- I-Cybersecurity emabhilidini ahlakaniphile ivikela idatha, abantu, nezinhlelo ze-IoT endaweni eyandayo exhumekile futhi eveziwe.
- Isakhiwo esivikelekile sihlanganisa izivumelwano zokuxhumana ezivikelekile, ukuphathwa kobunikazi, ukuhlukaniswa kwenethiwekhi, nokugcinwa kokunakekelwa okuqhubekayo.
- Ukulawulwa kokufinyelela kwe-IP, imininingwane yeselula, ne-BMS kudinga izinqubomgomo ezicacile, ukucwaninga kwamabhuku okuvamile, nokuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzisi ukuze kuncishiswe izingozi.
- Uhlelo olubanzi lwe-cybersecurity ezakhiweni kufanele luhlanganise i-IT ne-OT, nokuqapha, ukuphendula ngezigameko, kanye nesiko lokuphepha elihlanganyelwe.
Ukuphepha kwe-inthanethi ezakhiweni ezihlakaniphile sekuyinto eza kuqala: izakhiwo aziseyona nje ikhonkrithi, insimbi, nengilazi, kodwa amapulatifomu obuchwepheshe angempela axhunywe kwi-inthanethi, agcwele amadivayisi e-IoT, izinzwa, izinhlelo zokulawula ukufinyelela, kanye namanethiwekhi aphatha konke kusukela ekulawulweni kwesimo sezulu kuya kuma-lifti. Konke lokhu kungqalasizinda kunikeza ukulula nokusebenza kahle, kodwa futhi kuvula umnyango wezingozi ezintsha uma kungavikelwe kahle.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukwanda kwe- Intanethi Yezinto kanye nomsebenzi osebenza kude kuye kwandisa kakhulu indawo yokuhlasela: idatha yabaqashi, abasebenzi, kanye nenkampani ijikeleza phakathi kwamakhaya, amahhovisi, kanye namafu omphakathi, kuyilapho izinhlelo zokuphatha izakhiwo (i-BMS) kanye namanethiwekhi e-OT zixhunyaniswa kakhulu namanethiwekhi e-IT ezinkampani. Ukuqonda lesi simo esisha nokusebenzisa izinyathelo zokuvikela eziqinile akusekho ukukhetha; kuyindlela kuphela yokuqinisekisa ukuthi isakhiwo esihlakaniphile "sihlakaniphile" ngempela hhayi isixhumanisi esibuthakathaka ochungechungeni.
Izakhiwo ezihlakaniphile, i-IoT nedatha: kungani i-cybersecurity ibalulekile
Izakhiwo ezibizwa ngokuthi ezihlakaniphile, noma izakhiwo ezixhunyiwe , ziyizakhiwo ezihlanganisa izinhlelo eziningi ngaphansi kwengqalasizinda yenethiwekhi eyodwa: ukushisa, ukuphefumula, umoya opholile (i-HVAC), ukukhanyisa, ama-alamu, ukuphepha, ukulawula ukufinyelela, ama-lifti, izinhlelo zokuqapha ividiyo, amapulatifomu okuphatha amandla, nokunye okuningi. Konke lokhu kuhlelwa ngesofthiwe eqoqa, icubungule, futhi ihlaziye idatha eningi.
Isisekelo salolu hlobo yi- Internet of Things (IoT) . Ngokusho kwezibikezelo ze-Statista, inani lamadivayisi e-IoT axhunyiwe emhlabeni wonke lizofinyelela ku-29.000 billion ngo-2030. Ama-thermostat, ama-actuator kanye nezinzwa zokuba khona, amamitha wamandla, izingidi ezihlakaniphile, amakhamera e-IP, izifundi zamakhadi, kanye nama-intercom evidiyo e-IP konke kuyingxenye yalolu hlelo oluvumela ukwakha okuzenzakalelayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuphepha, ukusimama, ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, kanye nokufinyeleleka.
Esakhiweni esihlakaniphile, idatha ebucayi kakhulu mayelana nokuziphatha komsebenzisi iyakhiqizwa futhi ilawulwe : amaphethini okusetshenziswa kwamandla, izikhathi zokufinyelela, ukuhamba phakathi kwezindawo, ukusetshenziswa kwezindawo ezivamile, ukuba khona noma ukungabikho emafulethini noma emahhovisi, njll. Ukuhlaziya ukuziphatha komsebenzisi akugcini nje ngokubaluleka kokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwesakhiwo, kodwa uma siwela ezandleni ezingalungile, kungabeka engcupheni ubumfihlo babaqashi nezinkampani, futhi kusize ngisho nobugebengu obuphathekayo (ukwazi ukuthi iyunithi noma ihhovisi lingenalutho, isibonelo).
