Ubuqotho bolwazi ekuvikelekeni kwekhompyutha

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1. Buyini ubuqotho bolwazi?

Ubuqotho bolwazi bubhekisela ekunembeni, ukuvumelana, kanye nokuthembeka kwedatha kuyo yonke impilo yayo. Kuhilela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ulwazi alushintshwa, alushintshwa, noma alubhujiswa ngendlela engagunyaziwe. Ubuqotho bungenye yezinsika ezintathu eziyisisekelo zokuphepha kolwazi, kanye nobumfihlo kanye nokutholakala.

Ukugcina ubuqotho bedatha kubalulekile ezinhlanganweni, njengoba kuzenza zikwazi ukwenza izinqumo ezisekelwe kudatha . Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuqotho bubalulekile ekuhambisaneni nezidingo zomthetho nezokulawula, kanye nokugcina ukwethenjwa kwamakhasimende kanye nababambiqhaza.

2. Ukubaluleka kobuqotho bolwazi ekuvikelekeni kwekhompyutha

Emkhakheni wezokuphepha kwe-inthanethi, ubuqotho bedatha budlala indima ebalulekile. Ezinye zezizathu zokuthi kungani kubaluleke kangaka yilezi:

1. Ukwenza isinqumbo: Ulwazi olunembile noluthembekile lubalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo eziphusile kuwo wonke amazinga enhlangano.
2. Ukuthobela okuvamile: Imithethonqubo namazinga amaningi, njenge-GDPR noma i-PCI DSS, idinga izinhlangano ukuthi zivikele ubuqotho bedatha.
3. Isithunzi nokwethenjwa: Izigameko ezibeka engcupheni ubuqotho bolwazi zingalimaza isithunzi senhlangano futhi zilulaze ukwethenjwa kwamakhasimende.
4. Ukuqhubeka Kwebhizinisi: Ukulahleka noma ukukhohlakala kwedatha ebalulekile kungaphazamisa ukusebenza futhi kube nomthelela ekuqhubekeni kwebhizinisi.

3. Izinsongo zobuqotho bolwazi

Kunezinsongo eziningana ezingabeka engcupheni ubuqotho bolwazi . Ezinye zezinsongo ezivame kakhulu yilezi:

1. Ukuhlaselwa kohlelo olungayilungele ikhompuyutha: Amagciwane, izikelemu, nezinye izinhlobo zohlelo olungayilungele ikhompuyutha zingashintsha noma zicekele phansi idatha.
2. Ukuhlasela komjovo we-SQL: Lokhu kuhlasela kuvumela abahlaseli ukuthi basebenzise isizindalwazi futhi baguqule ulwazi.
3. Ukuhlaselwa kobugebengu bokweba imininingwane ebucayi: Abahlaseli bangakhohlisa abasebenzisi ukuthi baveze izifakazelo noma ulwazi olubucayi.
4. Izinsongo zangaphakathi: Izisebenzi ezinganelisekile noma ubudedengu zingashintsha noma zisuse idatha ngendlela engagunyaziwe.
5. Amaphutha abantu: Amaphutha engozi, njenge ukufakwa kwedatha okungalungile noma ukususwa ngephutha kwamafayela nakho kungathinta ubuqotho bolwazi.

4. Amasu okuvikela ubuqotho bolwazi

Ukuze kuvikelwe ubuqotho bolwazi , izinhlangano zingasebenzisa amasu ahlukahlukene. Amanye asebenza kahle kakhulu yile:

4.1. Ukulawula ukufinyelela kanye nokuqinisekisa

Ukusebenzisa izilawuli eziqinile zokufinyelela kanye nezinhlelo zokuqinisekisa eziqinile kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi abasebenzisi abagunyaziwe kuphela abangafinyelela futhi balungise ulwazi. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ukusetshenziswa kwamagama ayimfihlo aqinile, ukuqinisekiswa kwezinto eziningi, nezimvume zendima eziyimbudumbudu.

4.2. Ukubethelwa kwedatha

Ukubethela kusiza ukuvikela ubuqotho bolwazi ngokuluguqula lube yifomethi engafundeki kulabo abangenayo ikhi yokubethela. Izinhlangano kufanele zibethele idatha kokubili ngesikhathi sokuthutha kanye nesikhathi sokuphumula, zisebenzisa ama-algorithms aqinile okubethela kanye nezindinganiso.

