Impande ku-Linux: iyini, yenzelwe ini, nokuthi ungayisebenzisa kanjani ngokuphephile

Informatec Digital » Izinsiza » Impande ku-Linux: iyini, yenzelwe ini, nokuthi ungayisebenzisa kanjani ngokuphephile

Uma uphuma ku-Windows (umbuzo ama-akhawunti abasebenzisi ku-WindowsUma ufika ku-Linux, umsebenzisi we-root odumile angase azwakale sengathi uyisiwula, kodwa empeleni yingxenye ebalulekile ehlukanisa uhlelo oluzinzile noluphephile nenhlekelele ephelele. I-Root "ingumphathi ophelele" wesistimu, ongafaka, asuse, aphule, futhi alungise noma yini ngaphandle kokucela imvume.

Ukuqonda injongo yempande ku-Linux, ukuthi ihlobene kanjani ne-sudo ne-su, kanye nezingozi zayo ezihlobene nayo Kubalulekile ekuphatheni imishini yakho, kungaba yi-laptop yasekhaya noma i-laptop iseva yokukhiqizaKulesi sihloko uzobona, ngemininingwane eminingi nangolimi olulula ukuluqonda, ukuthi iyini impande, ukuthi isetshenziswa kanjani ekusakazweni okuhlukene (ikakhulukazi ku-Ubuntu), ukuthi inaziphi izingozi nokuthi yiziphi izindlela ezinhle okufanele zilandelwe ukuze kugwenywe ukwenza umshini wakho ungasebenzi.

Uyini umsebenzisi wezimpande ku-Linux futhi yini eyenza ikhetheke?

Kunoma yiluphi uhlelo lwe-GNU/Linux kukhona umsebenzisi onamalungelo aphelele abizwa ngokuthi i-root, owaziwa nangokuthi i-superuserLo msebenzisi une-UID 0 futhi akakho ngaphansi kwemikhawulo evamile yemvume yefayela kanye nenqubo: angafunda, aguqule noma asuse noma yiliphi ifayela, afake noma akhiphe isofthiwe, ashintshe izilungiselelo zesistimu, aphathe abanye abasebenzisi futhi athinte izinsizakalo ezibalulekile.

Uma uyiqhathanisa neWindows, i-root izolingana ne-Administrator, kodwa inamandla angaphezulu kakhuluNgoba ku-Linux imodeli yezimvume icwengekile kakhulu futhi ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwabasebenzisi nezinsizakalo kuqinile kakhulu. Ngenkathi umsebenzisi ojwayelekile elinganiselwe kulokho angakwenza ezindleleni ezifana /etc, /usr, /var o /bootUkufinyelela kwezimpande kukuvumela ukuthi ungene yonke indawo ngaphandle kokucela imvume.

Ngaphezu kwabasebenzisi abavamile kanye nezimpande, i-Linux ichaza "abasebenzisi bohlelo" noma ama-akhawunti esevisi (Ama-Daemons) anezimvume ezilinganiselwe kakhulu asetshenziselwa ukusebenzisa amaseva ewebhu, izizindalwazi, noma amanye ama-daemons. Lokhu kusho ukuthi noma ngabe isevisi isengozini, umhlaseli akatholi ukufinyelela okugcwele ngokuzenzakalelayo emshinini… ngaphandle kokuthi akwazi ukwandisa amalungelo ukuze aqede.

Ngokuzenzakalelayo, umsebenzisi ojwayelekile akakwazi ukufaka izinhlelo zesistimu, ukuguqula amafayela okucushwa komhlaba wonke, noma ukudala iziqondisi ezindaweni ezibucayi.Ukuze wenze noma yimuphi wale misebenzi, kuzodingeka uphakamise amalungelo usebenzisa amathuluzi anjenge sudo o suokuyizindlela ezijwayelekile "zokubiza" umsebenzisi omkhulu ngendlela elawulwayo.