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ingqalasizinda egcina, icubungule futhi ithuthe le datha (amaseva, amafu, amanethiwekhi angaphakathi , amasango e-IoT, i-BMS, izinhlelo zokusebenza zokuphatha) kumele ibe namandla, ihlukaniswe kahle futhi ibe nezinqubo zokuphepha kwe-cyber ezanele: ukubethela ukuxhumana, ukuqinisekiswa okuqinile, ukuqapha, ukuphathwa kobuthakathaka kanye nohlelo lokuphendula ezigamekweni, phakathi kokunye.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuhlangana kwamanethiwekhi e-IT (ulwazi) kanye ne-OT (okusebenza) , noma yikuphi ukwephulwa kohlelo lokulawula isakhiwo kungathinta hhayi kuphela izinsizakalo zesakhiwo kodwa futhi nenethiwekhi yenkampani yenkampani ephethe noma ephethe. Ngakho-ke, kuyinkinga ethinta umnikazi wesakhiwo, abaqashi, kanye nabahlinzeki bezinsizakalo ngokufanayo.
Ukuvela kancane kwezakhiwo ezihlakaniphile nezinhlelo zazo zokulawula
Izinyathelo zokuqala eziya ezakhiweni zesimanje ezihlakaniphile zathathwa phakathi kweminyaka yama-1970 nama-1980, ngezinhlelo zokwakha ezizenzakalelayo zakudala, ezazigxile ekuphatheni ukusetshenziswa kwamandla nokuqinisekisa induduzo eyamukelekayo ngaphakathi (izinga lokushisa, umoya opholile, ukukhanya okuyisisekelo, njll.). Lezi kwakuyizinhlelo ezivaliwe, ezinokuxhumana okuncane nomhlaba wangaphandle futhi ezingenawo amakhono abalulekile okuhlaziya idatha.
Kwakusekupheleni kweminyaka yama-90 nasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-2000 lapho ukufika kwe-inthanethi kanye nobuchwepheshe bolwazi kwashintsha khona isimo: izinhlelo zokuphatha izakhiwo zaqala ukuxhumana namanethiwekhi e-IP, kwavela amathuluzi okuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela, kwafakwa izinketho zokulungisa kude, futhi kwaqala ukuhlanganiswa kwazo nezinye izinsizakalo zedijithali. Yilapho umqondo wamanje wesakhiwo "esihlakaniphe ngempela" waqala khona.
Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe, Izinhlelo Zokuphatha Izakhiwo (i-BMS) ziguquke zaba amapulatifomu ayinkimbinkimbi ahlanganisa izinhlelo eziningi ezincane futhi abelana ngezinto ezifana nezizindalwazi, ama-alamu alamu, kanye nokulawulwa kwesimo sezulu, ukukhanyisa, kanye namathuluzi okuphepha. Izinqubo ezifana ne-BACnet (HVAC), i-DALI (ukukhanyisa), kanye nezindinganiso ezijwayelekile ezifana ne-KNX, i-LonWorks, kanye ne-Modbus zenze kwaba lula ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamadivayisi avela kubakhiqizi abahlukene.
Inkinga ukuthi eziningi zalezi zindlela "zakudala" azizange zaklanywe kucatshangwa ngokuphepha . Zavela enkathini lapho ukutholakala kanye nokulula kokuxhumeka kwakuyizinto eziza kuqala, hhayi ukubethela noma ukuqinisekiswa. Nakuba ukuthuthukiswa kuye kwaqaliswa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (ukubethela, izindlela zokuqinisekisa, njll.), ukufakwa okusekelwe ezinguqulweni ezindala, okungenakho ukuqina nokuvikelwa okwanele, kusekhona nanamuhla.
Kulesi simo samanje, ukukhetha iphrothokholi yokuxhumana kanye nendlela evikelwe ngayo (izicishamlilo, ukulawulwa komsebenzisi, i-VPN yokufinyelela kude, ukuhlukaniswa kwenethiwekhi, izinqubomgomo zephasiwedi, ukuqina kwemishini kanye nokulawula ulwazi oluveziwe) kuyisici esibalulekile sokuphepha kwe-inthanethi kwanoma yisiphi isakhiwo esihlakaniphile.
