Umlando we-UNIX. Ambalwa amasistimu wokusebenza ashiye uphawu olungacimeki kukhompyutha njenge-UNIX kusukela yazalwa ngeminyaka yawo-1970s Kusukela kumaseva namakhompyutha amakhulu kuya kumadivayisi eselula, lolu hlelo lokusebenza oluguquguqukayo lwenze isisekelo esiqhubeka nokuvela namuhla. Lapha sethula umlando ofundisayo we-UNIX ohlanganisa umsuka wayo, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, imiqondo eyinhloko, kanye nefa layo elihlala njalo embonini yezobuchwepheshe. Ngakho ngena! Ake sithole umhlaba walo othakazelisayo!
Iyini i-UNIX futhi buyini ukubaluleka kwayo kukhompyutha?
Iyini i-UNIX futhi kungani ibalulekile kukhompyutha? I-UNIX iwuhlelo olusebenza ngezinto eziningi, olunabasebenzisi abaningi elaziwa ngokuzinza, ukuguquguquka, nokuguquguquka kuzo zonke izinkundla ezihlukene. Isakhiwo sayo se-modular, esakhiwe izendlalelo zokujwayela ngokushesha izidingo nezindawo ezihlukene, kanye nezakhiwo zayo ezivulekile, kube negalelo elikhulu ekubambisaneni phakathi kwabathuthukisi be-software.
I-UNIX yaba nesandla ekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlelo zokusebenza zesimanje, imiqondo yokuqala yenguquko efana nokuphathwa kohlu lwemibhalo yesigaba kanye nezinhlelo zezimvume ezibeke isisekelo samaseva anamuhla namadivayisi eselula. Ukwengeza, amanye amasistimu wokusebenza amaningi athathe ugqozi ekusebenzeni kahle kwawo nokuthembeka lapho enza awawo amasistimu okusebenza.
Umlando we-UNIX nokuthuthuka kwayo
Kusukela ekuthuthukisweni nasekubeni khona kwayo ngawo-1970 eBell Laboratories e-United States, i-UNIX yavela njengohlelo lokusebenza olushintshayo olwakhelwe ukusebenza kumakhompyutha amakhulu anamandla angaleso sikhathi.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-UNIX yenze izinguquko eziningi kanye nokuvumelana nezimo okuyenze yaba enye yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezinethonya elikhulu emlandweni wekhompyutha. Ukuphatheka kwayo, ukuzinza, kanye nekhono lokwenza izinto eziningi kube nomthelela omkhulu ekwazisweni kwayo, kuyilapho imvelo yayo yomthombo ovulekile ivumela abahleli bezinhlelo nonjiniyela ukuthi bayenze ngokwezifiso izidingo zabo ngabanye; Ngisho nanamuhla, izimiso eziningi ezibalulekile ezethulwe yi-UNIX zisasetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokusebenza zesimanje ezifana neLinux noma iMacOS. Ukuziphendukela kwayo okuqhubekayo kwaqinisekisa ukubaluleka kwayo iminyaka eminingi ngemva kokwethulwa kwayo.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwasekuqaleni kwe-UNIX phakathi nawo-1970
Ukudalwa kwe-UNIX ngawo-1970 kwaphawula ushintsho olubalulekile emlandweni wekhompyutha. Njengesixazululo esisha kwezinye zezinkinga i-UNIX eyayihlose ukuzixazulula ngaleso sikhathi, yadalwa yiqembu elikhethiwe lososayensi nabahleli bezinhlelo ababeholwa nguKen Thompson noDennis Ritchie eBell Labs.
I-UNIX yaziwa ngokuklama kwayo okujwayelekile kanye nekhono lokuzivumelanisa nezinhlobo ezahlukene zehadiwe, okuyenza ibe isistimu yokusebenza eguquguqukayo ekwazi ukusebenza emishinini eminingi. Uphinde waba iphayona lomqondo woguquko wokuthi "yonke into iyifayela," ephatha kokubili amadokhumenti namadivaysi angaphandle njengamafayela.
Ukuthuthuka kwasekuqaleni kwe-UNIX kwabeka isisekelo sokuziphendukela kwayo okuqhubekayo njengohlelo olusebenzayo, kuyilapho ukwakheka kwayo okusha kanye nezici zoguquko kungenise inkathi entsha kukhompyutha.
Umthelela we-UNIX ekwakhiweni kwezinhlelo zokusebenza zesimanje
I-UNIX ibe nomthelela omkhulu ekwakhiweni kwezinhlelo zokusebenza zesimanje. Imiqondo nezimiso zayo zinikeze isisekelo samanye amasistimu wokusebenza adumile esiwasebenzisa namuhla.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-UNIX isungule umbono wokuthi yonke into iyifayela ngokumela amadivaysi esistimu nezisetshenziswa njengamafayela okuwenza kube lula ukuwaphatha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le paradigm ivumele ubulula nokungaguquguquki ekuphathweni kwezinsiza zohlelo. Ukwengeza, yethula imiyalo emincane engahlanganiswa ukuze yenze imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi, okuholela ekwakhiweni kwemibhalo yegobolondo.