Ekusatshalalisweni okuningi kwesimanje, ikakhulukazi i-Ubuntu kanye ne-derivatives yayo, ukungena ngemvume kwezimpande ngqo kuyavinjelwa.Kunalokho, ngesikhathi sokufakwa kudalwa umsebenzisi ojwayelekile ongoweqembu labaphathi (isibonelo, sudo o admin) futhi umyalo usetshenziswa sudo ukwenza izenzo zokuphatha ngokucela iphasiwedi yakho, hhayi iphasiwedi eyinhloko.

Umehluko phakathi kwabasebenzisi abajwayelekile, impande, kanye neqembu le-sudo

I-Linux isebenzisa uhlelo lwezimvume olusekelwe kubasebenzisi namaqembuNgokubanzi, singahlukanisa izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zama-akhawunti ozohlangana nawo nsuku zonke uma ukhuluma nge-root:

Abasebenzisi abavamileLezi yizindaba zabantu abasebenzisa uhlelo. Bane- ikhaya Bangafaka izinhlelo kufolda yabo, basebenzise izinhlelo zokusebenza zedeskithophu, balondoloze amadokhumenti, njll. Kodwa-ke, Abakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yokuphatha uhlelo indlela yokufaka amaphakheji omhlaba wonke, shintsha ukucushwa ku /etc noma ukuphatha abanye abasebenzisi, ngaphandle uma besebenzisa sudo o su.

Umsebenzisi womsuka: ungumsebenzisi omkhulu onokulawula okuphelele. Ayinazo izivimbelo zemvume ngaphandle kwalezo ezibekwe yi-kernel uqobo noma izindlela zokuphepha ezithuthukisiwe.Ingakwazi "ukwenza nokuhlehlisa ngokuthanda kwayo," kusukela ekususeni umkhombandlela wempande kuya ekushintsheni izimvume kunoma yiliphi ifayela. Yingakho kunganconywa emisebenzini yansuku zonke.

Abasebenzisi bomlawuli (ama-sudoers): bangabasebenzisi abavamile abangamalungu eqembu elikhethekile (ngokuvamile sudo o admin) futhi Banemvume yokusebenzisa imiyalo njengempande besebenzisa sudoIsibonelo, ukwengeza umsebenzisi eqenjini sudo Ungasebenzisa into efana nale:
sudo usermod -aG sudo nombreusuario

Uma umsebenzisi eseyingxenye yeqembu le-sudo, angakwazi ukwenza imiyalo enelungelo ngokubeka kuqala sudoUhlelo luzocela iphasiwedi yakho (hhayi iphasiwedi eyinhloko), futhi uma ilungile, luzosebenzisa umyalo ngamalungelo e-superuser. Lokhu kunikeza ibhalansi enhle phakathi kokuphepha nokulula.

Iyini izimpande ekusebenzeni futhi zisetshenziselwani?

Ngaphandle kwemfundiso, umsebenzisi oyinhloko ungumuntu osetshenziswa uhlelo ukwenza noma yiziphi izinguquko ezijulileUngaqhubeka nokusebenza nge-akhawunti yakho evamile yomsebenzisi futhi usebenzise i-root kuphela uma kudingeka. Ake sibheke ezinye zezindlela eziyinhloko zokusebenzisa.

Faka noma khipha isofthiwe yesistimuAbaphathi bephakheji (njenge) apt, dnf o pacmanKudingeka babhalele ezindleleni ezivikelwe, ngakho-ke Bahlala besebenza ngamalungelo ezimpandeIsibonelo esijwayelekile kungaba:
sudo apt install vlc

Hlela amafayela okucushwa kwesistimuIningi lezinsizakalo nezinhlelo zesistimu zihlelwa ngamafayela ombhalo kumafolda afana nalawa /etcUkuze uzivule ngomhleli futhi uzilondoloze, udinga amalungelo aphezulu. Isibonelo:
sudo nano /etc/hosts