Okulindelwe abahlali namabhizinisi esakhiweni esihlakaniphile
Labo abathuthela esakhiweni esihlakaniphile sezinga eliphezulu abalindeli nje indawo yesimanje; bafuna ulwazi lwansuku zonke olukhululekile, olungenamthungo, noluphephile. Izakhamuzi nabasebenzisi bathembele ezicini ezifana nokulawulwa kwesimo sezulu, ukukhanya okuthuthukisiwe, izixazululo zokuzijabulisa, ukubhukha isikhala, kanye nokulawula ukufinyelela ukuze basebenze ngokungabonakali nangokulula kakhulu.
Kulo mongo, ukuphepha okungokwenyama nokwedijithali kunesisindo esikhulu. Kuthathwa kalula ukuthi isakhiwo sihlanganisa izinhlelo zokuqapha ezithuthukisiwe, ama-alamu, ukutholwa kokungena, ukulawulwa kokufinyelela okuphezulu, kanye, ngokuya ngokuqhubekayo, imisebenzi esekelwe kubuhlakani bokwenziwa ukuthola okungahambi kahle ekuziphatheni kwamadivayisi noma abasebenzisi. Okungeziwe kulokhu yizidingo zobumfihlo kanye nokuhambisana nomthetho (njenge-GDPR eYurophu).
Ukusimama nokusebenza kahle kwamandla nakho kuyingxenye yezinto ezilindelwe: amaphaneli elanga, ukuqoqwa kwamanzi emvula, izinto zikagesi ezingasetshenziswa kakhulu, ukulawulwa kwesimo sezulu okuhlakaniphile kanye nokuphathwa kokukhanya, ukulungiswa okulungiselelwe ukunciphisa ukuhamba okungadingekile, njll. Ukuphepha kwe-inthanethi kumele kuhambisane nale ndlela: akusizi ngalutho ukuba nesakhiwo "esiluhlaza" uma izinhlelo zaso zisengozini yokuhlaselwa okungasisusa ku-inthanethi.
Ngakho-ke, noma yimuphi umsebenzi wokwakha ohlakaniphile kumele ulinganisele induduzo, ukuphepha, kanye nokusimama , uhlanganise ukulawula ukufinyelela, amapulatifomu okwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela ekhaya, kanye nezinhlelo zokuphatha ngendlela efanayo nephephile, ngaphandle kokudala imigodi lapho umhlaseli angangena khona.
Ukuphepha kwe-inthanethi, ukucutshungulwa kwedatha kanye nokuxhumana okuphephile ezakhiweni ezihlakaniphile
Esinye sezihluthulelo zokuvikela isakhiwo esihlakaniphile ukuphatha idatha ekhiqizwe amadivayisi nabasebenzisi njengempahla ebalulekile. Asikhulumi nje ngamalogi obuchwepheshe; lolu ulwazi oluchaza indlela isakhiwo esisetshenziswa ngayo, ukuthi yimaphi amaphethini okusetshenziswa akhona, ukuthi ubani ongena noma ophumayo nokuthi ngasiphi isikhathi, yiziphi izindawo ezivakashelwa njalo, njalo njalo.
Isakhiwo esisodwa singagcina idatha yezinhlobo ezahlukene kakhulu : ulwazi lokugcinwa, imingcele yemishini ebalulekile, idatha yomuntu siqu yabaqashi (izindawo zokupaka, ukufinyelela okugunyaziwe, iziqinisekiso), amarekhodi okuqapha amavidiyo, izingodo zezehlakalo, nokuningi. Zonke lezi zinto kumele zihlukaniswe ngokwezinga lazo lobucayi futhi zithathwe izinyathelo zokuvikela ezifanele (ukubethela ngesikhathi sokuthutha kanye nokuphumula, izilawuli zokufinyelela, ukungaziwa lapho kungenzeka khona).
