- Izinkinga zekhompyutha, kusukela enkingeni ye-Y2000K kuya ekucinyweni kwe-inthanethi kwakamuva, zibonisa ubuthakathaka bomphakathi oxhumene kakhulu oncike kusofthiwe.
- Ukwanda kobuhlakani bokwenziwa kunyuse isidingo sama-GPU, inkumbulo, kanye nesitoreji, okuholele ekushodeni, amanani aphezulu, kanye nokushintshela emakethe ezikhungweni zedatha.
- Ukwehluleka kwabahlinzeki bezinsizakalo zokuphepha kwe-inthanethi kanye ne-cloud kugqamisa ingozi yokuthembela kubadlali abambalwa kanye nesidingo sokuhlolwa, izinhlelo zesimo esiphuthumayo, kanye nendlela yamafu amaningi.
- I-AI ayisusi isofthiwe noma abahleli bezinhlelo, kodwa iguqula imodeli ye-SaaS, indima yonjiniyela, kanye nebhalansi phakathi kokuzenzakalela, idatha, kanye nokuphepha.
Izinkinga ze-IT zihambisane noshintsho lwedijithali amashumi eminyaka , yize ngezinye izikhathi sizikhumbula kuphela lapho i-WhatsApp iphahlazeka, isikhumulo sezindiza singasebenzi, noma isikrini esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka se-Windows sivela ezigidini zamakhompyutha ngasikhathi sinye. Kusukela kumakhompyutha okuqala ezentengiselwano kuya ekuqhumeni kobuhlakani bokwenziwa, umlando wakamuva ugcwele amaphutha, ukucima kogesi emhlabeni wonke, amabhamuza obuchwepheshe, kanye nokwesaba kwezezimali okubonisa ukuthi uhlelo lonke lungaba buthakathaka kangakanani.
Ukuqonda umlando kanye nemiphumela yamanje yalezi zinhlekelele ze-cyber kubalulekile ekulinganiseni ukuthembela kwethu kubuchwepheshe, ukuhlola indima yokuphepha kwe-cyber , nokulindela okungenzeka ngemuva kokuchuma kwe-AI, amabhamuza emakethe yamasheya, kanye nokwehluleka okukhulu kwesoftware okukhubaza izindiza, amabhange, izibhedlela kanye nohulumeni emhlabeni jikelele.
Kusukela ku-Y2000K bug kuya ekwesabeni ukuwa kwedijithali emhlabeni jikelele
Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, iplanethi yonke yazilungiselela i-apocalypse yedijithali okwakuthiwa iwukubhujiswa : i-Y2K bug edumile, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-millennium bug. Le mbono yayilula kodwa iphazamisa: njengoba izinhlelo eziningi zigcina izinsuku zisebenzisa izinombolo ezimbili kuphela zonyaka ("dd/mm/yy"), lapho zishintsha kusukela ngo-1999 kuya ku-2000, u-01/01/00 ungahunyushwa njengo-1900. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinhlelo zazo zonke izinhlobo "zazingakholelwa" ukuthi zibuyele emuva ekhulwini leminyaka futhi zaqala ukungasebenzi kahle ngezindlela ezingalindelekile.
Umsuka wale nkinga uqala emuva ngawo-50 no-60 , lapho inkumbulo kanye nokugcina kwakubiza kakhulu futhi kulinganiselwe. Ukuze kongiwe isikhala, abahleli bezinhlelo babesebenzisa izindlela ezahlukene lapho kungenzeka khona, futhi enye yezindlela ezisebenzayo kakhulu kwakuwukufushanisa izinsuku ngokususa ikhulu leminyaka. Ngakho-ke, uJanuwari 1900 wagcinwa njengo-01/00 kanti uDisemba 1999 wagcinwa njengo-12/99, uhlelo esisalubona nanamuhla, isibonelo, kumakhadi amaningi esikweletu.
Kwaphela amashumi eminyaka, akekho owayenaka kakhulu iqhinga lamadijithi amabili , ngoba konke kwenzeka ngaphakathi kwekhulu leminyaka elifanayo futhi kwakubonakala kungekho ngxabano. Kodwa-ke, kancane kancane, izimpawu ezingavamile zaqala ukuvela: amarekhodi abantu abaneminyaka eyikhulu abalwe kudathabheyisi njengamantombazane aneminyaka emine ubudala, amaqoqo emikhiqizo enezinsuku zokuphelelwa yisikhathi "eminyakeni engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili" ngaphambi kosuku lwawo lwangempela, kanye nezinhlelo zokukhokha ezibala izikhathi ezingenakwenzeka. Lezi kwakuyizinkomba zokuthi, lapho iminyaka eyinkulungwane iphenduka, isiphithiphithi singaba sikhulu kakhulu.
Ekuqaleni kwawo-90, izixwayiso zaqala ukuthathwa ngokungathi sína . Ososayensi bekhompyutha nabaphathi bezinhlelo baxwayisa ngokuthi cishe yonke imikhakha ithintekile: amabhange, izinkampani zomshuwalense, iziphathimandla zomphakathi, izinkampani zokwakha, abaqhubi bezokuxhumana, izinkampani zamandla, ezokuthutha, izibhedlela kanye nezinhlelo zokuvikela. Noma iyiphi isofthiwe ephethe izinsuku ezinamadijithi amabili yayiyisinqumo esiyinhloko sokuwa njengoba unyaka ka-2000 usondela.