Shintsha iphasiwedi yempande noma amanye amaphasiwedi omsebenzisiImisebenzi efana nokushintsha iphasiwedi yomsebenzisi omkhulu, noma yelinye i-akhawunti, ihilela ukufinyelela kusizindalwazi sephasiwedi sesistimu. Umyalo ojwayelekile ungaba:
sudo passwd root

Yenza imiyalo engaba yingozi. Amathuluzi afana rm (susa), chmod (shintsha izimvume), chown (shintsha umnikazi) noma mkfs (ukufometha) kungadala umonakalo omkhulu uma kusetshenziswa kabi. Uhlelo ludinga izimvume zezimpande zokusebenza ezithinta amafayela noma amadivayisi abalulekile. ukuvimbela umsebenzisi ojwayelekile ukuthi angabhubhisi uhlelo ngengozi.

Phatha ukuqalisa, ukuvala, kanye nokuqalisa kabusha komshini. Imiyalo efana reboot, poweroff noma ukuphathwa okuthuthukisiwe kwe systemctl mayelana nezinsizakalo zesistimu Zidinga futhi amalungelo omsebenzisi omkhulu. Ngeminye imininingwane nge i-systemd kanye nokuphathwa kwayo kwensizakalo Ungabheka amadokhumenti akhethekile. Ngaphandle kwalokho, noma yimuphi umsebenzisi angaqala kabusha iseva yokukhiqiza noma nini lapho ethanda.

Empeleni, uma okuthile kwehluleka ngephutha "lokwenqatshwa kwemvume" ku-Linux, kungenzeka ukuthi udinga ukukusebenzisa ngamalungelo ezimpande. usebenzisa sudo noma ukushintshela okwesikhashana ku-superuser nge su.

imiyalo ye-sudo ne-su: nini ukusebenzisa ngayinye

Uma usuqonda ukuthi impande "umnikazi" wesistimu, sekuyisikhathi sokuqonda ukuthi ungawathola kanjani lawo malungelo ku-akhawunti yakho evamile yomsebenzisi.Amathuluzi amabili ajwayelekile alokhu yilawa sudo y suezingenzi into efanayo, yize abantu abaningi bezixuba.

sudo (“superuser do”) isetshenziselwa ukwenza umyalo owodwa ngemvume yomunye umsebenzisi, ngokuvamile i-root.Awushintshi amaseshini, awubi yimpande "yakho konke"; lowo myalo othize kuphela osetshenziswa ngamalungelo aphezulu. Isibonelo:
sudo apt install gparted

Njalo uma usebenzisa sudo Uhlelo luzocela iphasiwedi yakho (uma ungakayifaki muva nje).Ngemva kwemizuzu embalwa yokungasebenzi, i-sudo "ticket" iyaphelelwa yisikhathi futhi kuzodingeka uqinisekise futhi, okunezela ungqimba olubalulekile lokuphepha.

su (“shintsha umsebenzisi”) kushintsha ubuwena bomsebenzisi wakho ngaphakathi kweseshini efanayoUma uyisebenzisa ngaphandle kwezimpikiswano, uzoba impande (izocela iphasiwedi yempande) futhi yonke imiyalo elandelayo izosetshenziswa ngalawo malungelo uze uphume. exit. Isibonelo:
su
Contraseña:
whoami # devuelve 'root'

Ungasebenzisa futhi su nombreusuario ukushintsha kusuka komunye umsebenzisi uye komunyeuma nje wazi iphasiwedi ye-akhawunti oya kuyo. Lokhu kuzoshintsha ngokuphelele indawo ibe ngeyomsebenzisi omusha (iziguquguquko, ikhayanjll.) Kunconywa ukuthi usebenzise su - o su - nombreusuario.

