- I-inthanethi ye-Stratospheric isebenzisa amapulatifomu e-HAPS cishe endaweni ephakeme ngamakhilomitha angama-20 ukuze inikeze ukuxhumana okubambezeleka okuphansi ngqo kumaselula avamile.
- Amaphrojekthi afana neZephyr (Aalto HAPS) kanye nezindiza zeSceye zifuna ukunqoba ukushiyeka kukaLoon ngezindiza ezilawulekayo kanye nokuzimela kwamasonto.
- Lezi zixazululo zihlose ukunciphisa ukuhlukana kwedijithali ezindaweni ezikude futhi zincintisane ngezindleko kanye nomthamo nezinkanyezi zesathelayithi ezifana ne-Starlink.
I-inthanethi ebizwa ngokuthi i-stratospheric ayisekho umqondo wesikhathi esizayo futhi isibe ngomunye wemikhakha eshisa kakhulu embonini yezokuxhumana. Ngenkathi umhlaba ugxile ezinkanyezini zesathelayithi njenge-Starlink ne-OneWeb, iqembu lezinkampani lenza umzamo omkhulu wokuletha ukuxhumana emoyeni ongaphezulu lisebenzisa izindiza nezindiza ezikwazi ukuhamba cishe ngamakhilomitha angama-20 ngaphezu komhlaba.
Leli gagasi elisha lobuchwepheshe linomgomo ocacile kakhulu: ukuxhumanisa abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2.200 abasenokufinyelela kwe-inthanethi okulinganiselwe kakhulu noma abangenakho nhlobo ngoba bahlala ezindaweni zasemakhaya, eziqhingini ezikude, noma ezifundeni lapho ukusebenzisa izintambo ze-fiber optic noma imibhoshongo yamaseli kungabi nenzuzo. Futhi, ngokwenza kanjalo, ihlose ukuncintisana ne-inthanethi yesathelayithi ngokunikeza indlela yokubambezeleka okuphansi, eguquguqukayo kakhudlwana, futhi, ephepheni, eshibhile ukuyinakekela.
Iyini ngempela i-inthanethi ye-stratosphere?
Uma sikhuluma nge-inthanethi ye-stratosphere, sibhekisela ekusetshenzisweni kwamapulatifomu aphezulu (HAPS) , okungukuthi, izindiza ezingenamuntu, ama-drone asebenzisa amandla elanga, noma izindiza ezindizayo e-stratosphere, ngokuvamile phakathi kwamakhilomitha ayi-18 nama-21 ngaphezu kobuso boMhlaba. Kusukela kulesi sikhundla, zisebenza njengemibhoshongo yamaseli esibhakabhakeni , zimboza izindawo ezinkulu ngedatha kanye nezimpawu zezwi.
Umehluko omkhulu uma uqhathaniswa namasathelayithi ukuthi lawa mapulatifomu asondele kakhulu eMhlabeni . Lokhu kuvumela ukulibaziseka kwesignali okuncishisiwe (ukubambezeleka), okubalulekile ekusetshenzisweni okudinga impendulo esheshayo, njengezingcingo zevidiyo, imidlalo eku-inthanethi, noma izinhlelo zokusebenza ezibalulekile ezimweni eziphuthumayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, angathumela isignali ngqo kumafoni ajwayelekile , ngaphandle kwesidingo sezitsha zesathelayithi noma imishini ekhethekile ekhaya ngalinye.
Ngokusho komagazini okhethekile i-MIT Technology Review, amandla ala ma-HAPS (High Altitude Platforms) makhulu kakhulu ekuletheni ukuxhumana ezindaweni ezikude nezinabantu abambalwa lapho inani labantu liphansi kakhulu kangangokuthi ukwakha ingqalasizinda yomhlaba akubizi kakhulu. Sikhuluma ngeziqhingi ezincane, amadolobhana asezintabeni, izindawo eziwugwadule, noma amahlathi lapho ukwakha imibhoshongo noma ukubeka ikhebula le-fiber optic kuyindaba ebuhlungu ngempela yezokuthutha kanye nezomnotho.