Ohulumeni nezinkampani ezinkulu basabela ngokutshalwa kwezimali kwezigidi eziningi zamaRandi . Izinhlelo, izizindalwazi, amafayela, kanye nezinqubo kwadingeka kubhalwe phansi; wonke amaphuzu lapho kwakuphathwa khona izinsuku kwakufanele atholakale; futhi inani elikhulu lekhodi kwadingeka libhalwe kabusha. Amathuluzi athile athuthukiswe ukuskena izinhlelo zokusebenza, kwachazwa izinhlelo eziningi zokuhlola, futhi amaqembu asebenza lapho ecelwa ahlanganiswa ukuze achithe ubusuku boNyaka Omusha ka-1999 phambi kwama-consoles namaseva, elungele ukusabela ezigamekweni ezibalulekile.
Indaba yaseSpain ibonisa ubukhulu bomzamo : umbuso wodwa wabela ama-euro ayizigidi ezingu-420 ukuze ulungise izinhlelo nemishini yokushintsha kwenkulungwane yeminyaka, kuyilapho emhlabeni wonke kulinganiselwa ukuthi kwasetshenziswa cishe ama-euro ayizigidigidi ezingu-214.000. Izinhlangano eziningi zasebenzisa leli thuba lomsebenzi ophoqelelwe ukuze zethule nezinye izithuthukisi zamasu, njengokulungiselela izinhlelo zazo ukufika kwe-euro.
Ukufika kwangempela konyaka ka-2000 kwaba yisikhathi sokuxineka okuqinile . Amaqembu obuchwepheshe ayeqapha ngokucophelela intuthuko emazweni afana neNew Zealand, i-Australia, neJapane, adlula umkhawulo wesikhathi ngaphambi kweYurophu noma iMelika. Izindaba ezivela empumalanga zaziqinisekisa: izibani zazisakhanya, izindiza zazingashayi, futhi iziteshi zikagesi zazisasebenza.
Ekugcineni, ukuwohloka kwekhompyutha yomhlaba wonke okwesatshwayo akwenzekanga . Kwakukhona izehlakalo, yebo, kodwa ikakhulukazi zazizincane: ama-invoyisi akhiqizwe ngezinsuku ezingalungile, ama-terminal esevisi angaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi, amanye amadivayisi ayeka ukusebenza, noma amaphutha ahlukene ezitshalweni zamandla enuzi noma kwezinye izinhlelo ezibalulekile axazululwa ngaphandle kwemiphumela emibi kakhulu. ESpain, isibonelo, kwatholakala amaphutha amancane ezitshalweni zamandla enuzi ezimbalwa, kwezinye iziteshi zikaphethiloli, kanye nakwezinye izinhlelo zokuqoqwa kwedatha yethrafikhi ezenzakalelayo.
Iqiniso lokuthi le nhlekelele ayizange yenzeke lenze abanye bayibize ngokuthi inganekwane noma ihaba , kodwa ochwepheshe bayavuma ukuthi ingozi yayingokoqobo nokuthi isizathu sokuthi akwenzekanga lutho olubi kwakuwumzamo wokuvimbela. Ukube lezo zinhlelo azizange zibuyekezwe futhi zilungiswe ngesikhathi, ukweqa kusuka ku-'99 kuya ku-'00 ngabe kubangele isiphithiphithi sokusebenza emabhange, emabhizinisini, kanye nasezinkonzweni zomphakathi, kube nomthelela oqondile emnothweni nasekuphepheni komphakathi.
Iphutha le-Y2000K lisifundise isifundo esisabalulekile nanamuhla : sixhumene kakhulu nobuchwepheshe, futhi uma sithembela kakhulu kubo, kulapho umthelela omkhulu wokwehluleka okukhulu ungaba khona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubonise ukuthi ngisho nalapho sibhekene nenkinga ebikezelwe kusenesikhathi, ukuxhumanisa izimpendulo zomhlaba wonke, ukubandakanya bonke abathintekayo, kanye nokuhlanganisa izinsiza ezanele ngesikhathi kunzima kakhulu.
Kusukela kumaphutha kuya ekucinyweni okukhulu kogesi: ukwehluleka komhlaba wonke okuletha umhlaba esimweni esibi
Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili ngemva kwaleso sesabiso seminyaka eyinkulungwane, usongo lokuvalwa kobuchwepheshe bomhlaba wonke selubonakala kakhulu . Akuseyona isibikezelo esisekelwe ekutheni izinsuku zigcinwa kanjani, kodwa ukucinywa kwamakhompyutha kwangempela okuye kwamisa izindiza, kwavimba ama-ATM, futhi kwaqeda izinsizakalo eziphuthumayo emazweni amaningi ngasikhathi sinye.
Isibonelo esiphawuleka kakhulu ukucima kwekhompyutha kwakamuva okubangelwe yisibuyekezo esinephutha esivela ku-CrowdStrike , inkampani yokuphepha kwe-inthanethi evikela, phakathi kokunye, izinhlelo ezisebenzisa i-Microsoft Windows. Isibuyekezo sokuqukethwe esilula ku-ejenti yayo yokuphepha ye-Windows 10 sanele ukuqala uhlu lwamaphutha abucayi kumadivayisi athintekile afinyelela ku-8,5 million, okubonisa "isikrini sokufa esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka" esidumile kumakhompyutha emhlabeni jikelele.
Ubukhulu besigameko babubukhulu kangangokuthi ochwepheshe abaningi sebevele basibize ngokuthi ukucinywa kwekhompyutha okukhulu kunawo wonke emlandweni , yilokho kanye okwakusatshwa ngephutha le-Y2000K kodwa ekugcineni elahluleka ukwenzeka. Kulokhu, ukuhamba ngendiza, izinhlelo zezimali, ezokuxhumana, ngisho nezinsizakalo eziphuthumayo kwaphazamiseka ngokuzumayo, okugqamisa ubuthakathaka bengqalasizinda yedijithali yomhlaba wonke lapho ithembele kakhulu kubanikezeli abambalwa ababalulekile.