Ngokuvamile, kubhekwa njengokuphephile futhi okunconywayo kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa sudo ngemiyalo ethile futhi sibheke ku su kuphela uma udinga ngempela iseshini yezimpande ende (isibonelo, emisebenzini yokutakula noma ekulungiseni okuyinkimbinkimbi).

Izici zezimpande ku-Ubuntu kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwe-derivative

Ubuntu kanye nokusabalalisa okuningi okusekelwe kukho kulandela ifilosofi yokuphepha ecacile: umsebenzisi wempande ukhona, kodwa uvinjelwe ukungena ngemvume ngqo.Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngemva kokufakwa okujwayelekile awukwazi ukungena njengempande ku-terminal noma endaweni yesithombe usebenzisa iphasiwedi, ngoba ayinayo eyabelwe.

Kunalokho, Ubuntu ukhetha ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwe- sudoNgesikhathi senqubo yokufaka, kudalwa umsebenzisi womlawuli ongoweqembu sudoKusukela lapho, noma yimuphi umsebenzi wokuphatha wenziwa nge:
sudo comando

Uma udinga igobolondo lempande "eligcwele" ku-Ubuntu, unezinketho eziningana eziphephile.:
sudo -i # Vula iseshini yokungena ngemvume yezimpande
sudo su - # Shintshela empandeni ngendawo yokungena ngemvume

Zombili izindlela zikushiya njengempande kuleso siphetho uze uphume nge exitUzobona ukuthi isixwayiso sivame ukushintsha futhi siphele ngo # esikhundleni $Lolu uphawu olujwayelekile lokuthi unamalungelo okusebenzisa i-superuser. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula lokhu ukuze ugweme ukwenza imiyalo eyingozi lapho kungafanele ibe khona.

Nakuba kunganconywa, ungavumela umsebenzisi wezimpande ku-Ubuntu ngokumnika iphasiwedi. no:
sudo passwd root
Ngemva kokufaka nokuqinisekisa iphasiwedi entsha, impande "izovulwa" futhi kungenzeka, isibonelo, ukuyisebenzisa su ngaphandle kwe-sudo yangaphambilini noma ngisho nokuvumela ukungena okuqondile nge-TTY noma i-SSH (into edangele kakhulu kumaseva adaluliwe).

Izingozi zangempela zokusebenzisa impande ngokunganaki

Ukusebenza njengempande ngaphandle kokwazi kahle ukuthi wenzani kufana nokushayela iloli ngokubuyela emuva emgwaqweni omkhulu: kungase kuhambe kahle, kodwa uma ulahlekelwa ukugxila okwesikhashana, isiphithiphithi siba sibi kakhulu.I-Linux yakhelwe ukuthi ivikeleke ngokuzenzakalelayo, kodwa ngokushesha nje lapho uphakamisa amalungelo, ukuvikelwa okuningi kuyanyamalala.

Ingozi yokuqala enkulu ukususa noma ukonakalisa uhlelo lwefayela ngengoziImiyalo efana nalokhu:
rm -rf /
rm -rf /*
noma ngisho nokwakhiwa okucashile kakhulu okufana nalokhu:
rm -rf "$directorio"/*
Zingabhubhisa lonke uhlelo ngemizuzwana embalwa uma ziqhutshwa njengezimpande futhi indlela akuyona into oyicabangayo.Ngezinye izikhathi okudingekayo nje ukushintshashintsha okungenalutho, ukushelela okulahlekile, noma ukhiye wethebhu olahlekile ukuze uguqule umyalo obonakala ungenacala ube yinhlekelele.

Ingozi yesibili enkulu ukufaka isofthiwe enonya enamalungelo apheleleUkulanda nokusebenzisa izikripthi ku-inthanethi njengempande ngaphandle kokubheka ikhodi kufana nokunikeza umuntu ongamazi izihluthulelo zendlu yakho. Isikripthi esinonya singafakwa izimpandeAma-keylogger noma iminyango yangemuva, ukushintsha i-kernel, ukuhlola konke okwenzayo nokuhlala ufihliwe isikhathi eside.