Ukuxhumana phakathi kwamadivayisi nezinhlelo kwenziwa kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bokuxhumana njenge -Wi-Fi , i-Bluetooth, i-RFID, i-LTE, kanye namanye amanethiwekhi anezintambo noma angenantambo. Izinqubo zenethiwekhi kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zakhiwe phezu kwalezi, ezinye ezijwayelekile (i-HTTPS, i-MQTT/MQTTS ye-IoT) kanye nezinye eziqondene nomkhakha (i-LonTalk, i-Modbus/TCP, i-BACnet, i-KNX, njll.). Kuye ngohlobo lwesevisi kanye nengozi ehambisana nayo, kuzodingeka ukuqinisa isendlalelo ngasinye ngezinyathelo ezithile.
Emkhakheni wezinsizakalo zamafu nezangaphandle, abahlinzeki kumele banikeze izindlela zokuphepha eziqinile : ukuqinisekiswa okuqinile, ukubethela kusukela ekuqaleni kuya ekugcineni, ukuphathwa kokhiye okufanele, ukuhlukaniswa kwedatha phakathi kwamakhasimende, amalogi okuhlola, kanye nezinhlelo zokuqhubeka kwebhizinisi. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ukwehluleka kwamafu kungathinta izakhiwo eziningi noma amaklayenti ngasikhathi sinye.
Indlela enconywayo ukusebenzisa isimiso "sokuthembana okungelutho" kumanethiwekhi namasevisi : ungathembi noma iyiphi idivayisi noma umsebenzisi ngokuzenzakalelayo, qinisekisa njalo ubunikazi, amanethiwekhi ahlukaniswe ngokusekelwe ezindimeni nasekubalulekeni, ukhawulele amalungelo ngokuqinile, futhi ubuyekeze njalo ukuthi ubani onokufinyelela kuziphi izinsiza.
Ubunikazi kanye nokuphathwa kwedivayisi ye-IoT esakhiweni
Ukuphathwa kobunikazi nokufinyelela (i-IAM) akusekho ezinkampanini ezinkulu kuphela; izakhiwo ezihlakaniphile nazo zidinga ukuphatha ubunikazi bedijithali babantu namadivayisi. Yonke idivayisi ye-IoT exhuma kunethiwekhi yesakhiwo kumele iqinisekiswe futhi igunyaziwe ngokufanele.
Umkhuba omuhle kakhulu ukunika idivayisi ngayinye ye-IoT isihlonzi esiyingqayizivele nesiqinile , esixhunywe esakhiweni kanye nomsebenzi waso othize. Ukusuka lapho, kuyadingeka ukuphatha yonke impilo yedivayisi: ukubhaliswa, ukuqinisekiswa kokucushwa kokuqala, ukulungiswa kwe-firmware, ukulawula ushintsho, kanye nokuhoxiswa noma ukususwa kokusebenza uma ingasasetshenziswa noma ingasashintshwa.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kubalulekile ukuqapha eduze ukuxhumana kwenethiwekhi kwabo bonke abasebenzisi nabahlinzeki abafinyelela izinhlelo zesakhiwo: ochwepheshe bokulungisa, izinkampani zokuphepha, izinkampani zokuhlanza ezisebenzisa amapulatifomu okuphatha, abasebenzi bokuphatha, abaqashi abanamaphaneli okulawula, njll. Akuwona wonke umuntu odinga izinga elifanayo lamalungelo noma ukufinyelela ezindaweni noma idatha efanayo.
Ukuhlanganisa ukuhlukaniswa okuhle kwenethiwekhi nezinqubomgomo zokulawula ukufinyelela okusekelwe ezindimeni (RBAC) noma zokulawula ukufinyelela okusekelwe ezicini (ABAC), kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwezinto eziningi zokufinyelela okubucayi, kunciphisa kakhulu amathuba okuba umhlaseli asebenzise iziqinisekiso ezibiwe noma idivayisi ethintekile ukuze adlulele eceleni kwengqalasizinda.
Isondlo, izibuyekezo namawele edijithali
Elinye lamaphutha avame kakhulu okuphepha kwe-inthanethi ukufaka izinhlelo nokunganaki ukulungiswa kwazo . Esakhiweni esihlakaniphile, lokhu kungaba yingozi kakhulu: amadivayisi e-IoT angabuyekeziwe, izinhlelo zokulawula ezine-firmware esiphelelwe yisikhathi, noma amaseva angakalungiswa aba iminyango evulekile yabahlaseli.
