Ukulawulwa Kwenguqulo: Ukuphathwa okuphumelelayo kokuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe

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Emhlabeni wokuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe, ukulawulwa kwenguqulo kuyisici esibalulekile esiqinisekisa ukuphathwa kwephrojekthi okuphumelelayo nokuhlelekile. Ukulawulwa kwenguqulo kusho inqubo yokulandelela nokuphatha izinguquko ezenziwe kukhodi yomthombo wephrojekthi namafayela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lo mkhuba ubalulekile emaqenjini okuthuthukisa anoma ibuphi usayizi, njengoba uwavumela ukuthi asebenzisane kahle, agcine umlando ophelele wezinguquko, futhi abuyele ezinguqulweni zangaphambilini uma kudingeka.

Itimu emaphakathi yalo mbhalo izoba ukulawula kwenguqulo kanye nokuhambisana kwayo enqubweni yokuthuthukisa isofthiwe. Sizohlaziya ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi le ndlela yokwenza isiza kanjani ukusebenzisana, inciphisa amaphutha nokungahambisani, futhi iqinisekise ubuqotho besikhathi eside bephrojekthi. Futhi sizobhekana nemibuzo evamile mayelana nokulawulwa kwenguqulo futhi sinikeze iziphakamiso zamathuluzi adumile amaqembu angawasebenzisa ukuze asebenzise isistimu yokulawula inguqulo eqinile.

Ukulawulwa Kwenguqulo: Kuyini futhi kungani kubalulekile?

Kuyini ukulawulwa kwenguqulo?

Ukulawula inguqulo, noma ukulawula ushintsho , uhlelo olukuvumela ukuthi uphathe futhi ulandelele izinguquko ezenziwe kukhodi yomthombo namafayela ephrojekthi yesofthiwe. Luqukethe uchungechunge lwamasu namathuluzi avumela abathuthukisi ukuthi basebenzisane endaweni ehlanganyelwe, benze izinguquko ngesikhathi esifanayo, futhi balondoloze umlando ophelele wezinguquko ezenziwe.

Kungani kubalulekile ukulawula inguqulo?

Ukulawula ushintsho kubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwesoftware ngenxa yezizathu ezimbalwa:

1. Ilogi yokushintsha egcwele: Ikuvumela ukuthi ugcine irekhodi elinemininingwane yazo zonke izinguquko ezenziwe kuphrojekthi, okuhlanganisa ukuthi ubani owenze ushintsho ngalunye, ukuthi lwenziwa nini, nokuthi yini eyashintshwa. Lokhu kusiza ukuhlola, ukuxazulula izinkinga, nokusebenzisana kweqembu.
2. Ukutholwa kwezinguqulo zangaphambilini: Uma nganoma isiphi isikhathi udinga ukubuyela enguqulweni yangaphambilini yekhodi noma amafayela, ukulawula inguqulo kunikeza ikhono lokubuyela emuva ngesikhathi nokubuyisela inguqulo yangaphambilini. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu uma kuba namaphutha abucayi noma izinqumo ezidinga ukuhlehliswa.
3. Ukusebenzisana okuphumelelayoUkulawulwa kwenguqulo kuvumela onjiniyela abaningi ukuthi basebenze ngokufana kuphrojekthi ngaphandle kokuphazamisana. Unjiniyela ngamunye angasebenza kukhophi yakhe yephrojekthi futhi ahlanganise izinguquko ngendlela elawulwayo nehlelekile. Lokhu kusiza ukubambisana futhi kunciphisa izingxabano. Ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nalokhu kokuthunyelwe kwethu ekulawuleni inguqulo ekuthuthukisweni okuhlanganyelwe.
4. Ukuphathwa kwegatsha nenguquloNgokulawulwa kwenguqulo, kungenzeka ukudala amagatsha noma izimfoloko zekhodi yomthombo oyinhloko ukuze kuthuthukiswe izici ezintsha noma ukulungisa izinkinga ngaphandle kokuthinta inguqulo ezinzile yesofthiwe. Lokhu kuvumela ukuthuthukiswa okushesha kakhulu nokuhlelekile.
5. Ukulandelela iziphazamisi nokuxazulula izingxabanoUkulawula inguqulo kwenza kube lula ukulandelela iziphazamisi nokuxazulula izingxabano ezingase zivele ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa. Ngokuba nerekhodi elicacile lezinguquko ezenziwe, kulula ukubona nokulungisa izinkinga.

Ukulawula ushintsho kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe ehlelekile, ephumelelayo nesebenzisanayo. Ihlinzeka ngomlando wezinguquko, ivumela ukutholwa kwezinguqulo zangaphambilini, yenza kube lula ukusebenzisana phakathi konjiniyela, futhi yenza amaphutha nokulawulwa kwezingxabano kube lula.