Kulula futhi ukulimaza ukuphepha kwesistimu ngokuphazamisa izimvume ezibalulekile zamafayela.Isibonelo, uma usebenzisa into efana nale:
chmod 000 /etc -R
noma ushintsha izimvume ze- /boot noma of /etc/passwd ngaphandle kokwazi ukuthi wenzani, Ungenza umshini ungaqalwa noma wenze ukuqinisekiswa komsebenzisi kungenzeki.Ezimweni eziningi, okuwukuphela kwekhambi ukusebenzisa i-LiveCD noma ukufaka kabusha.

Ngokombono wokuphepha, ukusebenza njengempande njalo kuguqula leyo akhawunti ibe "yindawo eyodwa yokwehluleka"Uma umhlaseli ethola ukufinyelela kwezimpande (ngokusebenzisa amandla amakhulu, ubugebengu bokweba imininingwane ebucayi, i-malware, njll.), unokulawula okuphelele: angabhala ngemfihlo amadiski, eba idatha, ajoyine i-botnet, noma asebenzise iseva yakho ukuhlasela abantu besithathu. Ukuze unciphise lezi zingozi, kufanele uhlolisise ngokujulile amasu okwenza lokhu. ukuqinisa nge-SELinux kanye nezinye izindlela zokuvikela.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwezimpande kwenza kube nzima ukulandelelwa.Uma imiyalo ikhishwa nge sudoUhlelo luqopha ukuthi ubani owaziqalisa nokuthi nini, kanti uma konke kwenziwa njengempande akucaci ukuthi ubani obangela isenzo ngasinye, okwenza kube nzima ukuhlolwa kwezibalo kanye nokuxilongwa kwezinkinga.

Bonisa ama-asterisk uma uthayipha iphasiwedi ye-sudo

Ngokuzenzakalelayo, uma ufaka iphasiwedi yakho ye-sudo ekusakazweni okuningi (njenge-Ubuntu) awuboni amachashazi noma ama-asterisk.Lokhu kwakuhloswe njengesinyathelo sokuphepha ukuvimbela noma ubani ukuthi anciphise ubude bephasiwedi yakho ngokubuka isikrini, kodwa empeleni kuyaphazamisa impela: uma uthayipha bese kubonakala sengathi akukho lutho olwenzekayo.

Sekuyisikhathi eside manje, i-sudo ivumele ukwenziwa kusebenze kokuziphatha okubizwa ngokuthi pwfeedbackIbonisa inkanyezi yohlamvu ngalunye oluthayiphayo. Ayivezi iphasiwedi yakho, kodwa iqinisekisa ukuthi ikhibhodi iyaphendula futhi ikusiza ukuthi uthole amaphutha okubhala.

Ukuze uyisebenzise, ​​​​udinga ukuhlela ukucushwa kwe-sudo usebenzisa ithuluzi elivikelekile visudoLokhu kuqinisekisa i-syntax ngaphambi kokulondoloza ukuze kukuvimbele ekulahlekelweni amalungelo e-sudo ngenxa yephutha eliwubuwula. Izinyathelo zizoba:

1. Vula izilungiselelo ze-sudo:
sudo visudo

2. Engeza umugqa:
Defaults pwfeedback

3. Londoloza bese uphuma kumhleli

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, njalo uma ufaka iphasiwedi yakho ye-sudo, kuzovela ama-asterisk.Uma nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ufuna ukubuyela ekuziphatheni kwasekuqaleni, vele ususe lowo mugqa usebenzisa i-`return`. visudo.