Ukuze kuncishiswe izingozi, kubalulekile ukusungula uhlelo lokuvuselelwa kwesofthiwe ne-firmware njalo , ukuhlela ukubuyekezwa kokuphepha, nokwenza ukuskena kobuthakathaka kanye nokuhlolwa kokungena ezinhlelweni ezibalulekile zesakhiwo. Konke lokhu kumele kwenziwe ngendlela ehleliwe, kugwenywe ukuphazamiseka okungadingekile kodwa ngaphandle kokuhlehlisa ama-patches abalulekile.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izakhiwo ezibizwa ngokuthi amawele edijithali ziye zathola ukuthandwa : amamodeli abonakalayo amelela ngokuningiliziwe isimo sesakhiwo, izinhlelo zaso, kanye nokuziphatha kwaso. Lawa mamodeli edijithali anikezwa idatha yesikhathi sangempela futhi avumela ukulingiswa kwezinguquko, ukutholakala kwezimo ezingavamile, kanye nokulindela ukwehluleka ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke emhlabeni ongokoqobo. Iwele ledijithali elisetshenziswe kahle liphinde lenze kube lula ukuhlolwa kwezinyathelo zokuphepha endaweni elawulwayo.
Ngokombono wokuphepha kwe-inthanethi, i-digital twin esetshenziswe kahle ingasiza ekuhloleni ukucushwa kokuphepha kanye nezilinganiso endaweni elawulwayo, ihlole umthelela wokuhlaselwa okungenzeka, noma ifunde ukuqina kwesakhiwo ezigamekweni. Iphinde ikhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza okuqhubekayo kanye nokutholakala kusenesikhathi kokuziphatha okungavamile emishinini noma kumanethiwekhi.
Ukulawula ukufinyelela kanye namadivayisi abalulekile ekuphepheni kwesakhiwo
Uhlelo lokulawula ukufinyelela lungenye yezingxenye ezibonakala kakhulu zokuphepha kwe-inthanethi ezakhiweni ngoba lusebenza njengebhuloho phakathi kwezwe elingokoqobo neledijithali. Umsebenzi walo awukona nje ukuvumela noma ukwenqabela ukungena ngomnyango, kodwa futhi ukuhlanganisa nokuphepha okuphelele kwesakhiwo, futhi ezimweni eziningi, nokwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela ekhaya kanye nezinye izinkundla zokuphatha.
Namuhla, umkhuba ocacile ubheke ezinhlelweni zokulawula ukufinyelela ezisekelwe ku-IP , ezithatha indawo yezixazululo ezindala ze-analog. Lawa madivayisi angahlanganiswa kalula nezinhlelo zokuqapha ividiyo, amapulatifomu okulawula aphakathi, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula, okunikeza ulwazi lwesimanje nolusheshayo kokubili abasebenzisi nabaphathi.
Ama-intercom evidiyo e-IP aphezulu afaka amakhamera e-Full HD ukuqinisekisa ngokubonakalayo ukuthi ubani oshayayo, izici ezifana ne-adaptive face zoom ukuze kutholakale ukuhlonza okuthuthukisiwe, kanye nezikrini zokuthinta ezikwazi ukubonisa imiyalezo eyenzelwe wena kubahlali noma izivakashi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka kwe-modular kuvumela imishini ukuthi ivumelane nezidingo zephrojekthi ngayinye, kusukela ekhaya lomndeni owodwa kuya esakhiweni esikhulu sehhovisi noma indawo yokuhlala. Eziningi zalezi zinhlelo zingasebenza nge-PoE , okwenza kube lula ukuxhuma izintambo nokufakwa.
Izikrini ze-intercom zevidiyo zangaphakathi nazo zishintshile : izikrini zokuthinta ezingamasentimitha angu-7, ukuqedwa kwengilazi eqinisiwe, kanye nokubukeka okuhambisana nengaphakathi lesimanje. Ngaphandle kokubona nje ukuthi ubani osemnyango, zivumela ukufinyelela kumakhamera e-IP asakazwe kulo lonke isakhiwo (amagalaji, amaphasiji, amagceke) kanye nekhono lokuthumela imiyalo ye-HTTP kwezinye izinhlelo: ukuvula umoya opholile, ukushintsha ukukhanya, noma ukushayela ilifti, konke kusuka ku-interface efanayo.
