela. I-ARPANET yavela kanjani futhi iyiphi indima eyadlala ekuzalweni kwe-inthanethi njengoba siyazi namuhla?

Ukushintshela ku-NSFNET

Ngo-1983, i-ARPANET yahlukana yaba amanethiwekhi amabili: i-MILNET ukusetshenziswa kwezempi kanye nenguqulo yabantu abavamile egcine igama le-ARPANET. Lokhu kuhlukana kwaphawula isiqalo soguquko ukusuka kunethiwekhi yezempi ukuya kunethiwekhi yezemfundo nocwaningo ngokuyinhloko.

Ngo-1986, iNational Science Foundation (NSF) yakha i-NSFNET, inethiwekhi exhuma izikhungo zayo ze-supercomputing. I-NSFNET yamukele imigomo ye-TCP/IP evela ku-ARPANET futhi yaba umgogodla walokho okuzoba yi-inthanethi.

Ukuzalwa kwe-inthanethi

Ngomhla zingama-28 kuNhlolanja 1990, inethiwekhi yokuqala yekhompiyutha i-ARPANET yahlakazwa ngokusemthethweni, ngemva kokufeza umsebenzi wayo. Kodwa-ke, ifa layo laqhubeka nge-NSFNET kanye namanye amanethiwekhi amukele ubuchwepheshe nezinqubo zayo.

Ukuvela kwabahlinzeki benkonzo ye-inthanethi yezohwebo ngeminyaka yawo-90 kanye nokudalwa kweWebhu Yomhlaba Wonke ngu-Tim Berners-Lee ngo-1989 kwabeka isisekelo sokuqhuma kwe-inthanethi njengoba siyazi namuhla.

Umthelela ohlala njalo we-ARPANET

Ifa le-ARPANET lingabonakala ezicini eziningi ze-inthanethi yanamuhla:

1. I-decentralized architecture: Idizayini eqinile ye-ARPANET, esabalalisiwe ihlala ingumgomo obalulekile we-inthanethi.
2. Izivumelwano zokuxhumana: I-TCP/IP, eyenzelwe i-ARPANET, ihlala iyisisekelo sokuxhumana ku-inthanethi.
3. Isiko lokusebenzisana: I-ARPANET ikhuthaze isiko lokusebenzisana okuvulekile eliqhubekayo ezicini eziningi ze-inthanethi, njengesofthiwe yomthombo ovulekile.
4. Izicelo eziyisisekelo:I-imeyili nokudluliswa kwefayela, okuqalwe ku-ARPANET, kuhlala kungamathuluzi abalulekile enkathini yedijithali.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Qedela umlando wamagciwane ekhompyutha

Ukuqedwa kwenethiwekhi yokuqala yekhompyutha ye-ARPANET

Inethiwekhi yokuqala yamakhompyutha, i-ARPANET, yayingaphezu nje kokuhlola kwezobuchwepheshe. Yayimelela ushintsho oluyisisekelo endleleni esicabanga ngayo ngokuxhumana nokushintshana ngolwazi. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo okuphansi, ixhumanisa amanyuvesi amane kuya ekubekeni izisekelo ze-inthanethi yomhlaba wonke, i-ARPANET ibonise amandla okuguqula ukuxhumana kwedijithali.

Ifa lakhe alihlali nje kuphela kwingqalasizinda yezobuchwepheshe ye-inthanethi, kodwa futhi nasemsindweni wokuqamba izinto ezintsha, ukubambisana kanye nokushintshisana kwamahhala kwemibono ayigqugquzelayo. Njengoba sizulazula olwandle olukhulu lwedijithali okuyi-inthanethi namuhla, kubalulekile ukukhumbula nokwazisa amavulandlela anemibono, nge-ARPANET, ahlwanyela imbewu yenkathi yethu yedijithali.

Umlando we-ARPANET usikhumbuza ukuthi izinguquko ezinkulu zivame ukuqala ngezinyathelo ezincane kodwa ezinesibindi. Kusibekela inselele ukuthi siqhubeke nokusungula izinto ezintsha, sicabange izinto ezintsha ezingenzeka kanye nokusebenzisana ukuze silolonge ikusasa ledijithali.

Ukubizelwa esenzweni : Ingabe kukhona okukumangazile endabeni yenethiwekhi yokuqala yamakhompyutha, i-ARPANET? Yabelana ngalesi sihloko nabangani bakho kanye nozakwenu ukuze nisakaze ulwazi mayelana nemvelaphi yesikhathi sethu sedijithali. Sisonke, singaluqonda kangcono uhambo esiluthathile futhi sibone ukuthi siyaphi ezweni lobuchwepheshe!