Khubaza noma vimba i-akhawunti yempande

Ezindaweni lapho abantu abaningana benokufinyelela kukhompyutha efanayo, iphasiwedi engumsuka ingagcina yabelwana kakhulu kunokujwayelekile.Uma abantu abaningi kakhulu besazi leso sihluthulelo, kuyindaba yesikhathi nje ngaphambi kokuba othile enze (noma ahlupheke) ngokuphazamiseka. Isixazululo esinengqondo kakhulu ukukhubaza i-akhawunti yempande bese usebenza kuphela nge-sudo.

Uma ukhiya i-akhawunti yempande, uvimbela abasebenzisi ukuthi bangene ngemvume ngqo njengalowo msebenzisi. futhi uyayivimbela ukuthi ingasetshenziswa su Ukuze uthole ukufinyelela kwezimpande ngephasiwedi yakho. Kodwa-ke, Abasebenzisi abagunyaziwe basazokwazi ukusebenzisa sudo ukwenza imiyalo eyimfihlo.

Ukuze ukhiye i-akhawunti yempande ezindaweni eziningi, vele usebenzise:
sudo passwd -l root

Lo myalo "uqandisa" iphasiwedi yempande ukuze ingasetshenziswaUma udinga ukuyivula kabusha kamuva, kuzodingeka usethe iphasiwedi entsha enokuthile okufana nalokhu:
sudo passwd root

Phinda uthole noma ushintshe iphasiwedi yakho yempande uma uyilahlile

Uma ukhohlwe iphasiwedi yakho yempande noma uvale i-akhawunti yakho futhi udinga ukuyibuyisela, konke akulahlekile.I-Linux inikeza izindlela eziningana zokuyisetha kabusha, ngokuvamile ngokuvula uhlelo ngendlela ekhethekile noma ngokusebenzisa i-LiveCD.

Inketho evamile kakhulu ukukwenza kusuka ku-GRUB, usebenzisa imodi yokutakulaUkusabalalisa okuningi kunokufakwa kokuthi "Izinketho Ezithuthukisiwe" lapho ungakhetha khona "Imodi Yokubuyisela". Ukuyikhetha kulayisha indawo elinganiselwe ngezinketho zokusindisa.

Uma ukhetha inketho yokuthola i-root console kumodi yokutakulaUkugeleza okujwayelekile kuvame ukuba:

1. Faka uhlelo lwefayela ngezimvume zokubhala:
mount -o rw,remount /

2. Setha iphasiwedi entsha yempande:
passwd root

3. Vumelanisa idatha bese uqala kabusha ukuze usebenzise izinguquko:
sync
reboot

Enye inketho eyinhloko ukuqala kusuka ku-LiveCD noma i-LiveUSB yokusatshalaliswa kwe-Linux (isibonelo, Ubuntu kumodi ethi "Zama ngaphandle kokufaka") bese usebenza ohlelweni olufakiwe ungaphandle.

Esimweni esijwayelekile nge-LiveCD, izinyathelo zingaba:

1. Vula i-terminal bese uthola igobolondo lempande lesikhashana:
sudo su

2. Khomba ukwahlukanisa okuqukethe uhlelo lwakho lwe-Linux ngento efana nale:
fdisk -l

3. Faka leyo ngxenye kufolda yokusebenza (isibonelo usebenzisa /dev/sda1):
mkdir /mnt/recover
mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/recover

4. Shintsha impande yesistimu ibe yisikhombisi esifakwe nge chroot:
chroot /mnt/recover

5. Kusukela lapho, sebenzisa passwd root ukusetha iphasiwedi entsha, futhi ngemva kokuphuma nokuqala kabusha, uzokwazi ukungena kabusha ngokujwayelekile.

Ifayela le-/etc/sudoers kanye nendlela yokulungisa kahle izimvume zezimpande

Esinye sezici ezinamandla kakhulu (futhi ezibucayi) zokuphathwa kwezimpande yifayela /etc/sudoers, lapho kuchazwa khona ukuthi ubani ongasebenzisa sudoYilapho ungenza khona ngokwezifiso ukufinyelela kwamalungelo aphezulu ngokuningiliziwe, ucacisa ukuthi kuphi nokuthi uzosebenzisa miphi imiyalo.