Umthombo wangempela wenkinga kwakuwukushiyeka kokubuyekezwa kokuqukethwe okwasatshalaliswa ezinhlelweni ze-Windows ezivikelwe yi-CrowdStrike . I-CEO yenkampani uqobo kwadingeka ikhiphe incazelo, igcizelela ukuthi kwakungeyona ukuhlaselwa kwe-cyber, kodwa kwakuwukushiyeka kwangaphakathi kwisofthiwe yabo. Nakuba ukulungiswa kwasetshenziswa ngokushesha, umonakalo wawusuvele wenziwe: izigidi zamakhompyutha zaphelelwa amandla okusetshenziswa kuze kube yilapho ifayela eliyinkinga lingasuswa futhi izinhlelo ziqalwe kabusha kwimodi ephephile, ngayinye ngayinye, ezinhlanganweni ezinamakhompyutha ayizinkulungwane.
Njengoba ukuphazamiseka kwezindiza kwanda, izindiza emhlabeni wonke zaqala ukuzwa umthelela . Izikhumulo zezindiza ezimatasa njengeSydney, Gatwick, kanye neStansted zaphoqeleka ukuba zilibazise noma zikhansele izindiza ngenxa yokuwa kwezinhlelo zokungena, ukulawula ukugibela, kanye nokuphatha imithwalo. Ezinye izindiza zamemezela "ukumiswa komhlaba wonke," zamisa yonke imisebenzi kuze kube yilapho isimo sizinza, okwabangela imigqa, ukudideka, kanye nomthelela we-domino owahlala izinsuku eziningi.
Umkhakha wezokunakekelwa kwempilo nawo uhlupheke kakhulu ngenxa yalokhu kucinywa kwe-IT . Izibhedlela nemitholampilo yazithola ingenawo amarekhodi ezempilo kagesi, amashejuli okuqokwa, noma izinhlelo zokuhlola izifo ezisebenzisa ikhompyutha. Ezimweni eziningi, kwakudingeka basebenzise izindlela ezenziwe ngesandla, baqophe idatha ephepheni futhi babeke phambili iziguli ezigula kakhulu kuphela ngenkathi belungisa izinhlelo zabo.
Imikhakha yezinsizakalo zamabhange nezezimali nayo ibhekane nesikhathi esinzima . Kube nokuphazamiseka ekucutshungulweni kokuthengiselana, izinkinga ngama-ATM, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula ezingasebenzi, okudala umuzwa wobuthakathaka ngesikhathi lapho izinkokhelo eziningi kanye nokuthengiselana kuncike kumapulatifomu edijithali. Amanye ama-stock exchange kanye nezinhlelo zolwazi lwezezimali, njenge-London Stock Exchange Group's Workspace platform, nawo athintekile.
Okwamanje, izinsizakalo eziningi zansuku zonke zibhekane nokwehluleka ngezikhathi ezithile noma ukuvalwa ngokuphelele : izitolo ezinkulu kanye nezitolo zokudla okusheshayo ezinezingobo zemali ezivaliwe, iziteshi zemidiya ezinezinhlelo zokusakaza ezithintekile, amabhodi amakhulu adumile njengalawo aseTimes Square avaliwe ngenxa yokwehluleka kwezinhlelo zawo zokulawula, kanye namabhange amakhulu kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi ezibhekene nezicelo ezibalulekile ezingasebenzi.
Nakuba i-CrowdStrike yasheshe yahlukanisa futhi yalungisa ubuthakathaka, ukululama akuzange kusheshe . Isixazululo sasidinga ukuqala kabusha amakhompyutha kwimodi ephephile, ukuthola ifayela eliyinkinga, nokulisusa ngaphambi kokuqala kabusha kwimodi evamile—inqubo enzima kakhulu lapho kubhekene namanethiwekhi amakhulu ezinkampani. I-Microsoft yaze yancoma imijikelezo yamandla efinyelela ku-15 kwamanye amadivayisi, okubonisa ubunzima bokubuyisela emuva ubuthakathaka obusabalele lapho busatshalaliswa ngokuzenzakalelayo kuma-endpoints ayizigidi.
Lokhu kuphazamiseka kwe-IT nakho kube nomthelela ocacile edumeleni nakwezomnotho . Amasheya e-CrowdStrike ehle kakhulu emakethe yamasheya, kanti ne-Microsoft nayo yehla, kuyilapho wonke umkhakha wezobuchwepheshe ubona ukungathembani okudalwe ukwehluleka okukhulu kangaka engxenyeni eyenzelwe ngokwethiyori ukuqinisa ukuphepha nokuqina kwezinhlelo ezibonakala ezimakethe.
Ipulatifomu enkulu iyawa: lapho impilo yansuku zonke ima
Ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okuhlobene nabahlinzeki bezokuphepha kwe-inthanethi, umlando wakamuva ugcwele ukwehluleka okukhulu kwesevisi yedijithali okushiye ingxenye yomhlaba ingaxhunyiwe . Ukuhlasela okuyinkimbinkimbi akudingeki: ngezinye izikhathi iphutha elilula lokucushwa noma isibuyekezo esingahlolwanga kahle sanele ukwehlisa amanethiwekhi omphakathi, izinhlelo zokusebenza zemiyalezo, i-imeyili, noma ngisho nezindawo zokushintshana zamasheya.