4.3. Isipele nokululama

Ukusekela njalo idatha ebalulekile kubalulekile ukuze uqinisekise ubuqotho bayo. Izipele zikuvumela ukuthi ubuyisele ulwazi uma kwenzeka ulahleka noma ukonakala. Kubalulekile ukugcina izipele ezindaweni ezivikelekile futhi uhlole izinqubo zokuthola kabusha ngezikhathi ezithile.

4.4. Ukuqapha nokutholwa kokungena

Ukusebenzisa amasistimu okuqapha nokuhlonza kokungena kusiza ukukhomba imisebenzi esolisayo noma engagunyaziwe engase ibeke engcupheni ubuqotho bolwazi. Lawa masistimu angaxwayisa abasebenzi bezokuphepha ngezinsongo ezingaba khona futhi anike amandla impendulo esheshayo.

4.5. Izibuyekezo zokuphepha namapeshi

Ukugcina amasistimu nezinhlelo zokusebenza kubuyekeziwe ngeziqephu zokuphepha zakamuva kubalulekile ukuze kuvikelwe ubuqotho bolwazi. Ubungozi obungavaliwe bungaxhashazwa abahlaseli ukuze bafinyelele futhi balungise idatha ngendlela engagunyaziwe.

5. Izindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokugcina ubuqotho bolwazi

Ngaphezu kwamasu okukhulunywe ngawo ngenhla, kunezinye izindlela ezinhle kakhulu izinhlangano ezingazisebenzisa ukuze zigcine ubuqotho bedatha . Ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuphathwa kwezingozi zokuphepha kwe-inthanethi kanye nendlela yokuqinisa ukuzivikela kwakho ekuphatheni izingozi zokuphepha kwe-inthanethi . Kunconywa futhi ukuthi ubuyekeze izinqubomgomo nezinqubo zokuphathwa kwedatha yangaphakathi futhi wenze ukuhlolwa kwezinhlelo zolwazi njalo ukuze uthole ubuthakathaka obungaba khona.

5.1. Izinqubomgomo Nezinqubo Zokuvikela

Ukusungula izinqubomgomo nezinqubo zokuphepha kolwazi kubalulekile. Lezi zinqubomgomo kufanele zichaze izindima nezibopho, kanye nezinyathelo zokuphepha okufanele zisetshenziswe. Kubalulekile ukubuyekeza njalo futhi ubuyekeze lezi zinqubomgomo ukuze uvumelane nezinguquko endaweni esongelayo.

5.2. Ukuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi nokuqwashisa

Ukuqeqeshwa nokuqwashisa kwabasebenzi kuyisihluthulelo sokuvikela ubuqotho bolwazi. Izisebenzi kufanele ziqeqeshelwe imikhuba emihle yezokuphepha, njengokwenza amagama ayimfihlo aqinile, ukuhlonza ama-imeyili obugebengu bokweba imininingwane ebucayi, nokuphatha kahle idatha ebucayi.

5.3. Ukucwaningwa kwamabhuku ngezikhathi ezithile nokubuyekezwa

Ukwenza ukuhlolwa njalo nokubuyekezwa kwezinhlelo nezinqubo zokuphepha kusiza ekuboneni ubuthakathaka obungaba khona kanye nezindawo okufanele zithuthukiswe. Lokhu kuhlolwa kungenziwa amaqembu angaphakathi noma abantu besithathu abazimele ukuqinisekisa ukungakhethi cala.

5.4. Ukuphathwa kwesigameko kanye nempendulo yokwephulwa kwemithetho

Ukuba nohlelo lokulawulwa kwesigameko kanye nohlelo lokuphendula ukwephulwa komthetho kubalulekile ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela wanoma yisiphi isigameko esibeka engcupheni ubuqotho bolwazi. Lolu hlelo kufanele lufake izinqubo ezicacile zokutholwa kwesigameko, ukunqanda, uphenyo kanye nokululama.