Ngenxa yemodeli yeseva yeklayenti le-UNIX, ukudalwa kwamanethiwekhi asabalalisiwe avumela abasebenzisi abaningi ukuthi bafinyelele ngesikhathi esisodwa izinsiza ezabiwe kuye kwenzeka. Lesi sakhiwo sibe nomthelela omkhulu kumanethiwekhi wekhompyutha nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana neWindows neLinux.
Akungabazeki ukuthi i-UNIX ibe nomthelela omkhulu ezinhlelweni zokusebenza zesimanje kanye nekhompyutha jikelele. Ngefilosofi yayo ye-modular, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nemibono emisha eye yaveza ubuchwepheshe obuningi besimanje njengezinhlelo ze -GPS noma amapulatifomu e-virtualization njenge-VMware vSphere Server, singasho ngaphandle kokungabaza ukuthi i-UNIX ishiye uphawu olungenakucimeka ekhompyutha.
Imiqondo Ebalulekile ye-UNIX Isakhiwo se-UNIX: Isakhiwo se-UNIX sisekelwe kumodeli yeseva yeklayenti lapho izinhlelo zihlukaniswa ngamayunithi amancane aziwa njengezinqubo ezixhumana ngezindlela ezinjengamapayipi namasokhethi. Ukwengeza, isebenzisa isistimu yefayela ye-hierarchical lapho ifayela ngalinye noma umkhombandlela unendawo ehlukile ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sesihlahla sohla lwemibhalo.
Izimiso Zefilosofi Nokuklama ze-UNIX: I-UNIX yakhelwe ngefilosofi ye-minimalist neye-modular ebonakala ezimisweni zayo zokuklama. Ezinye zezimiso ezibalulekile zifaka phakathi ubulula, ukuguquguquka, kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwekhodi, okungenye yemibono eyinhloko yokwakhiwa kwayo kwe-minimalist. Esikhundleni sokuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-monolithic phezu kwe-UNIX, kwakhiwa amathuluzi anamandla akhethekile emisebenzini ethile bese ehlanganiswa ngomugqa womyalo ukuze akhe ngempumelelo izixazululo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
I-UNIX izuze impumelelo yesikhathi eside ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo eziguquguqukayo nezimodular kanye nefilosofi, futhi lezi zici zibe nomphumela ohlala njalo hhayi kuphela ekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlelo zokusebenza, kodwa nasekuklanyweni kwesofthiwe ngokujwayelekile.
I-UNIX Architecture I-architecture ye-UNIX ibe ngesinye sezici ezibalulekile empumelelweni yayo nokuhlala isikhathi eside kukhompyutha. Ikakhulukazi, isakhiwo sayo se-modular, esakhiwe izinhlelo ezincane ezibizwa ngokuthi "imiyalo" engahlanganiswa, inikeza abasebenzisi ukuguquguquka okukhulu kanye namathuba okwenza ngokwezifiso.
Isakhiwo se-UNIX siyaphawuleka nangomklamo wayo weseva yeklayenti. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kunezingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko: iseva (ehlinzeka ngamasevisi noma izinsiza) kanye neklayenti layo (elicela noma elisebenzisa lezi). Lolu hlelo luqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle okukhulu kokuxhumana phakathi kwezinqubo ezahlukene futhi lusiza nasekukhuleni kwesistimu.
Isakhiwo se-UNIX sihlanganisa imodularity nobuchwepheshe beseva yeklayenti ukunikeza abasebenzisi indawo eguquguqukayo, engenziwa ngezifiso, nephumelelayo. I-UNIX ifakazele amandla ayo okuzivumelanisa nezimo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi njengoba izimo nezidingo zishintsha.
I-UNIX Philosophy and Design Principles (PHDP)
Ukuqonda i-UNIX nezimiso zayo zokuklama kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukubaluleka kwayo kukhompyutha. Ubulula, i-modularity kanye nokuguquguquka yizici ezibalulekile zalolu hlelo lokusebenza.
Omunye wezimiso eziyinhloko eziqondisa ukuthuthukiswa kwe-UNIX ukuthi "Yenza into eyodwa futhi ukwenze kahle", okusho ukuthi uhlelo ngalunye kufanele lenze umsebenzi owodwa ngempumelelo futhi luphinde lusetshenziswe kalula ezinye izinhlelo. Esinye isimiso, "Amandla akumathuluzi," kusho ukuthi i-UNIX inikeza abasebenzisi imiyalo eminingi nezinsiza ezingahlanganiswa ukuze zenze imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi ngokushesha futhi kalula.