Amapulatifomu e-Meta (i-Facebook, i-Instagram, i-WhatsApp, kanye ne-Messenger) ayisibonelo esihle salokhu kuntengantenga kwezokuxhumana nabantu . NgoNovemba 2017, i-WhatsApp yaphazamiseka emhlabeni wonke cishe ihora elilodwa, yashiya izigidi zabasebenzisi zingenakho ukuxhumana. NgoMashi 2019, esinye sezehlakalo ezinde kakhulu eziqoshwe yi-Facebook senzeka: ukungasebenzi okuyingxenye kwamahora afinyelela kwangu-22 okwathinta ne-Instagram kanye ne-WhatsApp, okubizwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi kushintshwe ukucushwa kweseva.
Kwakungesona kuphela isikhathi lapho izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Meta zaphela khona ngendlela ehlelekile . Ngo-Ephreli 2019, izinkinga zaphinde zavela amahora amaningana, kwathi ngoJulayi walowo nyaka ofanayo, kwaba nokunqamuka kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ngasikhathi sinye okuthinta i-Facebook, i-Instagram, i-WhatsApp, kanye ne-Messenger, kwaba nomthelela omkhulu eNtshonalanga Yurophu, e-United States, eMexico, ePhilippines, nakwamanye amazwe aseNingizimu Melika. Ngo-Okthoba 2021, kwaba nokunqamuka kwezinhlelo zokusebenza okwandile, kulokhu kwathatha amahora angaphezu kwamahlanu, kwaba nemiphumela emhlabeni jikelele.
Ikakhulukazi i-WhatsApp iqhubekile nokubona ukungasebenzi kahle kwesevisi okubonakalayo . Ngo-Okthoba 2022, izigidi zabasebenzisi azikwazanga ukuthumela noma ukwamukela imiyalezo cishe amahora amabili, kwathi ngoJulayi 2023, ukungasebenzi komhlaba wonke kwenzeka futhi, kwathatha cishe ihora elilodwa. Lezi ziqephu, nakuba zimfushane, zinemiphumela emikhulu kwezenhlalo nakwezokuxhumana ngoba zithinta ithuluzi elisetshenziselwa ukuxhumana komuntu siqu kanye nobungcweti.
Amanye amapulatifomu amakhulu nawo awavikelekile ekuphazamisekeni kwemisebenzi . NgoJulayi 2019, i-Twitter yabhekana nokuphazamiseka komhlaba wonke okungaba yimizuzu engama-90, okubangelwe noshintsho lokucushwa kwangaphakathi. Ngo-Agasti 2020, i-Gmail, i-Drive, i-Meet, kanye nezinye izinsizakalo ezibalulekile ze-Google zabhekana nokuphazamiseka kwemisebenzi ngezikhathi ezithile amahora amaningana emazweni amaningi, okuthinta i-imeyili yezinkampani, izingcingo zevidiyo, kanye nokusebenzisana kwe-inthanethi ngesikhathi sokukhula komsebenzi okude.
Akuzona zonke izehlakalo ezithinta amapulatifomu abathengi kuphela . Ngo-Okthoba 2020, iTokyo Stock Exchange kwadingeka imise konke ukuhweba usuku lonke ngenxa yenkinga ngohlelo lwayo oluyinhloko lwekhompyutha, kulokho okwakubhekwa njengokuphazamiseka okukhulu emlandweni wemakethe yesitoko yesithathu ngobukhulu emhlabeni. Futhi ngoJuni 2021, ukwehluleka kumhlinzeki wezinsizakalo ze-CDN kanye nefu i-Fastly kwashiya amawebhusayithi amaningi emidiya kanye nezinye izinsizakalo emhlabeni wonke zingasebenzi ngokwengxenye noma ngokuphelele.
Lezi zimo zibonisa ukuthi ngisho nengqalasizinda ebalulekile noma elawulwa kakhulu isengozini yokwehluleka kobuchwepheshe . Ukuxhumana kwezinhlelo, ukuthembela kubahlinzeki bamafu kanye namanethiwekhi okulethwa kokuqukethwe, kanye nokuphishekela njalo ukusebenza kahle kanye nokwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela kusho ukuthi ukwehluleka okukodwa kungasakazeka ngezinga elikhulu ngesivinini ebesingacatshangwa eminyakeni embalwa edlule.
Ukucima kukagesi, ukuphepha kwe-inthanethi, kanye nokuba sengozini kwamafu
Ukuphepha kwe-inthanethi kwanamuhla sekuyinto ebalulekile ekuvikeleni izinhlelo ezibalulekile , kodwa icala lokucinywa okubangelwa isibuyekezo sesofthiwe yokuphepha esinephutha libonisa ukuthi la mathuluzi afanayo angaba yiphuzu elilodwa lokwehluleka. Lapho i-ejenti yokuphepha isetshenziswa ngezinga elikhulu, noma yiliphi iphutha ekubuyekezweni kwayo lingabangela ngqo lokho eyenzelwe ukukuvimbela: ukucima okukhulu.
Namuhla, izinhlangano zabo bonke osayizi, kusukela kuma-SME kuya ezinkampanini ezinkulu, zithembele ezingqimbeni eziningi zokuzivikela kwedijithali : i-antivirus, ama-firewall, izinhlelo zokuthola nokuphendula kusukela ekuqaleni kuya ekugcineni (i-EDR/XDR), ukuqapha okuqhubekayo, ama-backup, izibuyekezo eziqhubekayo, kanye nezixazululo ezisekelwe ku -AI kanye nokufunda komshini ukuthola ukuziphatha okungavamile. Umgomo ukuqinisa ukuphepha kusukela ekuqaleni kuya ekugcineni, kodwa ubunzima balezi zinhlelo zemvelo buletha nezingozi ezintsha.