Konke lokhu kuvela esimweni lapho, naphezu kokuba khona kwama -satellite asebenzayo e-Starlink acishe abe yi-10.000 kanye nama-satellite e-OneWeb angaba ngu-650 , ukumbozwa okuqinile akukaqinisekiswa ezindaweni ezinkulu zomhlaba. Ngamanye amazwi, isithembiso se-inthanethi yama-satellite yomhlaba wonke sisenezikhala ezinkulu, futhi yilapho i-inthanethi ye-stratosphere ihlose khona ukwenza umthelela omkhulu.
Isibonelo seLoon, iphrojekthi yebhaluni ye-Google
Ngaphambi kwalesi sizukulwane esisha samapulatifomu, omunye wemizamo eyaziwa kakhulu kwakuyiLoon , iphrojekthi ye-Google X. Yasungulwa ngo-2011, umqondo wayo kwakuwukudala inethiwekhi yamabhaluni aphezulu e-stratosphere ukuze isebenze njengenethiwekhi yezokuxhumana ezintantayo. Amabhaluni ayebekwe ezindaweni eziphakeme futhi ngokwemfundiso ayehloselwe ukuhlala ezindaweni ezithile ukuze ahlinzeke ngensizakalo ye-inthanethi.
Ephepheni kwakuzwakala kukuhle, kodwa empeleni bahlangana nenkinga eyisisekelo yefiziksi: amabhaluni ayencike ngokuphelele emifuleni yomoya . Nakuba uhlelo lwalungashintsha ukuphakama ukuze lusebenzise imimoya evela eziqondisweni ezahlukene, kwakunzima kakhulu ukugcina ibhaluni lapho lalidingeka khona isikhathi eside.
Lokhu kungaqiniseki kwadinga inqwaba yamabhaluni emoyeni ukuqinisekisa ukuthi okungenani amanye angaphakathi kwendawo yesevisi, okwakhuphula izindleko. Njengoba iphrojekthi iqhubeka, kwacaca ukuthi imodeli yayingasasebenzi kahle ngokwezomnotho . Ngemva kweminyaka eminingi yokuhlola, i-Google yagcina ivale i-Loon ngo-2021.
Naphezu kwalokho kuphazamiseka, umqondo wokusebenzisa i-stratosphere ukuze unikeze ukuxhumana awuzange uphele. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ezinye izinkampani bezisebenza isikhathi esithile kuma -HAPS (High Altitude Platforms) alawuleka kalula , anemiklamo ehluke kakhulu kumabhaluni: izindiza eziqondiswayo kanye nama-drone aphiko oluqinile asebenza ngamandla elanga noma i-hydrogen. Isihluthulelo kwakuwukudala ipulatifomu engahlala imile cishe endaweni ethile, ngaphandle kokuthembela emoyeni.
Namuhla, izinkampani ezifana ne-Aalto HAPS noma i-Sceye zithi zixazulule ngqo lelo phuzu elibuthakathaka elacwilisa i-Loon, zihlanganisa i-aerodynamics esebenza kahle kakhulu , i-avionics ehlakaniphile kanye nezinhlelo zokunyakaza ezikwazi "ukukhomba emoyeni" ukuze zibuyisele umoya ovunguzayo futhi zizibambe, empeleni, endaweni ethile yesevisi.
Iphuzu elibalulekile lokuthengisa lale phrojekthi entsha yikhono lawo lokuhlala emoyeni amasonto noma ngisho nezinyanga , esebenza njenge-antenna ezintantayo zangempela. Asisakhulumi ngama-prototype alula: amanye amapulatifomu aphule amarekhodi abalulekile, okubonisa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe buyavuthwa.
Elinye lamagama okukhulunywa kakhulu ngawo yi- Aalto HAPS , inkampani ephuma kwi-Airbus enkulu yaseYurophu. Iphrojekthi yayo ephambili yi -Zephyr , i-drone elula kakhulu, esebenza ngelanga enamaphiko angamamitha angaba ngu-25 . Le moto ibilokhu iqoqa izindiza zokuhlola ezinde kakhulu, ifinyelela ingqophamlando emangalisayo: izinsuku ezingu-67 zilandelana emoyeni ngo-Ephreli 2025, irekhodi emkhakheni we-HAPS.