6. Amathuluzi nobuchwepheshe bokuvikela ubuqotho bolwazi

Kunamathuluzi ahlukahlukene kanye nobuchwepheshe obungasiza izinhlangano ukuvikela ubuqotho bolwazi . Ezinye zezinto ezivame kakhulu yilezi:

6.1. Amasistimu Okuthola Ukungena (IDS)

Amasistimu okuthola ukungena kokungena (IDS) aqapha ithrafikhi yenethiwekhi namalogi wesistimu ngomsebenzi osolisayo noma ongagunyaziwe. Bangaxwayisa abasebenzi bezokuphepha ngezinsongo ezingaba khona futhi basize ukuphenya izigameko.

6.2. I-Firewalls kanye ne-Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS)

Ama-Firewall and intrusion prevention systems (IPS) asebenza njengesithiyo phakathi kwenethiwekhi yangaphakathi ne-inthanethi. Bangakwazi ukuvimba ithrafikhi enonya futhi bavimbele ukuhlasela okungafaka engozini ubuqotho bolwazi.

6.3. Ukubethela kanye nezixazululo ezibalulekile zokuphatha

Ukubethela kanye nezixazululo zokuphatha eziyinhloko zisiza ukuvikela ubumfihlo nobuqotho bedatha. Lawa mathuluzi anika amandla idatha ukuthi ibethelwe kukuthutha nalapho kuphumule, futhi aqinisekise ukuthi abasebenzisi abagunyaziwe kuphela abakwazi ukufinyelela okhiye bokukhipha ukubethela.

6.4. Ukuqapha kanye namathuluzi okuhlaziya amalogi

Amathuluzi okuqapha amalogi nawokuhlaziya anika amandla izinhlangano ukuthi ziqoqe futhi zihlaziye amalogi emicimbi yokuvikela. Lawa malogi anganikeza ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nemisebenzi esolisayo noma engagunyaziwe engase ithinte ubuqotho bolwazi.

7. Ukuhambisana nomthetho kanye namazinga okuphepha

Ukuthobela imithetho nezindinganiso zokuphepha kubalulekile ekuvikeleni ubuqotho bolwazi . Eminye yemithetho nezindinganiso ezifanele kakhulu ihlanganisa:

• I-GDPR (I-General Data Protection Regulation): Ilawula ukuvikelwa kwedatha yomuntu siqu e-European Union.
• I-PCI DSS (Izinga Lokuvikeleka Kwedatha Yemboni Yekhadi Lokukhokha): Isungula izimfuneko zokuphepha zezinhlangano eziphatha idatha yekhadi lokukhokha.
• I-ISO 27001: Kuyindinganiso yamazwe ngamazwe yokuphathwa kokuphepha kolwazi.
• I-NIST (Isikhungo Sikazwelonke Samazinga Nobuchwepheshe): Inikeza imihlahlandlela kanye namazinga okuphepha kwe- ulwazi.

8. Izibonelo nezibonelo zangempela

Eminyakeni edlule, izifundo eziningi zamacala kanye nezibonelo zangempela ziye zagcizelela ukubaluleka kokuvikela ubuqotho bedatha . Esinye seziyaziwa kakhulu ukuhlasela kwe-Equifax ka-2017, lapho abaduni be-inthanethi bethola khona idatha yomuntu siqu yezigidi zabantu. Lesi sigameko sibonise imiphumela emibi engaba khona ngenxa yokwehluleka ukuvikela ubuqotho bedatha.

Esinye isibonelo ukuhlasela kwe-WannaCry ransomware ngo-2017, okuthinte izinkulungwane zezinhlangano emhlabeni jikelele. Lokhu kuhlasela kubethelwe idatha yezisulu futhi kwafuna isihlengo ukuze kukhululwe, ngaleyo ndlela kubeke engcupheni ubuqotho nokutholakala kolwazi.

Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa mayelana nobuqotho bedatha

1. Yiziphi izinsongo eziyinhloko zobuqotho bolwazi? Izinsongo ezinkulu zihlanganisa ukuhlaselwa kwe-malware, ukuhlaselwa komjovo we-SQL, ubugebengu bokweba imininingwane ebucayi, izinsongo zangaphakathi, namaphutha omuntu.
2. Ngingabuvikela kanjani ubuqotho bolwazi enhlanganweni yami? Ungakwazi ukuvikela ubuqotho bedatha yakho ngokusebenzisa izilawuli eziqinile zokufinyelela kanye nokuqinisekisa, ukubhala idatha, ukwenza izipele ezivamile, ukuqapha umsebenzi wenethiwekhi, nokugcina amasistimu enolwazi lwakamuva ngeziqephu zokuphepha zakamuva.
3. Kungani kubalulekile ukuqeqeshwa nokuqwashisa abasebenzi? Ukuqeqeshwa nokuqwashisa kwabasebenzi kubalulekile ngoba izisebenzi ngokuvamile ziyisixhumanisi esibuthakathaka ekuvikelekeni kolwazi. Ngokubafundisa ngezinqubo ezihamba phambili zokuphepha, unganciphisa ingcuphe yamaphutha omuntu kanye nezinsongo zangaphakathi.
4. Yiziphi ezinye zezindinganiso ezibalulekile nemithethonqubo ehlobene nobuqotho bolwazi? Amanye amazinga abalulekile nemithethonqubo afaka i-GDPR, PCI DSS, ISO 27001, kanye nemihlahlandlela ye-NIST.
5. Ngingawukala kanjani ukuphumelela kwemizamo yami yokuvikela ubuqotho bolwazi? Ungakwazi ukukala ukuphumelela kwemizamo yakho ngokwenza ukucwaninga nokubuyekeza okuvamile, ukuqapha amamethrikhi okusebenza abalulekile, futhi wenze izivivinyo zokungena ukuze uthole ubuthakathaka ekuvikeleni kwakho.
6. Yini okufanele ngiyenze uma kwenzeka ukwephulwa kobuqotho bedatha? Uma kwenzeka ukwephulwa komthetho, kufanele wenze uhlelo lwakho lokuphendula ngesigameko lusebenze. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqukatha ukwephulwa komthetho, ukuphenya umsuka, ukuhlola umthelela, ukwazisa ababambiqhaza abafanelekile, nokuthatha izinyathelo zokuvimbela izigameko ezifanayo esikhathini esizayo.

Iziphetho zokugcina nezincomo

Ukuvikela ubuqotho bedatha kuyisici esibalulekile sokuphepha kwe-inthanethi. Ngokusebenzisa amasu aqinile, ukusebenzisa imikhuba emihle kakhulu, nokusebenzisa amathuluzi nobuchwepheshe obufanele, izinhlangano zingavikela idatha yazo futhi zilondoloze ukwethenjwa kwamakhasimende azo kanye nababambiqhaza.

Kunconywa ukusebenzisa indlela esebenzayo nenezendlalelo eziningi ekuvikelekeni kolwazi, okuhlanganisa nezinyathelo zobuchwepheshe, zenhlangano nezomuntu. Ukwengeza, kubalulekile ukuhlala unolwazi lwakamuva ngamathrendi akamuva okuphepha ku-inthanethi nezinsongo futhi uhlale uvumelanisa ukuzivikela ngokufanele.

Ekugcineni, ukutshala imali ekuvikeleni ubuqotho bolwazi akuyona nje into edingekayo, kodwa futhi kuyinzuzo yokuncintisana ezweni lanamuhla ledijithali.

Uma uthole lesi sihloko sibalulekile, sikumema ukuthi wabelane ngaso nozakwenu kanye namanethiwekhi ochwepheshe. Ngokubambisana, singaqwashisa ngokubaluleka kobuqotho bolwazi futhi siqinise ukuphepha kwe-inthanethi ezinhlanganweni zethu.

Izinkomba

• I-NIST. (2021). I-Cybersecurity Framework. Itholwe kusukela https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework
• ISO/IEC. (2018). I-TS EN ISO/IEC 27001:2013 Ubuchwepheshe bolwazi - Amasu okuphepha - Izinhlelo zokuphatha ukuphepha kolwazi - Izidingo. Itholwe kusukela https://www.iso.org/standard/54534.html
• PCI Security Standards Council. (2021). I-PCI DSS v3.2.1. Itholwe kusukela https://www.pcisecuritystandards.org/document_library
• Iyuniyani yase-Europe. (2016). I-General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Itholwe kusukela https://gdpr-info.eu/