I-UNIX izimise njengohlelo olusebenzayo lwekhompiyutha, futhi ifilosofi yayo nezimiso zokuklama zibalulekile empumelelweni yayo yesikhathi eside. Indlela yayo ye-modular, ehlanganiswe namathuluzi alula kodwa anamandla, ibe nomthelela omkhulu kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zesimanje.
Izinhlobo ze-UNIX
Asikwazi ukukhohlwa kulo Mlando we-UNIX ukuthi kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningana ze-UNIX, ngayinye inomlando wayo kanye nezici zomuntu ngamunye. Okuhlukile okuphawulekayo iBerkeley Software Distribution (BSD), inguqulo ezimele eyakhiwe eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia, eBerkeley, eye yaba nomthelela omuhle kakhulu kubuchwepheshe, yaze yasebenza njengesisekelo sezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana ne-macOS.
I-System V ingenye umehluko obalulekile owasuka ngokumiswa nokunikezwa ilayisense kwe-UNIX kwa-AT&T Bell Labs Namuhla, ithenjwa amabhizinisi amaningi nezikhungo zikahulumeni ngenxa yokuthembeka kwayo nokukaleka. Akufanele futhi sikhohlwe i-Linux, okuhlukile komthombo ovulekile nomphakathi womhlaba wonke ozinikele ekusekeleni ukukhula nokuthuthuka kwawo. Ngayinye inezinzuzo zayo ezindaweni ezithile zekhompyutha.
I-BSD: Ukuthuthukiswa Okuzimele kwe-UNIX
I-BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution), edalwe njengephrojekthi yezemfundo eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia, eBerkeley, yathola umfutho ngokushesha njengendlela esebenzayo kubo bobabili abasebenzisi nabathuthukisi.
Uhlelo lwe-BSD lwethule ukuthuthuka okuphawulekayo uma kuqhathaniswa nezinguqulo zangaphambilini ze-UNIX. Ibonise ukwesekwa okuqinile kwezivumelwano zokuxhumana ezithuthukile, kanye nokuqina nokuzinza, zonke izimpawu zekhwalithi yezinhlelo ze-UNIX. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yelayisensi yayo yemvume, ivumele abasebenzisi ukuthi bayilungise ngokwezidingo zabo ngabanye, baze badale nokusatshalaliswa ngokwezifiso uma bethanda!
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-BSD yashintsha yaba izinhlobo eziningana ezidumile njengeFreeBSD, OpenBSD, neNetBSD. Okuhlukile ngakunye kuqhubekile nokuthuthukiswa ngokuzimela imiphakathi esebenzayo yabahleli abanikele ngezici ezintsha nentuthuko njalo. Lokhu kubonise ukuguquguquka kwayo futhi kwabeka isisekelo sezinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe zesikhathi esizayo.
Isistimu V: Ukumiswa kwesistimu yokusebenza ye-UNIX nokunikezwa kwelayisensi
Ukumiswa kanye nokunikezwa kwelayisensi kwakuyizici ezibalulekile ekusabalaliseni nasekuthathweni kwe-UNIX embonini yezobuchwepheshe. I-AT&T yakhipha i-System V ngeminyaka yawo-1980s njengenye yezinguqulo zayo zezentengiselwano ezathola ukuvelela ngokushesha uma ziqhathaniswa nezinhlobonhlobo zangaphambilini, okuvumela izinkampani ukuthi ziyisebenzise njengesisekelo sokwakha ezazo izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisekelwe kuyo.
Ilayisensi nayo ibibalulekile ekukhuleni nasekudumeni kwe-UNIX. I-AT&T inikeze ilayisense uhlelo lwayo lokusebenza kwezinye izinkampani, okuholela ekwandeni nasekuzivumelaniseni nezimo, futhi yaveza izinguqulo ezimbalwa zezentengiselwano ezisekelwe ku-UNIX ezinezici ezihlukile kodwa zonke ezihambisana nezinga le-System V Ekugcineni, le modeli yokunikeza ilayisense ibe negalelo elikhulu ekwandeni nasekukhuleni kwe-ecosystem ye-UNIX kuyo yonke imikhakha eminingi yobuchwepheshe.
I-Linux: Impumelelo yesistimu yokusebenza yomthombo ovulekile
I-Linux, enye yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisetshenziswa kakhulu namuhla, ijabulele impumelelo enkulu ngenxa yemvelo yayo yomthombo ovulekile. Lesi sici sinikeza ukuguquguquka okukhulu futhi sivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bazivumelanise noma bazilungise ngokuya ngezidingo zabo ezithile.