Izinzuzo Zokulawula Inguqulo Ekuthuthukisweni Kwesofthiwe

Ukusetshenziswa ngendlela efanele kokulawula inguqulo kunganikeza inani lezinzuzo ezibalulekile emaqenjini okuthuthukisa isofthiwe. Okulandelayo, sizohlola ezinye zezinzuzo ezibalulekile ezingazuzwa ngokusebenzisa isistimu yokulawula inguqulo esebenzayo:

Ukubambisana okungcono kweqembu nokuxhumana

Ukulawulwa kwenguqulo kusiza ukusebenzisana nokuxhumana phakathi kwamalungu eqembu lokuthuthukisa. Unjiniyela ngamunye angasebenza egatsheni lakhe noma ikhophi yephrojekthi bese ehlanganisa izinguquko ngendlela elawulwayo. Lokhu kugwema ukungqubuzana futhi kusiza ekugcineni ukuhamba komsebenzi okuhlelekile nokukhiqizayo.

Enye yezinzuzo eziyinhloko zokulawulwa kwenguqulo ukuthi ivumela abahleli bezinhlelo ukuthi balandelele izinguquko ezenziwe ngamanye amalungu eqembu, okusiza ukukhuthaza ukuxhumana okungcono nokuqonda izinguquko ezenziwe kuphrojekthi. Leli thuluzi linenzuzo ikakhulukazi emaqenjini asebenza kude noma kumaphrojekthi adinga isikhathi eside, njengoba ukubambisana okuphumelelayo kubalulekile kulezi zimo. Ungafunda kabanzi ngokusebenzisa lawa mathuluzi kumhlahlandlela wethu we-Mercurial kanye nokusebenza kwawo ekulawuleni inguqulo.

Qedela umlando wezinguquko nezinguqulo

Enye yezinzuzo eziyinhloko zokulawula inguqulo yikhono lokuba nomlando ophelele wazo zonke izinguquko ezenziwe kuphrojekthi. Lokhu kunikeza umbono oningiliziwe wokuvela kwesoftware ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi kwenza kube lula ukuhlonza ukuthi ubani owenze ushintsho ngalunye nokuthi kungani.

Umlando woshintsho oluphelele nawo ubalulekile ekucwaningweni kwamabhuku nokuthobela imithetho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi udinga ukulandelela ushintsho oluthile noma ubonise ukuthobela imithetho ethile, ukulawula inguqulo kwenza kube lula futhi kusheshe ukufinyelela ulwazi oludingekayo.

Iphutha lokulandelela nokuphatha

Ukulawula ushintsho kwenza kube lula ukulandelela nokuphatha amaphutha ekuthuthukisweni kwesofthiwe. Lonke ushintsho olwenziwe kukhodi yomthombo noma amafayela afakiwe, okukuvumela ukuthi ukhombe futhi ulandelele izindaba ngempumelelo kakhudlwana.

Ukwengeza, uma iphutha litholwa enguqulweni yakamuva yesofthiwe, ukulawula inguqulo kukuvumela ukuthi ubuyele emuva ngesikhathi futhi uthole inguqulo lapho bug yethulwe khona. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukubona umnyombo nokulungisa inkinga.

Ukuvumelana nezimo ekuthuthukiseni nasekusebenziseni izici

Ukulawulwa kwenguqulo kuvumela amaqembu okuthuthukisa ukuthi asebenze ngokufana ezicini ezihlukile noma izixazululo. Ngokwenza amagatsha ahlukene kusuka kukhodi yomthombo oyinhloko, abathuthukisi bangasebenza ngokuzimela ezicini ezintsha ngaphandle kokuthinta ukuzinza kwesofthiwe.

Lokhu kuvumelana nezimo ekuthuthukiseni nasekusebenziseni izici kubaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni ezishesha, lapho izinguquko ezivamile nokulethwa okuqhubekayo kubalulekile. Ukulawula ushintsho kwenza kube lula ukuphatha ukugeleza komsebenzi okuningi bese uhlanganisa izinguquko ezenziwe kuwo wonke amagatsha.

Ukwethemba nokuphepha kukhodi yomthombo

Ukulawulwa kwenguqulo kunikeza isendlalelo esengeziwe sokuvikeleka nokuzethemba kukhodi yomthombo wephrojekthi. Lonke ushintsho olwenziwe kukhodi luyarekhodwa futhi lugcinwe ngokuvikelekile kunqolobane yenguqulo, okuqinisekisa ubuqotho nokutholakala kolwazi.

Esimeni sokulahleka kwedatha noma inkohlakalo yekhodi yomthombo, ukulawula inguqulo kukuvumela ukuthi ubuyisele izinguqulo zangaphambilini futhi ubuyisele iphrojekthi esimweni sokusebenza. Lokhu kunikeza abathuthukisi ukuthula kwengqondo futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi umsebenzi owenziwe uyasekelwa futhi uvikelwe.