Ngokombono wobuchwepheshe, i-Zephyr yenzelwe ukundiza e-stratosphere futhi isebenze njengombhoshongo wefoni ephathekayo olengiswe phezulu ngaphezu komhlaba. Ngokusho kukaPierre-Antoine Aubourg, iSikhulu Esiphezulu Sezobuchwepheshe se-Aalto HAPS, umqondo uwukuyihlanganisa kumanethiwekhi opharetha beselula bezentengiselwano ukuze, ngazo zonke izinhloso, ibe yinye iseli ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi, entanta kuphela endaweni ephakeme cishe ngamakhilomitha angama-20.
Izivivinyo zokuqala ezibalulekile zezentengiselwano zeZephyr zizokwenzeka eningizimu yeJapane , ngokubambisana nenkampani yeselula i-NTT DOCOMO kanye nenkampani yezokuxhumana ngesathelayithi i-Space Compass. Indawo yaseJapan yenze indawo efanele yokuhlola: ineziqhingi ezingaba ngu-430 ezihlalwa ngabantu , eziningi zazo ezinezintaba, ezikude, futhi ezinabantu abambalwa, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuthunyelwa kwengqalasizinda yendabuko.
Kulezi zivivinyo zaseJapane, i-Zephyr izosakaza ukuxhumana kwe-5G okusheshayo ngqo kuma-smartphone ajwayelekile, ngaphandle kokudinga ukufakwa okukhethekile kumsebenzisi. Ukuvama kanye nendlela ehlanganiswe ngayo kunethiwekhi kuzokwenza ushintsho oluvela kuseli elingaphansi komhlaba luye epulatifomu ye-stratospheric lungabonakali nhlobo kumuntu ophansi.
Izindiza ze-Stratospheric kanye nemiklamo emisha ye-HAPS
Ngaphandle kwama-drone angenawo amaphiko aqinile njengeZephyr, enye indawo ethakazelisa kakhulu kulo mkhakha yizindiza zezindiza ezisezingeni eliphezulu . Yilapho iSceye ingena khona, inkampani ese-New Mexico (e-USA) eyakhe i-aerostat enkulu, cishe amamitha angu-65 ubude, ecindezelwe futhi inikwe amandla amandla elanga kanye ne-helium.
Umsunguli kanye ne-CEO ye-Sceye uMikkel Frandsen ugomela ngokuthi inkampani yakhe ifinyelele lokho uLoon angazange akufeze, ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwesimo somkhumbi wezindiza esilawulekayo , ama-avionics athuthukile, namabhethri esizukulwane esilandelayo. Lawa mabhethri anika amandla ifeni kagesi evumela umkhumbi wezindiza ukuthi "uqondise umoya phezulu," okusho ukuthi ungamelana nemisinga yomoya futhi ugcine indawo yawo endaweni oyifunayo.
Lo mklamo unikeza inzuzo eyengeziwe: indawo enkulu yomkhumbi wezindiza ivumela ukuhlanganiswa kwamaphaneli elanga namabhethri anamandla aphezulu , kanye nomthamo wokulayisha umthwalo ongaphezu kwamakhilogremu angu-250. Lokhu kwenza ipulatifomu ikwazi ukugcina amandla adingekayo kuyo yonke imijikelezo yasemini nasebusuku futhi ihlale izinzile kokubili ekuphakameni nasesimweni, okubalulekile ekusebenzeni okuqhubekayo.
ISceye iphinde ibheke eJapane ngezivivinyo zayo zokuqala zangaphambi kokuhweba zokuxhumeka kwe-stratosphere. Le nkampani ibambisene neSoftBank, enye yezinkampani ezinkulu zokuxhumana eJapane, ebona i-HAPS njengendlela yokuyisa amanethiwekhi ayo "esingeni elilandelayo" futhi imboze izindawo zasemakhaya noma zaseziqhingini ezisalokhu zisesimeni esibi sedijithali.