Ukuthuthela okukhulu efwini kuphindaphinde izinzuzo, kodwa futhi nobuso bokuhlasela . Izinkampani eziningi manje zijabulela ukusabalala okukhulu, isitoreji esingenamkhawulo, kanye nokufinyelela kubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe njengokuhlaziywa kwedatha, i-AI, kanye ne-Intanethi Yezinto. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuhlanganiswa okufanayo kumapulatifomu amafu kusho ukuthi iphutha lomhlinzeki, ukulungiswa okungalungile, noma ukwehluleka kuchungechunge lokubuyekeza kungathinta izinkulungwane zamakhasimende ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Emazweni afana neChile, isibonelo, ama-SME angaphezu kuka-60% abika ukuthi asebenzisa izixazululo ze-cloud computing kanye nesitoreji , okubonisa izinga lapho lo modeli usube yindinganiso ngisho nangaphandle kwezinkampani ezinkulu zamazwe ngamazwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, cishe ama-76% ezinkampani athi asebenzisa izinhlelo ezithile zokuphepha kwe-cyber kanye nokuphathwa kolwazi, azi ukuthi isigameko esisodwa esiphumelelayo singaba nemiphumela emibi ekusebenzeni nasekudumeni kwawo.
Ukuphazamiseka kwe-IT kwakamuva kuqinise umqondo obalulekile: ukuthembela kumhlinzeki oyedwa akwanele . Izinkampani ezithintekile ezazinengqalasizinda yazo yonke yezokuphepha kanye nengxenye yemisebenzi yazo esekelwa yisevisi efanayo zazithola zingenazo ezinye izindlela lapho zehluleka. Lokhu kugcizelela ukubaluleka okukhulayo kwendlela yamafu amaningi kanye nokuhlukahluka kwabahlinzeki, ngenhloso yokugwema ukuncika endaweni eyodwa yokwehluleka kanye nokuba nezinhlelo ezingokoqobo zesimo esiphuthumayo endaweni.
Phakathi kwezifundo zobuchwepheshe ezifundwe kulesi sigameko, kunezici ezintathu ezivelele . Esokuqala isidingo sokwenza ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwanoma yikuphi ukuvuselelwa ezindaweni ezikude nezilawulwayo ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa kwabantu abaningi. Esesibili ukubaluleka kokuba nezinhlelo zokuphendula ngokushesha ezicacile neziqinisekisiwe ezivumela isinyathelo esisheshayo sokunciphisa umonakalo. Esesithathu ukucaca: ukuvuma amaphutha, ukuchaza okwenzekile kanye nokuthi yini eyenziwayo ukuze kulungiswe futhi kuvinjelwe ukuphindaphinda kwaso kubalulekile ekubuyiseleni ukwethenjwa kwamakhasimende kanye nemakethe.
Izinkampani kunoma yimuphi umkhakha, hhayi nje lezo ezizinikele ekuphepheni kwe-inthanethi, kufanele zifunde lezi zifundo . Ukuklama izinqubomgomo namasu okuphepha kwe-inthanethi aqinile, ukutshala imali ekuqeqeshweni, ukugcina izinhlelo ezisezingeni eliphezulu, kanye nokuchaza izinqubo ezicacile zezehlakalo ezinkulu akusadingeki, kodwa kunesidingo esiyisisekelo sokusebenza ezweni elixhumene kakhulu lapho ukwehluleka kwekhompyutha kungaholela ekulahlekelweni kwezezimali, izinkinga zomthetho, kanye nenkinga yodumo emahoreni ambalwa.
Ukwanda kobuhlakani bokwenziwa njengomthombo omusha wenkinga
Ngenkathi ukucima kogesi kanye nokwehluleka okukhulu kuyanda, elinye ithonya lishintsha ngokuphelele isimo sobuchwepheshe: ubuhlakani bokwenziwa . Eminyakeni embalwa nje, i-AI ekhiqizayo, amamodeli olimi, kanye nama-ejenti azimele asuke esithembisweni esikude aya enjinini yezomnotho nezobuchwepheshe efinyelela cishe kukho konke, kusukela ekuthuthukisweni kwesofthiwe kuya kwesevisi yamakhasimende, ukumaketha, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezezimali.
Amamodeli nezinsizakalo ezifana neze-OpenAI, i-DeepSeek, kanye nezinye izimbangi ziye zaphawula inguquko . Lokho okwaqala njengohlobo lwe-mirage, ngokukhula okumangalisayo kwezinkampani zehadiwe ezifana ne-NVIDIA, kuye kwaqina kwaba ukukhula okuqhubekayo okuqhubeka nokuqhuba isidingo samandla ekhompyutha, amandla, kanye nethalente elikhethekile. I-AI ithengiswe njengohlobo lwe-panacea, futhi namuhla ifunwa ngabasebenzisi bansuku zonke kanye nezinkampani ezinkulu.
Lokhu kuchuma kudala ngisho nokwesaba mayelana nebhamuza le-AI elingenzeka , elifana ngokucacile nebhamuza le-dot-com lasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-90. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakuyi-inthanethi eyayibonakala ikwazi ukuthethelela noma yikuphi ukulinganisa okukhulu; manje ubuhlakani bokwenziwa obuvuse intshiseko yabatshalizimali, izikhwama ze-venture capital, kanye nezinkampani ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe, okwandisa ukwanda kokulinganisa okuthi ezimweni eziningi kungahambisani nokukhiqizwa kwemali engenayo yangempela.