Ezindaweni ezivamile, abafundi bokulawula ukufinyelela okunemisebenzi eminingi banikeza iziqinisekiso eziguquguqukayo: amakhadi e-RFID, amakhibhodi e-PIN, abafundi beminwe, kanye nokufinyelela kweselula nge-smartphone. Ukukhetha amadivayisi ahlanganisa umfundi kanye nomlawuli kuyunithi eyodwa kwenza kube lula ukuthunyelwa futhi kunganciphisa indawo yokuhlasela uma kulungiselelwe kahle.
Ukufinyelela kweselula kanye nemininingwane yedijithali: lula kanye nezingozi
Ukulawulwa kokufinyelela kweselula sekuba yindinganiso kumaphrojekthi okwakha ahlakaniphile asezingeni eliphezulu. Kuvumela abasebenzisi ukuvula iminyango, izithiyo, noma amasango ngqo kusuka kumaselula abo, ngaphandle kokudinga okhiye noma amakhadi angokoqobo, nokuphatha ukuvakasha noma ukulethwa kude.
Ngokombono womsebenzisi, ukufinyelela kweselula kunikeza lula okungenakuqhathaniswa : ifoni iba ukhiye oyinhloko, izaziso zesikhathi sangempela zingatholakala, izingcingo ze-intercom zevidiyo zingaphendulwa ngaphandle kwekhaya, futhi kwezinye izimo, le misebenzi ingahlanganiswa nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zansuku zonke.
Ngokuphathelene nokuphepha, uma kusetshenziswa kahle, kungaba namandla kakhulu kunezindlela zendabuko , njengoba kuncike ekubethelweni okuthuthukisiwe, ukuqinisekiswa kwedivayisi, ukuvikelwa kwe-biometric kwe-smartphone uqobo, kanye nekhono lokususa ngokushesha iziqinisekiso uma idivayisi ilahlekile. Kodwa-ke, kudinga ukuphathwa ngokucophelela: izinqubomgomo ezicacile zalokho okwenzekayo uma ifoni yebiwa, uma isisebenzi sishiya inkampani, noma uma idivayisi yabelwana ngayo, kanye nezilawuli zokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwamafoni anezimpande noma anegciwane le-malware.
Uma uhlela uhlelo lokufinyelela lweselula esakhiweni esihlakaniphile, kuyalulekwa ukuhlaziya ukuhambisana nayo yonke ingqalasizinda , ulwazi lomsebenzisi (ikakhulukazi ngabaqashi abangalwazi kangako ubuchwepheshe), ukuthobela imithetho, kanye nenqubomgomo yobumfihlo yabahlinzeki abaphatha iziqinisekiso efwini.
Izingozi ezithile ze-cybersecurity ezakhiweni ezihlakaniphile
Uma isakhiwo sixhumeke kakhulu, siba sihle kakhulu kubagebengu be-inthanethi . Izinhlelo zokulawula (i-HVAC, ukukhanyisa, ama-lifti, amakhamera e-IP) noma ukufinyelela okukude ohlelweni lokuphatha isakhiwo (i-BMS) kungaba yizindawo zokungena kunethiwekhi yesakhiwo noma ngisho namanethiwekhi ezinkampani axhunyiwe.
Enye yezingozi ezinkulu kakhulu ukudalulwa kwedatha yomuntu siqu neyokusetshenziswa . Izakhiwo ezihlakaniphile ziqoqa ulwazi oluningi mayelana nabantu abahlala kuzo: amarekhodi okufinyelela, izithombe zokuqapha ividiyo, idatha yokusetshenziswa, amaphethini okuba khona, njll. Noma yikuphi ukwephulwa kokuvikelwa kwalolu lwazi kungaphula ubumfihlo bezisebenzi, izivakashi, kanye nezakhamuzi, futhi kuholele ezijezisweni ezinkulu uma imithetho yokuvikela idatha ingalandelwa.
Esinye isici esiyinhloko sokuhlasela ubuthakathaka kumadivayisi e-IoT . Eziningi zalezi zakhiwe ngezinsizakusebenza ezilinganiselwe, ezisetshenziswa ngaphandle kokucushwa okufanele kokuphepha, noma ezingavuselelwa njalo. Amaphasiwedi azenzakalelayo, izinsizakalo ezivulekile ezingadingekile, noma i-firmware esiphelelwe yisikhathi amaphutha avame kakhulu kunalokho ongase ucabange.