Kubaluleke kakhulu: ungalokothi uhlele /etc/sudoers ngqo nanoma yimuphi umhleliSebenzisa njalo:
sudo visudo
ngoba leli thuluzi Hlola i-syntax ngaphambi kokulondolozaIphutha kuleli fayela lingakuvimbela ekusebenziseni i-sudo, kanye ne- visudo Uyanciphisa leyo ngozi.

Okuqukethwe okuvamile kwe /etc/sudoers Ubuntu obuhlanzekile buhlanganisa imigqa efana ne-:
root ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL
%sudo ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL

Eyokuqala ikhombisa ukuthi umsebenzisi wempande angakwazi ukwenza noma yimuphi umyalo kunoma yimuphi umphathi njenganoma yimuphi umsebenzisi neqembu.Owesibili wenza okufanayo kodwa kubo bonke abasebenzisi eqenjini. sudoNgale ndlela, noma ubani kulelo qembu unamandla aphelele ngokusebenzisa sudo.

Ukuze uthole ukucushwa okuthuthukile, ama-sudoers akuvumela ukuthi uchaze amagama angafanele abasebenzisi, imiyalo, namaqembu okusebenzisa., isibonelo:

User_Alias ADMINES = pepe, perico, andres
Cmnd_Alias POWER = /sbin/shutdown, /sbin/halt, /sbin/reboot, /sbin/restart
Runas_Alias WEB = www-data, apache

Ngalezi zincazelo, isibonelo, unganika i-ADMINES imvume yokuvala noma ukuqala kabusha uhlelo ngaphandle kwephasiwedi ngomthetho ofana nalona:
ADMINES ALL = NOPASSWD: POWER

Amalebula afana NOPASSWD Zikuvumela ukuthi wenze imiyalo ethile nge-sudo ngaphandle kokuthayipha iphasiwedi.Lokhu kuwusizo kakhulu kuma-scripts azenzakalelayo, ukuhlanganiswa nezinye izinhlelo, noma amakhompyutha omuntu siqu lapho ungumsebenzisi wedwa.

Njengokuthakazelisa, kukhona inketho ebizwa ngokuthi insults lokho, uma ukungeza emigqeni DefaultsKwenza i-sudo "ikuthuke" ngesiNgisi njalo uma ufaka iphasiwedi engalungile.Akuthuthukisi ukuphepha, kodwa okungenani kubeka ukumamatheka ebusweni bakho phakathi nomsebenzi.

Ukusebenzisa impande ukuphatha amafayela nezimvume ezivela ku-terminal

Empeleni, ukusetshenziswa okuningi kwe-root kugxile ekuphatheni amafayela nezimvume nge-terminal.Ngamalungelo e-superuser ungahambahamba kulo lonke uhlelo lwamafayela futhi ushintshe noma yini oyidingayo, njalo uthatha izinyathelo zokuphepha eziqine kakhulu.

Eminye imiyalo eyisisekelo iba bucayi kakhulu uma isetshenziswa njengempande. Yilezi:

ls: uhlu lwamafayela nezinhlu zemibhalo. Njengempande uzobona ngisho namafayela abanye abasebenzisi abangakwazi ukuwabala.

cp y mvUkuze ukopishe futhi uhambise amafayela noma iziqondisi, sebenzisa i-`sudo`. Isibonelo, ungasebenzisa i-`sudo` ukuhambisa ifonti kusuka... Descargas up /usr/share/fonts/ ukuze itholakale kulo lonke uhlelo.

rm: isusa amafayela namafolda. Kuhlanganiswe ne -r y -f Kuyingozi kakhulu uma uyisebenzisa njengempande ngaphandle kokuhlola kahle indlela.

chmod y chownLezi zilungiselelo zishintsha izimvume kanye nobunikazi. Zibalulekile ekunikezeni ukufinyelela kumafayela kubasebenzisi abathile, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kabi kungenza uhlelo lungavikeleki noma lungasetshenziswa.