Ebhamuzeni elidlule, izinkampani ezifana neLycos, iTerra, neBoo.com zagcina zinyamalele , kanti ezinye ezifana ne-Amazon zasinda kulesi siphepho futhi zavela zinamandla ngemva kokuhlanza okunzima kwemakethe. Izindlela ezifanayo ziyabonakala namuhla: Izinkampani ezintsha ze-AI ziyanda zifuna imali esheshayo, ngokuvamile ziqhutshwa yizimali ezinkulu kanye nengcindezi eqhubekayo yabezindaba, kuyilapho izinkampani ezinkulu ezifana ne-Google, i-Microsoft, kanye namaphrojekthi ka-Elon Musk zincintisana kakhulu ukubusa lo mngcele omusha wezobuchwepheshe.
Umehluko manje ukuthi i-AI isivele inokusetshenziswa okuzinzile nokunenzuzo . Izinsizakalo zamafu, ukuzenzekela kwenqubo, ama-semiconductor akhethekile, amathuluzi okukhiqiza, kanye nezixazululo zokuhlaziya ezithuthukisiwe kukhiqiza imali engenayo ebonakalayo ezinkampanini ezisunguliwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimakethe zezimali zinamathuluzi okuhlaziya ubungozi ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunangeminyaka yo-2000, futhi ingqalasizinda yedijithali yomhlaba wonke isivuthiwe kakhulu, okuyinto, ngokombono, engakhuthaza ukukhula okusimeme kancane.
Noma kunjalo, ukuthembela ku-AI kwezomnotho njenge-United States kuphezulu kakhulu . Ezinye izilinganiso zilinganisela ukuthi cishe u-40% wokukhula komnotho kwakamuva e-US kuxhumene, ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile, nalobu buchwepheshe. Futhi akuyona nje into yezomnotho: amagama amakhulu embonini—u-Elon Musk, uMark Zuckerberg, uJeff Bezos, nabanye—manje banethonya elikhulu kwezepolitiki futhi abanasithakazelo sokuvumela i-bubble iqhume ngokungalawuleki, yize okunye ukususa amaphrojekthi angenakusebenza cishe kungenakugwenywa.
Ihadiwe icindezelwe kuze kube semkhawulweni wayo: I-GPU, i-RAM, i-SSD kanye ne-HDD ngaphansi kwengcindezi
Ukwanda kobuhlakani bokwenziwa akubonakali nje kuphela kuma-balance sheet nasezihlokweni, kodwa futhi nakwi-hardware ebonakalayo esekela yonke inguquko yama-chip . Izikhungo zedatha ezizinikele ekuqeqeshweni nasekusebenziseni amamodeli e-AI akhiqizayo sezibe yizinsiza ezingokoqobo: zidinga ukusebenza okunonya kwekhompyutha, inani elikhulu lememori kanye nesitoreji, kanye namanethiwekhi e-bandwidth ephezulu kakhulu.
Inhliziyo yale ngqalasizinda kukhona ama-GPU kanye nezinye izisheshisi ezikhethekile . Amakhadi afana ne-NVIDIA H100, ukwakheka kwe-Blackwell, izixazululo ze-AMD Instinct, kanye nama-Google TPU anciphise ama-CPU endabuko ngenxa yemithwalo yemisebenzi eminingi ye-AI ngoba avumela ukucutshungulwa okukhulu kwemisebenzi eminingi ngokunemba okuncane. Lolu shintsho luye lwabangela isidingo sama-GPU ezikhungweni zedatha, okususa kancane ukuhlinzekwa kwezimakethe zabathengi kanye nezemidlalo.
Umphumela uba yinkinga yangempela emakethe ye-GPU yabathengi . Ngokubeka phambili ukukhiqizwa nokwabiwa kwesitoko samamodeli aqondiswe ku-AI kanye nezindawo zobungcweti, abakhiqizi abaningi banciphise ukugxila kwabo engxenyeni yabathengi. Kunamakhadi ehluzo ambalwa atholakalayo kubadlali begeyimu nabadali bokuqukethwe, futhi amayunithi ambalwa afinyelela ezitolo athengiswa ngamanani aphezulu, okwenza ukuthuthukiswa kungenzeki engxenyeni enkulu yabasebenzisi.
Imemori nayo ibhekene nomthelela omkhulu, ikakhulukazi endaweni ye-DRAM . Ama-GPU anamuhla kanye nama-accelerator awadingi nje kuphela i-RAM evamile ye-CPU, kodwa futhi nama-chip e-high-bandwidth memory (HBM) e-VRAM yawo, okwandisa isidingo somhlaba wonke. Abakhiqizi abanjengo-Samsung Electronics, SK Hynix, kanye ne-Micron bebelokhu beshintsha kakhulu amandla okukhiqiza baye e-HBM kanye ne-DRAM yezinga lebhizinisi, benciphisa ukunikezwa kwezimakethe ze-PC, zeselula, kanye nezinye izimakethe zamadivayisi abathengi.
Lokhu kushintsha kokukhiqiza, kanye nokuguquguquka okuvamile kwemakethe ye-DRAM, kudale isiphepho esiphelele . Ngemva kwesikhathi sokukhiqiza ngokweqile kanye nokwehla kwamanani, abakhiqizi abaningi banciphisa umthamo. Ngaleso sikhathi, isidingo esixhunywe kwi-AI saqhuma, okwabangela ukulungiswa okukhulu kokunikezwa. Umphumela: ukuntuleka okungakaze kubonwe kanye nokwenyuka kwamanani kwamamojula e-DDR5 nemikhiqizo efanayo, kwaze kwaba yilapho amanye ama-memory kit esefinyelele amanani ezinkulungwane eziningana zama-euro.