Amanethiwekhi axhumanisa wonke lawa madivayisi nawo angaba yiphuzu elibuthakathaka uma engavikelekile kahle. Ukuxhuma kunethiwekhi yokwakha "ngoba nje isivele imisiwe" ngaphandle kokwengeza ama-firewall, ukuhlukaniswa, noma ukulawula ukufinyelela kuyindlela yokuthola inkinga. Amanethiwekhi e-OT agxile kuphela ekutholakaleni kanye nesivinini, ngaphandle kokulawula ubumfihlo nobuqotho, akhulisa umthelela wanoma yisiphi isigameko.
Ukuhlaselwa kwe-cyber kungabangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwezezimali : kusukela ku-ransomware ethatha izinhlelo ezibalulekile kuya ekuphazamisekeni kwesevisi okuphoqa ukuvalwa kwengxenye yesakhiwo, kanye nomonakalo wedumela kanye nezindleko zomthetho. Izifundo zakamuva zilinganisela ukuthi izindleko ezimaphakathi zokwephulwa kwezokuphepha ziyizigidi eziningana zamaRandi, okusobala ukuthi kukhuphuka kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva.
I-Cybersecurity nomsebenzi okude: isakhiwo sifinyelela ekhaya
Ukusheshiswa komsebenzi osebenza kude kanye namamodeli ahlanganisiwe kwenezele ungqimba olwengeziwe lobunzima. Izinkampani eziningi ziphendukele kumapulatifomu e-videoconferencing, amathuluzi okubambisana asekelwe efwini, kanye nokufinyelela kude kudathabheyisi eyabiwe ukuze kugcinwe imisebenzi ngaphandle kokuthi amaqembu abe khona ngokoqobo ehhovisi.
Inkinga iwukuthi, lapho besebenza ekhaya, abasebenzi bavame ukusebenzisa amadivayisi abo noma amanethiwekhi asekhaya angavikelekile kahle . Lokhu kwandisa kakhulu ingozi ye-malware, ukwebiwa kweziqinisekiso, noma ukuvuza kolwazi olubucayi, futhi le ngozi ithinta ngqo izinhlelo zesakhiwo uma amahhovisi, amaseva, noma izinsizakalo zesakhiwo zixhunywe kulezi zindawo ezikude.
Ukuze kuqiniswe ukuphepha kwe-inthanethi kwesakhiwo esihlakaniphile kulo mongo, abanikazi nabaqashi kumele bacabange kabusha ngomngcele wokuphepha : inethiwekhi yezinkampani kanye nezinhlelo zezakhiwo zifinyelela emakhaya lapho abantu besebenza khona. Ukuvikela i-router yehhovisi akusanele; indawo yokugcina kanye nenethiwekhi yasekhaya kumele kubhekwe njengengxenye yesistimu edinga ukuvikelwa.
Izinyathelo ezibalulekile zifaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa okuhlelekile kwama -VPN kanye nokufinyelela okukude okuphephile , izinqubomgomo zokwabelana ngamafayela eziqinile (ukulawula ukusetshenziswa kwe-imeyili, amafu omphakathi namathuluzi okubambisana), ukuhlolwa kobuthakathaka ngezikhathi ezithile ezindaweni zokusebenza ezikude, kanye nokuqapha ukufinyelela okusolisayo kumaseva noma izinhlelo zokusebenza ezibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwesakhiwo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, noma nini lapho umqashi omusha ethuthela esakhiweni noma eshintsha indlela yakhe yokusebenza (isibonelo, ngokusebenzisa ukuxhumana okwengeziwe), kuyalulekwa ukuthi kubuyekezwe ubuthakathaka bendawo yakhe yokusebenza futhi kuhlanganiswe izinqubo zokuphepha phakathi komphathi wesakhiwo nenkampani yomqashi, ukuze wonke umuntu agwedle ngendlela efanayo.
Isiko le-Cybersecurity nokuqeqeshwa komsebenzisi
Noma ngabe ubuchwepheshe buyinkimbinkimbi kangakanani, ngaphandle kwesiko lokuphepha kwe-inthanethi phakathi kwabo bonke abathintekayo, ingozi isalokhu iphezulu. Abanikazi, abaphathi bezakhiwo, abaqashi, abasebenzi, abahlinzeki, kanye nezivakashi bonke bayingxenye yesistimu yokuphepha, futhi izinqumo zabo zansuku zonke zingenza umehluko phakathi kwesigameko esincane kanye nokwephulwa okukhulu.