Okwamanje, abanye abadlali abakhulu bayathuthuka. I-World Mobile eseLondon ithenge ama-Stratospheric Platforms futhi isebenza ku- UAV ye-stratospheric esebenza nge-hydrogen efakwe i-antenna enezigaba ekwazi, ngokwezinhlelo zayo, ukuletha amandla afinyelela ku- 200 Mbps kubasebenzisi abangaba ngu -500.000 ngesikhathi esisodwa endaweni engaba ngu-15.000 km², okulingana nokumbozwa kwemibhoshongo yomakhalekhukhwini yendabuko engaphezu kuka-500.
Izinzuzo ngaphezu kwe-inthanethi yesathelayithi kanye nengqalasizinda yomhlaba
Intshisekelo kwi-inthanethi ye-stratosphere ayigcini nje ngokubona izindiza nezindiza ezingenamoya phezulu esibhakabhakeni. Isisusa esiyinhloko siwumnotho nokusebenza: ukwenza ukuxhumana kube nenzuzo ezindaweni lapho kungekho khona njengamanje nokuhambisana namanethiwekhi akhona ngendlela eguquguqukayo.
Esinye sezigxeko ezivamile ze-inthanethi yesathelayithi, ngisho nezinhlelo ezithuthukisiwe njenge-Starlink, ukuthi i-bandwidth iyancishiswa lapho abasebenzisi abaningi begxile endaweni efanayo. Ngenxa yokuthi amasathelayithi asemjikelezweni ophansi woMhlaba, "ikhoni yokumboza" yawo ibanzi kakhulu, njengokukhanya kwethoshi: kuhle ezindaweni ezinabasebenzisi abahlakazekile, kodwa kuyinkinga lapho ubuningi bamakhasimende bukhula.
Kunezibonelo ezicacile kakhulu: ezindaweni ezingqubuzanayo, njengasempini e-Ukraine, ukusebenza kwe-Starlink kubikwe ukuthi kwehla kusuka kwisivinini esiphezulu esingu-220 Mbps kuya phansi njengo- 10 Mbps lapho ukusetshenziswa kukhuphuka , isibonelo, ngama-drones amaningi namarobhothi asemhlabeni axhunywe ngasikhathi sinye. E-Indonesia, izwe eliyisiqhingi elinesimo sendawo esifana nesaseJapan ngezindlela ezithile, abanye abasebenzisi nabo babike ukulahlekelwa yisivinini njengoba okubhaliselwe kwabo kwanda.
UFrandsen uqhubeka nokusho ukuthi ukusebenza kahle kweStarlink kuqala ukwehla lapho ubuningi budlula cishe umsebenzisi oyedwa ngekhilomitha lesikwele , into engenzeka ngisho nasemiphakathini yaseziqhingini, nakuba ingeyona enkulu kakhulu, ihlanganisa amakhulu noma izinkulungwane zabantu endaweni encane. Lo mkhawulo uholela opharetha ukuthi bafune ezinye izindlela zezifunda ezithile.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-HAPS ingahamba phezu kwesifunda esithile futhi ilungise inani lamapulatifomu ngokwesidingo sangempela, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuthumela amaqoqo ezinkanyezi aphelele ezweni noma endaweni eyodwa. Njengoba i-Aubourg ifingqa, uma kudingeka ukumbozwa endaweni ethile, indiza eyodwa ye-stratosphere yanele; uma kudingeka umthamo owengeziwe, kunezelwa izindiza ezengeziwe, kodwa ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
Izindleko, amamodeli ebhizinisi kanye namathuba emakethe
Iphuzu elibalulekile kule ndaba ukuthi lolu hlobo lokuxhumana luzobiza malini uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela. Njengamanje, i-inthanethi yesathelayithi isalokhu ibiza kakhulu kubasebenzisi abaningi emazweni asathuthuka. Amanani e-Starlink aqala cishe ku-$10 ngenyanga kwezinye izingxenye zase-Afrika, kodwa izigidi zabantu kulawo mazwe baphila ngama-$2 kuphela ngosuku, ngakho-ke le nsizakalo ayibizi kakhulu kubo.