Amathuluzi Okulawula Inguqulo Edumile

Kunamathuluzi amaningi okulawula ushintsho atholakalayo emakethe, ngalinye linezici zalo kanye nezinzuzo zalo. Ngezansi amanye amathuluzi okulawula inguqulo asetshenziswa kakhulu amaqembu okuthuthukisa isofthiwe:

I-Git

I-Git iyithuluzi lokulawula inguqulo elisatshalalisiwe elisetshenziswa kabanzi emphakathini wokuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe. Ihlinzeka ngohlelo olusheshayo, olusebenzayo, nolukwazi ukukhuliswa lokulawula inguqulo kanye nokusebenzisana kwethimba.

Enye yezinzuzo eziyinhloko ze-Git yikhono layo lokusebenza ngendlela ehlukaniselwe abanye abantu, okusho ukuthi unjiniyela ngamunye unekhophi ephelele yenqolobane yenguqulo emshinini wabo wasendaweni. Lokhu kuvumela abathuthukisi ukuthi basebenze ngokuzimela, ngaphandle kokuthembela ekuxhumekeni kwenethiwekhi okuqhubekayo.

I-Git iphinde inikeze imiyalo eminingi ethuthukisiwe nezici ezivumela ukuphathwa kwamagatsha okuguquguqukayo nokunamandla, ukuhlanganiswa, kanye nokungqubuzana. Ihambisana kakhulu namapulatifomu ahlukahlukene futhi ihlanganiswa kalula namathuluzi okuthuthukisa athandwayo njenge-GitHub ne-Bitbucket.

I-Subversion (SVN)

I-Subversion, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-SVN , iyisistimu yokulawula inguqulo ephakathi esetshenziswe kabanzi iminyaka eminingi. Nakuba ilahlekelwe ukuthandwa yizixazululo ezisatshalaliswa njenge-Git, isalokhu iyinketho eqinile yezimo ezithile kanye nezindawo.

Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-Subversion ne-Git ilele kumodeli yabo yokusebenza. Ngenkathi i-Git isatshalaliswa, i-Subversion incike endaweni yokugcina lapho onjiniyela abaxhumeka kuyo ukuze benze izinguquko futhi bathole izinguqulo ezintsha zekhodi. Lokhu kungaba yinzuzo kumaphrojekthi lapho kudingeka khona ukulawula okumaphakathi kanye nokugeleza komsebenzi okungokwesiko.

Ukuguqula kunikeza isixhumi esibonakalayo somsebenzisi kanye nenhlobonhlobo yokusebenza okujwayelekile, njengegatsha, ithegi, nokuphatha okuhlanganisiwe. Ihambisana kakhulu nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukene futhi ihlanganisa kahle namathuluzi okuthuthukisa adumile.

Mercurial

I-Mercurial ingenye ithuluzi lokuphatha ushintsho elisakazwayo elinikeza isethi efanayo yezici kanye nemisebenzi efana ne-Git. Iyaziwa ngokugxila kwayo ekulula nasekusebenziseni kalula, okwenza kube inketho ekhangayo kulabo abafuna enye indlela elula kune-Git.

Njenge-Git, i-Mercurial ivumela onjiniyela ukuthi basebenze ngokuzimela futhi benze izinguquko ngokuhambisana ngaphandle koxhumano lwenethiwekhi olungaguquki. Inikeza isikhombimsebenzisi esinobungane kanye ne-syntax ecacile yokwenza imisebenzi yokulawula inguqulo evamile.

I-Mercurial iphinde igqame ngekhono layo lokusingatha amaphrojekthi amakhulu kanye nokusebenza kwayo kahle ezimeni ezidinga idatha. Isekela izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukene futhi ihlanganisa kahle namathuluzi adumile afana ne-TortoiseHg ne-Bitbucket.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Mayelana Nokulawulwa Kwenguqulo

Ngezansi sizophendula imibuzo evame ukubuzwa ehlobene nokulawulwa kwenguqulo ekuthuthukisweni kwesoftware:

1. Uyini umehluko phakathi kwesistimu yokulawula inguqulo ephakathi nendawo esabalalisiwe?

Isistimu yokulawula ushintsho emaphakathi, njenge-Subversion (SVN), isebenzisa inqolobane emaphakathi lapho kugcinwa khona zonke izinguqulo zephrojekthi nezinguquko. Onjiniyela baxhuma kule nqolobane ukuze benze izinguquko futhi bathole izinguqulo ezintsha.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isistimu yokulawula inguqulo esabalalisiwe, njenge-Git noma i-Mercurial, ivumela unjiniyela ngamunye ukuthi abe nekhophi ephelele yendawo yokugcina izinto emshinini wabo wasendaweni. Lokhu kunikeza ukuzimela okukhulu kanye nekhono lokusebenza ngokuzihlukanisa, ngaphandle kokuncika ekuxhumekeni okuqhubekayo kuseva emaphakathi. Ulwazi olwengeziwe ngokusebenzisa lawa mathuluzi lungatholakala kumhlahlandlela wethu we-Git.