I-Linux yakhelwe ngokubambisana nokwabelana ngolwazi phakathi komphakathi wayo wonjiniyela njengomgomo oyinhloko, okuholela ezinhlobonhlobo zokusabalalisa eziqondise izinhlobo ezahlukene zabasebenzisi namaqembu abasebenzisi. Ukuduma kwe-Linux futhi kungenxa yokuzinza, ukuphepha nokuhambisana kwayo kuzo zonke izinkundla ezihlukene.
Impumelelo ye-Linux ingabalelwa endleleni yayo yokusebenzisana nevumelana nezimo, kanye nokuhlangabezana nezidingo zabo bobabili abasebenzisi ngabanye nezinhlangano zebhizinisi. Lo mcabango ovulekile uvumele i-Linux ukuthi iqhubeke nokwenza izinto ezintsha ukuze ihlale ibalulekile endaweni yanamuhla yobuchwepheshe.
Namuhla, i-UNIX ime njengophawu olungenakuphikiswa lokusungula izinto zobuchwepheshe futhi iyaqhubeka nokuba nomthelela emikhakheni eyahlukene, nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidonsa kakhulu kuyo, amaseva axhaswe yiyo, namakhompyutha amakhulu kanye nomakhalekhukhwini abayisebenzisa njengohlelo lwabo lokusebenza. Kuyacaca ukuthi i-UNIX isengenye yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezivelele namuhla futhi ifa layo alikwazi ukubukelwa phansi; Umthelela wayo ungazwakala emikhakheni eminingi lapho izicelo zayo ziqhubeka nokuba khona.
I-UNIX ibeke isisekelo sezinhlelo zokusebenza zesimanje ngokusungula imiqondo ebalulekile efana nokwenza izinto eziningi, amakhono wabasebenzisi abaningi, kanye nesixhumi esibonakalayo somugqa womyalo. Amanye amasistimu wokusebenza amaningi asebenzise lezi zici ukuze aqhubekisele phambili ukuvela kwawo; Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-UNIX ikhombisile ukuqina nokuqina kwayo, iyenza idume kuwo womabili amaseva ebhizinisi namakhompyutha amakhulu asebenza kahle kakhulu.
Ngokuqondene namadivayisi eselula, nakuba engase angasetshenziswa kabanzi njenge-Android noma i-iOS, okuhlukile kwe-UNIX zisasetshenziswa kumamodeli athile ukuze kuhlinzekwe ngolwazi lomsebenzisi oluvikelekile olusebenzisa ithuba lokuguquguquka nokuqina.
I-UNIX isalokhu inamandla ngenxa yethonya layo lomlando namandla ayo obuchwepheshe athuthukile, futhi iyaqhubeka nokubamba iqhaza elibalulekile emhlabeni wanamuhla wezobuchwepheshe. Ihlala isebenza kumaseva, amakhompyutha amakhulu kanye namadivayisi eselula ngokufanayo.
Isiphetho somlando we-UNIX kanye nemibono yesikhathi esizayo
Ekuphetheni, umlando we-UNIX uthakazelisa ngempela, futhi ifa lawo alinakuqhathaniswa. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo okuthobekile ngawo-1970 kuya ekubeni olunye lwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisetshenziswa kakhulu namuhla , i-UNIX ishiye uphawu olungenakulinganiswa ekubaleni. Ibonakalise amandla ayo kanye nokuguquguquka kwayo kaninginingi.
I-UNIX's modular, flexible architecture kanye nefilosofi egxile ekuhlanganyeleni iyisisekelo sezinhlelo zokusebenza zesimanje ezifana ne-Linux ne-macOS, futhi ithonya labo liyabonakala namuhla.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobonhlobo eziningi ze-UNIX ziye zavela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuphendula izidingo zemakethe. I-BSD ithathe indlela yayo ezimele, kuyilapho i-System V ifuna ukumiswa nokunikezwa kwelayisensi; Ngokuphambene, i-Linux ibe nempumelelo enkulu ngenxa yemvelo yayo yomthombo ovulekile.
Namuhla, i-UNIX isalokhu inamandla embonini yobuchwepheshe kanye nokunye ukuthuthukiswa kwesistimu yokusebenza. Amaseva amaningi asasebenzisa izinguqulo eziguquliwe noma ezitholiwe zesistimu yawo yokusebenza yasekuqaleni, kuyilapho amakhompuyutha amakhulu namadivayisi eselula asebenzisa izakhi zefa kusukela ezinsukwini zawo zokuqala kakhulu.
Amathemba esikhathi esizayo e-UNIX ayathembisa; Ukuhambisana kwayo kungase kuqhubeke nokuthuthuka ngokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nezidingo ezikhulayo zokubala, ezingase ziholele ezinhlobonhlobo noma intuthuko egqugquzelwe izimiso zayo ezibalulekile.
Umlando ukhombisile amandla okubambisana, ubuhlakani kanye nokusebenzisana; kuyilapho ikusasa layo ngokuqinisekile lizofaka izici ezintsha ezinozinzo olungenakuqhathaniswa.