Kubalulekile ukukhuthaza lokho esingakubiza ngokuthi "imfundo ye-cyber" yezakhamuzi : ukuchaza ngokucacile ukuthi kungani iziqinisekiso kungafanele zabelwane ngazo, ukubaluleka kokuvuselela amadivayisi, indlela yokubona ama-imeyili e-phishing, okufanele ukwenze uma kwenzeka ukuziphatha okungajwayelekile okuvela ohlelweni lwesakhiwo, nokuthi ubani okufanele abike kuye noma yikuphi ukusola.
Amaqembu e-IT ezinkampani ngokuvamile agxile kakhulu ekugcinweni kwemfihlo kanye nobuqotho bamanethiwekhi nolwazi , kuyilapho amaqembu okusebenza okwakha ebeka phambili ukutholakala kanye nokulula kokufinyelela kude kwabahlinzeki bokulungisa. Lawa mazwe amabili adinga ukuhlangana nokuhlanganisa amasu afanayo.
Ngaphandle kwesu elicacile, elisetshenziswe kahle, nelixhumanisiwe lokuphepha kwe-inthanethi , abaqashi abafuna kakhulu bangase bafune ezinye izindlela kwezinye izakhiwo ezineziqinisekiso zokuphepha zedijithali ezingcono. Phela, akekho ofuna ukusungula indlunkulu noma indawo yokuhlala endaweni lapho enomuzwa wokuthi idatha yakhe noma induduzo yakhe ingase yonakaliswe ukuhlaselwa kwe-inthanethi.
Kuhlelo oluphelele lokuphepha kwe-inthanethi ezakhiweni
Ukuvikelwa okuphumelelayo kwesakhiwo esihlakaniphile akufezwa ngomkhiqizo owodwa, kodwa ngohlelo oluphelele lokuphepha kwe-inthanethi oluqondiswe ngqo emkhakheni wezindlu kanye nezici ezihlukile zesakhiwo ngasinye. Lolu hlelo kufanele luqale ngokuhlolwa okuningiliziwe kwesimo samanje.
Indawo enhle yokuqala ukwenza ukuhlolwa okuphelele kanye nokuxilongwa kwawo wonke amanethiwekhi, izinhlelo, namadivayisi axhunywe esakhiweni (i-IT kanye ne-OT), ukuhlonza ubuthakathaka, ukubeka phambili izingozi, kanye nokubeka imephu yokuxhumana phakathi kwezinsizakalo. Ukusuka lapho, kuklanywa uhlelo lokuvikela olwenziwe ngokwezifiso, olusungula imithwalo yemfanelo, izinsuku zokugcina, kanye nezinyathelo ezithile.
Phakathi kwezinto ezivamile zohlelo oluqinile kukhona ukuhlolwa kobuthakathaka bokusebenza nezinhlelo , ukulungiswa kwezinkinga ezitholakele, ukusetshenziswa kokuqapha okuthuthukisiwe, izixazululo zokuthola kanye nokuphendula ezigamekweni, kanye nokuqiniswa kwezinqubomgomo nezilawuli zenhlangano (ukuphathwa kokufinyelela, amazinga abaphakeli, izinqubo zokuphendula, njll.).
Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kanye nokubuyekezwa okuvamile kuvumela uhlelo ukuthi luvumelane nezinsongo nobuchwepheshe obusha. Ukuphepha kwe-inthanethi akuguquki; kudinga umzamo oqhubekayo wokubuyekeza, ukuhlola, ukubuyekeza, kanye nokuthuthukisa, okuhambisana eduze nokuvela kobuchwepheshe bezakhiwo ezihlakaniphile ngokwazo.
Izakhiwo ezihlakaniphile sezivele ziyingxenye ebalulekile yempilo yanamuhla, zinikeza inhlanganisela ekhangayo kakhulu yenduduzo, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokusimama. Kodwa-ke, inani lazo langempela libonakala kuphela uma ubuchwepheshe obuzenza zihlakaniphe buvikelwe ngezinyathelo zokuphepha kwe-inthanethi eziqinile , izinqubo ezichazwe kahle, kanye nabasebenzisi abanolwazi; labo abazokwazi ukuhlanganisa zonke lezi zinto yibo abanikeza ngempela izindawo eziphephile, ezinokwethenjelwa, nezivikelekile esikhathini esizayo.