Isibonelo esijwayelekile sokusebenzisa impande ukufaka umthombo wesistimu kungaba:

sudo cp ~/Descargas/Underdog.ttf /usr/share/fonts/
sudo chmod 644 /usr/share/fonts/Underdog.ttf

Imodi 644 Kubonisa ukuthi umnikazi (impande) angafunda futhi abhale, kuyilapho iqembu nabanye abasebenzisi bengafunda kuphela., okwanele ukuthi ifonti isebenze kodwa ngaphandle kokuvumela izinguquko ezingalungile.

Izindlela ezinhle kakhulu zokusebenza uma usebenza ne-root, sudo, kanye ne-su

Ukusebenza ngamalungelo e-superuser akuyona into okufanele ithathwe kalula.Kuneziqondiso eziningana ezizokusindisa ezinkingeni eziningi uma uzisebenzisa ngaphakathi:

Nciphisa isikhathi osichitha njengempande. EU.SA sudo comando Noma nini lapho kungenzeka, gwema ukuvula iseshini yezimpande eqhubekayo. Uma uchitha isikhathi esincane namalungelo aphelele, kulapho amathuba okuba wenze iphutha mancane khona.

Gwema ngazo zonke izindleko ukusebenzisa imibhalo evela emithonjeni engabazisayo nge-sudoUma ulanda iskripthi ku-inthanethi futhi into yokuqala oyibonayo ukuthi "sebenzisa lokhu nge-sudo," vula ngomhleli wombhalo bese uwufunda ngokucophelela. Uma ungaqondi ukuthi wenzani, ungawusebenzisi.

Sebenzisa izindawo zokuhlola (imishini ebonakalayo, izitsha) ukuze uzameUma uzodlala ngokulungiselelwa okubucayi, uhlola imiyalo enolaka, noma usebenzisa izikripthi ezingacacile, kwenze kuqala ohlelweni ongangena kulo ngokuphephile. Ungathola iziqondiso mayelana nokwenza i-virtualization evikelekile ku-[link to guides]. imishini ebonakalayo kanye neziqukathi.

Lungiselela i-sudo granularly uma kunabaphathi abaningiAkufani kumsebenzisi odinga ukuqala kabusha isevisi kuphela njengomuntu odinga ukulawula okugcwele. /etc/sudoers ukunciphisa lokho umuntu ngamunye angakwenza.

Amalogi okuqinisekisa okuqapha (/var/log/auth.log o journalctlLokhu kukuvumela ukuthi ubone ukuthi ubani osebenzisa i-sudo, uvela kuphi, futhi usebenzisa ziphi iziyalo. Kuyindlela elula yokuthola ukuziphatha okungavamile noma ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamalungelo.

Ungaphequluli i-inthanethi, uvule okunamathiselwe, noma usebenzise izinhlelo zokusebenza zedeskithophu njengempande.Uma uhlelo lokusebenza olunezithombe luphazamiseka ngenkathi ulusebenzisa njengomsebenzisi omkhulu, umhlaseli uthola i-jackpot.

Ngamafuphi, i-root ku-Linux iyithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu okumele liphathwe ngokucophelela.Ukuqonda ukuthi i-sudo iyini, ukuthi isetshenziswa nini i-sudo noma i-su, ukuthi ungayibuyisa kanjani noma uyikhiye kanjani i-akhawunti, nokuthi ungayilungisa kanjani i-sudoers kuzokuvumela ukuthi uphathe uhlelo lwakho ngokuphephile nangokuzethemba, usebenzise ngokugcwele ukuguquguquka kwe-GNU/Linux ngaphandle kokufaka impilo yakho engozini njalo uma uvula i-terminal.