2. Liyini “igatsha” kumongo wokulawula inguqulo?

Igatsha ekulawuleni inguqulo ikhophi ezimele yekhodi yomthombo evumela umsebenzi kumugqa ohlukile wokuthuthukisa. Amagatsha awusizo ekwakheni izici ezintsha noma ukulungisa izinkinga ngaphandle kokuthinta inguqulo ezinzile yesofthiwe.

Lapho kwakhiwa igatsha, izinguquko ezithile zingenziwa kulelo gatsha ngaphandle kokuthinta ikhodi kwamanye amagatsha noma inguqulo eyinhloko. Uma izinguquko egatsheni sezihloliwe futhi zibhekwa njengezizinzile, zingahlanganiswa negatsha elikhulu ukuze zifakwe kuphrojekthi.

3. Indlela yokusingatha izingxabano ekulawuleni izinguquko?

Izingxabano zokulawula inguqulo zenzeka lapho onjiniyela ababili noma ngaphezulu benza izinguquko kufayela elifanayo noma umugqa wekhodi futhi isistimu ingakwazi ukuhlanganisa izinguquko ngokuzenzakalelayo.

Ukuze kusingathwe ukungqubuzana, onjiniyela kufanele babuyekeze mathupha izinguquko ezingqubuzanayo futhi banqume ukuthi bazihlanganisa kanjani ngokufanelekile. Amathuluzi okulawula inguqulo ngokuvamile ahlinzeka ngamakhono okuhlaba umkhosi nokuxazulula izingxabano.

Kubalulekile ukuba nokuxhumana okuhle nokusebenza njengeqembu nabanye onjiniyela ukuxazulula izinkinga ngempumelelo futhi ugweme ukulahlekelwa inqubekelaphambili. Indlela ewusizo iwukwenza ukuhlanganisa njalo nokugcina inqubo yomsebenzi ehlelekile, enganciphisa amathuba okuba khona kwezingxabano.

4. Yini "ithegi" ekulawuleni inguqulo?

Umaka ekulawuleni ushintsho wuphawu noma isihlonzi esibekwe enguqulweni ethile yekhodi yomthombo ukumaka ingqopha-mlando ebalulekile noma isimo sephrojekthi.

Omaka basetshenziselwa ukumaka izinguqulo ezizinzile, ukukhishwa okusemthethweni, noma izikhathi ezibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni. Banikeza indlela esheshayo yokubhekisela enguqulweni ethile yesofthiwe nokwenza kube lula ukubuyisa nokubhekisela ezinguqulweni zangaphambilini esikhathini esizayo.

5. Ingabe kungenzeka ukusebenzisa ithuluzi lokulawula inguqulo engaphezu kweyodwa kuphrojekthi?

Ngokombono, kungenzeka ukusebenzisa ithuluzi lokulawula inguqulo engaphezu kweyodwa kuphrojekthi, kodwa akuyona inkambiso evamile noma enconyiwe. Ithuluzi ngalinye lokulawula inguqulo linomqondo walo kanye nesakhiwo, okwenza ukusebenzisana nokusebenzisana okuphumelelayo phakathi konjiniyela kube nzima.

Kungcono ukukhetha ithuluzi lokulawula ushintsho elifanele iphrojekthi futhi ulisebenzise ngokungaguquki eqenjini lonke. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukuhlanganyela, ukuphatha ukuhamba komsebenzi, nokuxazulula izinkinga ngendlela engaguquki.

Isiphetho

Ukulawula inguqulo kuwumkhuba obalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwesofthiwe. Ivumela amaqembu ukuthi alawule izinguquko ngendlela efanele, asebenzisane ngokuphumelelayo, futhi aqinisekise ubuqotho besikhathi eside bemiklamo. Ngesistimu yokulawula inguqulo eqinile, amaqembu angasebenza ngendlela ehlelekile, ehlise amaphutha nokungqubuzana, futhi abe nerekhodi eliphelele lezinguquko ezenziwe.

Kulesi sihloko, sihlole umqondo wokulawulwa kwenguqulo, ukubaluleka kwayo ekuthuthukisweni kwesofthiwe, kanye nezinzuzo ezinikezayo. Siphinde sakhuluma ngamathuluzi athile athandwayo okulawula inguqulo, njenge-Git , i-Subversion, kanye ne-Mercurial.