Izinkampani ezifana ne-Aalto HAPS kanye ne-Sceye ziphikisana ngokuthi amapulatifomu azo anganciphisa izindleko zokuthunyelwa ngomsebenzisi ngamunye uma kuqhathaniswa namasathelayithi kanye nengqalasizinda esemhlabeni ezindaweni ezikude. Ngokumboza izifunda ezinkulu ezinezindiza ezimbalwa futhi ngaphandle kwesidingo sokufaka izinkulungwane zemibhoshongo, kokubili izindleko zokutshalwa kwezimali zokuqala kanye nezokulungisa ziyancishiswa, okuyinto, ngokombono, okufanele ihumushe ibe amanani aphansi kumsebenzisi wokugcina.
I-World Mobile, yona, ibeke izibalo eziqondile kakhulu etafuleni. Ngokusho kukaRichard Deakin, inhloko yesigaba sayo se-stratosphere, amapulatifomu ayisishiyagalolunye e-Stratomast anganele ukuhlinzeka ngensizakalo esheshayo kubantu baseScotland abayizigidi ezingu-5,5 ngezindleko eziphelele ezingaba amakhilogremu ayizigidi ezingu-40 ngonyaka. Ngokwezinto zansuku zonke, lokho kungalingana nama -pence angaba ngu-60 ngomuntu ngamunye ngenyanga , okungaphansi kakhulu kwemali yokubhalisa yamanje ye-Starlink e-UK, engaba amakhilogremu angu-75 ngenyanga.
Noma kunjalo, abahlaziyi bemboni balondoloza ukuma okuqaphile. Izifundo ezifana nalezo ze-Analysis Mason ziveza ukuthi imakethe ye-HAPS ingafinyelela cishe ku-$1.900 billion ngo-2033, okuyinani elincane uma liqhathaniswa nezilinganiso zemboni ye-inthanethi yesathelayithi, ezingafinyelela cishe ku-$33.440 billion ngo-2030. Ngamanye amazwi, imakethe yesathelayithi izoba nkulu kakhulu kusengaphambili, kodwa i-HAPS ihlose ukubamba izindawo ezithile neziqondile.
Kuhle ukukhumbula ukuthi ubuchwepheshe be-HAPS abuyinto entsha ngokomqondo . Buye bacwaningwa kusukela ngawo-1990, cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo nokuthuthukiswa kwezinkanyezi ezinkulu zamasathelayithi. Kodwa-ke, ukwehla kwezindleko zokuqaliswa kwesikhala kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kwezinkampani ezifana ne-SpaceX kwasho ukuthi izixazululo ze-stratospheric zancishiswa okwesikhashana. Manje sezibuya ngamandla ngenxa yokuthuthuka kwezinto zokwakha, amabhethri, amaphaneli elanga, kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula.
Imithethonqubo, ukuphepha, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ngale kokufinyelela i-inthanethi
Ukuze i-inthanethi ye-stratosphere ibe yinto evamile, ukuba nobuchwepheshe obulungile akwanele; abalawuli kudingeka babone ukuthi iyasebenza futhi iphephile. Kulokhu, i- U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) isiqalile ukuthatha isinyathelo, ishicilela idokhumenti enamakhasi angaba ngu-50 ehlola indlela yokuhlanganisa inani elikhulu lamapulatifomu e-HAPS endaweni yasemoyeni yase-U.S.
Lokhu kuthakasela imithetho akulona iphutha. E-United States, kusenemindeni engaba yizigidi ezingu-8 engaxhumene , cishe u-4,5% wabantu, ngokusho kwedatha evela ku-American Community Survey yi-Census Bureau. Kubaxhasi be-High-Speed Mobile Platforms (HAPS), lawa mapulatifomu anganikeza ikhambi elishibhile neliguquguqukayo kunokusebenzisa amanethiwekhi amasha e-fiber noma ukuqhubeka nokwandisa ingqalasizinda yeselula yendabuko.
Ngaphezu kokufinyelela ku-inthanethi, amapulatifomu e-stratosphere anezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezithembisayo kakhulu . Ohulumeni kanye namasosha okuphepha bangawasebenzisa ekuqapheni imingcele, ekulawuleni ithrafikhi yasemanzini noma yasemoyeni, emisebenzini yokuhlola, kanye nokuxhumana okuphuthumayo ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo noma ezingxabanweni ezihlomile, lapho ingqalasizinda esemhlabeni ingabhujiswa noma ingasebenzi.