Umthelela ube mubi kakhulu kangangokuthi imikhiqizo yasendulo esigabeni sabathengi ivaliwe . Lokhu kunjalo nge-Crucial, uhlobo lwe-Micron lwe-RAM yasekhaya nama-SSD, okwamenyezelwa ukuphela kwayo kwezentengiselwano ngoFebhuwari 2026, okufanekisela ukushiywa okuqhubekayo komsebenzisi wokugcina ngabakhiqizi abakhulu abakhetha ukugxila emabhizinisini anenzuzo kakhulu axhumene nezikhungo zedatha kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zamabhizinisi.
Isitoreji, kokubili i-SSD kanye ne-HDD, naso sizwa ingcindezi evela ku-AI . Izikhungo zedatha eziqeqesha amamodeli amakhulu zidinga amandla amakhulu okugcina amasethi edatha, izindawo zokuhlola, kanye namalogi. Lokhu kukhulisa isidingo sama-NVMe SSD asebenza kahle kakhulu, afanelekela imithwalo yemisebenzi enzima kanye nokufinyelela okusheshayo, kanye nama-hard drive endabuko amakhulu, asetshenziswa ezindaweni eziseduze zokugcina okubandayo noma okudlule, lapho izindleko nge-terabyte ngayinye zibaluleke kakhulu kunesivinini.
Abakhiqizi bememori ye-NAND flash, abaholwa yizinkampani ezifana ne-Samsung, i-SK Hynix, kanye ne-Micron uqobo, kuye kwadingeka balungise ukukhiqizwa kwabo , ngokuhambisana nomthetho we-chip, ngemuva kwesikhathi sangaphambilini sokuthengiswa ngokweqile. Lokhu kunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kuhambisana nokukhula kwe-AI, okudala imikhawulo yokuhlinzekwa kanye nokwenyuka okukhulu kwamanani, ikakhulukazi kuma-SSD ebhizinisi anabantu abaningi. Emkhakheni we-HDD, izinkampani ezifana ne-Western Digital kanye ne-Seagate nazo zibone wonke amasheya azo ezibophezele ezinkontilekeni ezinkulu, okushiya isikhala esincane emakethe yokuthengisa.
Kumthengi wokugcina, konke lokhu kuye kwaholela ekushintsheni okubuhlungu kakhulu kwendlela yokusebenza . Ngo-2026, amanani e-hardware yama-PC—ikakhulukazi ama-GPU, i-RAM, kanye nama-drive okugcina—ayenyuke kakhulu kangangokuthi ukuthuthukisa imishini yawo kwase kungenakuthengeka kubasebenzisi abaningi. Futhi inkinga ayigcini kumakhompyutha edeskithophu kuphela: omakhalekhukhwini, ama-router, ama-smart TV, namanye amadivayisi athembele ku-DRAM kanye ne-flash memory nawo asebiza kakhulu.
Njengoba bebhekene nalesi simo, abasebenzisi abaningi babheka emakethe esetshenzisiwe noma kubadlali abasha, ikakhulukazi abakhiqizi baseShayina . Izinkampani ezifana ne-CXMT, ezigxile ku-DRAM futhi ezikwazi ukukhiqiza amamojula e-DDR5-8000, noma i-YMTC, ezigxile ku-NAND Flash enobukhulu obuphezulu ngobuchwepheshe obufana ne-Xtacking 4.0 ukuze kufinyelelwe amandla afinyelela ku-8 TB, sezibe yizinketho ezikhangayo kubathengi, ezivame ukufakwa kumabhrendi afana ne-Netac, i-Asgard, i-KingBank, noma i-Gloway.
Kukhona ngisho neziphakamiso eziqine kakhulu, njengokukhiqiza amamojula e-RAM ngesandla . Izindaba ezivela eRussia zibike ukuthi abantu ngabanye namaqembu babecabanga ukuhlanganisa inkumbulo yabo ngenxa yamanani aphezulu kanye nokuntuleka kwesitoko—indaba ekhombisa izinga imakethe yehadiwe yendabuko engalingani ngalo ngokubeka phambili umkhuba we-AI.
Isofthiwe, i-AI kanye nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "i-SaaSpocalypse"
Nakuba i-hardware icindezelwa kuze kube semingceleni yayo futhi izikhungo zedatha zanda, umqondo wesofthiwe uqobo ushintsha kakhulu . Kusukela uMarc Andreessen aqamba inkulumo ethi "isofthiwe iyadla umhlaba" ngo-2011, ukuthuthukiswa nokusabalalisa kohlelo lokusebenza kuye kwashintshela kumodeli ephethwe yi-SaaS (Software as a Service), lapho izinhlelo zokusebenza ziyeka ukuba imikhiqizo yokuthenga kanye kuphela futhi zibe izinsizakalo zokubhalisa ezisekelwe efwini.
Izinhlelo zakudala ezifana ne-Photoshop noma i-Office manje seziyizinsizakalo eziqhubekayo , ezitholakala ngesiphequluli noma izinhlelo zokusebenza ezixhunyiwe, ngemali yanyanga zonke noma yonyaka. Le modeli ivumele izinkampani zesofthiwe ukuthi zenze imali engenayo ephindaphindayo, kodwa futhi iholele ekuxhashazweni: ukwenyuka kwentengo okunamandla, izinkontileka eziqinile, kanye nomuzwa okhulayo wokuboshwa phakathi kwamakhasimende, azizwa eboshiwe idatha yawo, ukuhlanganiswa, kanye nobunzima bokuthuthela kwesinye isisombululo.