Emkhakheni wokuvikelwa komphakathi kanye nemvelo, i-HAPS isebenza njengezindawo zokubuka kanye nokubona kude : ukutholakala kusenesikhathi kwemililo yamahlathi, ukuqapha isimo sezulu, ukuqapha ukukhishwa kwegesi, kanye nokulawula ukuchitheka kokungcola. Amandla abo okuhlala endaweni efanayo isikhathi eside abenza babe ithuluzi elifanele lalezi zinhlobo zemisebenzi ende.
Baqala futhi ukuhlola amathuba ebhizinisi angavamile, njengezindiza zezivakashi ezisezingeni eliphezulu ukuze ziyise abagibeli "emaphethelweni esikhala" futhi zinikeze okuhlangenwe nakho kwendiza okuphakeme. Lawa mapulatifomu afanayo angathutha imithwalo yesayensi noma yezobuchwepheshe futhi asebenze njengezindawo zokuhlola izinzwa ezintsha, amakhamera, noma izinhlelo zokuxhumana.
Izixazululo ze-NASSAT kanye nokuxhumana kwe-HAPS
Kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezindiza nezindiza, kudalwa izixazululo zokuxhumana ezithile ukuze kuvunyelwe lezi zinkundla ukuthi zihlangane kahle namanethiwekhi esathelayithi nawomhlaba. Isibonelo esisodwa yi-NASSAT, esebenza ezinhlelweni zokuxhumana ezithuthukisiwe ezenzelwe ukusebenza eceleni kwe- Satellite/Stratosphere/Earth axis futhi inikeze izixhumanisi eziqinile ezindaweni eziphakeme.
Izixazululo ze-NASSAT zifaka phakathi ama-antenna kagesi ayisicaba angenazo izingxenye ezihambayo , aqukethe ukuqondisa kwe-electronic beam, ukutholwa kwesignali okuzenzakalelayo, kanye nokushintsha kwe-dynamic polarization. Lawa ma-antenna aklanyelwe ukusekela ukushintsha okusheshayo phakathi kwama-satellite ahlukene e-HTS kanye ne-VHTS, agcine ukubambezeleka okungaphansi kwama-millisecond angu-35, ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo ezinzima.
Esigabeni esiphakathi kwe-stratosphere ne-ground level, lezi ziphakamiso zihlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obufana ne -MIMO enkulu kanye ne-3D beamforming , kanye nenketho yokusebenza ngamabhande afana ne-S-band ukuthuthukisa ukuqina ngokumelene nokuphazamiseka kanye nezimo zomkhathi ezimbi. Konke lokhu kuncike ezintweni ezithuthukisiwe ezifana ne-airgel, i-Kapton, i-Teflon, kanye ne-carbon fiber, kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula ukushisa ezikwazi ukugcina amazinga okushisa angaphakathi azungeze ama-25 °C lapho amazinga okushisa angaphandle efika ku--70 °C.
Ngaphandle kwezici zobuchwepheshe kuphela, i-NASSAT igcizelela ukuthi amaphrojekthi amaningi e-HAPS asenazo izixazululo zokuxhumana eziphelele nokuthi kunethuba elikhulu ezinkampanini ezinganikeza amaphakheji aphelele, kusukela ku-antenna kuya ekuhlanganisweni namanethiwekhi opharetha kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ibambisana nezinhlangano zikahulumeni kanye nezinkampani ezizimele kanye nezinhlangano zezindiza.
Uma zonke lezi zingcezu zihlangana kahle, i-inthanethi ye-stratosphere ibekwe kahle ukuze ibe yisithasiselo sangempela samanethiwekhi esathelayithi nasemhlabeni , ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemakhaya, eziqhingini, noma ezihlaselwe yinhlekelele lapho ukusebenzisa ama-antenna endabuko kuhamba kancane, kubiza kakhulu, noma kungenzeki. Okwenzeka eminyakeni ezayo eJapan, e-Indonesia, eScotland, noma ezingxenyeni zase-Afrika kuzobaluleka ekunqumeni ukuthi lawa mapulatifomu angafeza kangakanani isithembiso sawo sokuvala ngempela ukwahlukana kwedijithali nokuncintisana ubuso nobuso neziqhwaga ezifana neStarlink.