Ukwanda kwe-AI kubeka lo modeli ngaphansi kwengcindezi . Amathuluzi e-AI akhiqizayo kanye nama-ejenti ahlakaniphile avumela izinhlangano—ngisho nabasebenzisi ngabanye—ukudala izixazululo ezenziwe ngokwezifiso, ukwenza imisebenzi ngokuzenzakalela, futhi, kwezinye izimo, ukuqeda amalayisense abizayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, sibone ukulungiswa okunonya kwemakethe yesitoko ezinkampanini ze-SaaS ezifana ne-MongoDB, i-Salesforce, i-Shopify, ne-Atlassian, ezilahlekelwe phakathi kuka-15% no-20% wenani lazo emahoreni ambalwa, okwandisa indaba ye-"SaaSpocalypse" okuthiwa iyasebenza.
Ingxenye yalolu shintsho ihlobene nokuguquguquka kwenani ngemuva kobhubhane , okwakhulisa ukulindela kokukhula okungenamkhawulo kwe-SaaS. Kodwa futhi kukhombisa ukukhungatheka kwamakhasimende amaningi ngezinqubomgomo zamanani ezixhaphazayo, njengokwenyuka kwamanani ngo-35% kwe-Salesforce noma ukwenyuka kwe-Broadcom okufika ku-1.500% kumalayisense esoftware ye-virtualization eYurophu. I-AI ivela lapha njengohlobo lwesihluthulelo esivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi "baphunyuke" kulokhu kuncika.
Kodwa-ke, ukukhuluma ngokufa kwesofthiwe, cishe, kuyihaba . Amazwi anegunya afana nakaSteven Sinofsky, owayeyinhloko yeWindows kwaMicrosoft, akhomba ukuthi izinguquko ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe azivami ukubhubhisa ngokuphelele lokho okwakukhona ngaphambili. I-PC ayizange iyibulale i-mainframe, yayihlanganisa; i-e-commerce ayizange isuse isitolo esibonakalayo, yaveza ama-omnichannel giants. Kuzokwenzeka okufanayo nge-AI: ngeke kube khona isofthiwe encane, kodwa kuningi kakhulu, ngoba kusasele izinqubo ezingenakubalwa ezizokwenziwa zibe yidijithali noma zilungiselelwe.
Okubonakala kusobala ukuthi indima yomthuthukisi womuntu izoshintsha . I-AI ithatha imisebenzi eminingi yokuhlela ejwayelekile, ikakhulukazi ngamathuluzi "okubhala ikhodi" noma "ubunjiniyela be-agent" avumela noma ubani ukuthi enze i-prototype futhi akhe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezincane ngokumane anikeze imiyalelo ngolimi lwemvelo. Lokhu kwenza intuthuko ibe yentando yeningi, kodwa futhi kudala isikweletu esisha sobuchwepheshe: ubani ozogcina yonke leyo khodi ekhiqizwe ngomshini eminyakeni emithathu?
Izibalo ezifana noLinus Torvalds zikusho ngokusobala ukuthi : I-AI izoba ithuluzi elihle kakhulu lokuqala ngokuhlela nokwandisa umkhiqizo, kodwa ikhodi ekhiqizayo kuyoba nzima ukuyigcina ngaphandle kwesisekelo esiqinile solwazi. Abahleli bezinhlelo ngeke banyamalale; indima yabo izoguquka ibe ngabakhi bezinhlelo nabaphathi, abanomthwalo wokuqinisekisa ukuthi lokho okusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni kuqinile, kuphephile, futhi kuyasimeme ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ngaphezu kwakho konke lokhu, kukhona udaba olubalulekile lokuzimela kwedatha nokuphepha . Uma isofthiwe esiyisebenzisayo, noma ingxenye yayo, ikhiqizwa futhi isebenza kumapulatifomu ezinkampani zangaphandle njengalawo e-OpenAI, Anthropic, noma abanye abahlinzeki, kuvela ukukhathazeka okusemthethweni mayelana nempahla yengqondo, ubumfihlo bolwazi lwenkampani, kanye nokuthembela kumasu. Esimweni lapho ukungasebenzi kwe-IT sekuvele kubonise ukuthi ukwehluleka komhlinzeki oyedwa kungakhubaza ingxenye yomhlaba, ukubeka amandla amaningi ezandleni zabadlali abambalwa kudala izingozi ezisobala.
Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "i-SaaSpocalypse" kungase kungabi yimbubhiso, kodwa kunalokho ukuguqulwa okujulile kwemakethe yesofthiwe . Umqondo ukhomba esikhathini esizayo lapho abathuthukisi nezinkampani zobuchwepheshe bezothengisa khona amalayisense amancane kanye nemigqa yekhodi, kanye nemiphumela eminingi, ukuzimela, kanye nezinsizakalo ezizilungisa ngesikhathi sangempela, njalo ngaphakathi kohlaka lokuqapha okuqinile kwabantu kanye nokuziphendulela okucacile ngalokho okwenzekayo kudatha.
Uma sibheka emuva, kusukela ku-Y2000K bug kuya ekucinyweni okukhulu kwamuva nje, kusukela ekuxakekeni kwe-AI kuya ezinkingeni zehadiwe nesofthiwe, kuvela iphethini engakhululekile kodwa ecacile : yonke inqubekela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe yandisa amathuba kanye nobuthakathaka. Siphila izimpilo ezixhumene kakhulu, ezenzakalelayo, nezinamandla kunanini ngaphambili, kodwa futhi sichayeke kakhulu ekutheni ukwehluleka okukodwa, isinqumo sokuklama esibi, noma isibuyekezo esilula esinephutha kuzoba nemiphumela yomhlaba wonke. Isihluthulelo ukwamukela lobu buthakathaka njengengxenye yomdlalo futhi, ngokuthobeka okwengeziwe, sakhe izinhlelo, izimakethe, kanye namamodeli ebhizinisi angeke abhidlike enkingeni yokuqala enkulu.
