Iyini i-Distro Hopping ku-Linux: kanjani, ngani, futhi nini ukuyenza

I-Informatec Digital » Izinsizakusebenza » Kuyini i-Distro Hopping ku-Linux: kanjani, kungani futhi nini ukukwenza

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, igama elithi "distro-hopping" selidumile ukuchaza umkhuba wokushintsha njalo ukusatshalaliswa kwe-Linux. Lesi sifiso sokuzama enye i-distro "ukuze ubone ukuthi lena ilungile" sizwakala ngabasebenzisi abaningi, kusukela kwabaqalayo ngokuphelele kuya kwabasebekhulile emphakathini.

Lo mkhuba uzibonakalisa ngezindlela eziningi: abanye baqala ukusebenzisa imodi ebukhoma futhi banelisekile ngokuphelele ngalokho; abanye basebenzisa imishini ebonakalayo ukuhlola; abanye banikezela nge-disk partition; futhi-ke, kukhona labo abafometha uhlelo lwabo lonke futhi balunikezele ku-distro entsha ukuze baziphoqelele ukuyisebenzisa isikhashana. Ukusesha "ukusatshalaliswa okuphelele" kuyithonya elinamandla, eliqhutshwa yilukuluku kanye nesifiso sokuqhathanisa izindlela ezahlukene ezivela kubathuthukisi abanefilosofi ehlukahlukene. Abanye bathola uhlobo lokuzola izinyanga noma iminyaka... kanti abanye baphinde bazizwe befuna ukushintsha.

Iyini i-Distro Hopping ku-Linux?

Uma sikhuluma ngokudiliva, empeleni sibhekisela esenzweni sokuzama nokushintsha phakathi kokusatshalaliswa kwe-GNU/Linux okuhlukile ngethemba lokuthola okufanelana kahle nezintandokazi zethu. Incazelo emfushane izoba "ukugxuma kusuka ku-distro kuya ku-distro ," kodwa kukhona umongo ngemuva kwayo: ku-Linux, ngokungafani ne-Windows noma i-macOS, umsebenzisi angenza ngokwezifiso uhlelo ngendlela athanda ngayo, noma uma engafuni ukulungisa noma yini, angavele ashintshele kwenye ukusatshalaliswa okuvele kuza nezici ezahlukene.

Le ndlela ecebile kakhulu yezinketho, ukunambitheka, kanye nokucushwa yikona kanye okusikhuthaza ukuthi sizame ezinye izindlela. Ububanzi bukhulu kakhulu : isisekelo esisodwa singanikeza izinhlobo ezahlukene kanye nokunambitheka (njengoba kunjalo ngomndeni ohlanganisa i-GNOME, i-KDE Plasma , i-Xfce, i-MATE, noma i-LXQt), ngaphezu kwezinhlobo ezinezici zazo ezihlukile. Futhi, yize umongo wakho konke kuyi-Linux, iphrojekthi ngayinye ingashintsha umphathi wayo wephakheji, ishejuli yokukhishwa, uhlelo lwe-init, ukucushwa kwe-kernel, kanye nendawo yedeskithophu ezenzakalelayo. Ngakho-ke, i-distro-hopping nayo iyindlela enhle yokufunda ngohlelo futhi uvuselele ulwazi lwakho uma ukhathele ukubona into efanayo endala.

Kodwa-ke, lo mkhuba uvame kakhulu kubasebenzisi abanolwazi oluthile. Uma udinga ukuzinza okuphezulu kukhompyutha yakho (ngokomsebenzi, izifundo, noma ukugwema izinkinga), kufanelekile ukucabanga ngakho, ngoba ukuthuthukiswa ngakunye kuvame ukuhilela ukufaka kabusha nokwakha kabusha ingxenye yendawo yesistimu.

Ingabe kufanelekile ukushintsha kakhulu?

Impendulo eqotho ithi: kuncike esimweni sakho. Uma unesikhathi, ulangazelela ukufunda ngohlelo , futhi ungakhathazeki ngokuchitha amahora amaningi ekuhlolweni, khona-ke yebo, kungaba uhambo olucebisa kakhulu. Ayikho indlela engcono yokuqonda ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa "kuphefumula" kanjani kunokukusebenzisa ngempela, ukuqhathanisa lokho okwenzayo kangcono nokubi kakhulu kunezinye, bese uthola ukuthi zifana noma zihlukile kanjani.

Kulabo abafuna ukuthola i-distro engcono kakhulu yezidingo zabo, i-distro-hopping isebenza njengophethiloli. Isisusa esiyinhloko ngokuvamile ilukuluku : ukuthola indlela entsha, ithuluzi elihlukile, indawo yedeskithophu engase ivumelane kangcono nomsebenzi wakho.

Kodwa-ke, uma uthembela kukhompyutha yakho futhi ungakwazi ukukhokhela isikhathi sokungasebenzi noma izithiyo, ukushintsha njalo izinhlelo akuwona umqondo omuhle. Ushintsho ngalunye cishe lusho ukuqala kusukela ekuqaleni , ukufaka kabusha, ukulungisa kabusha, kanye nokulungisa kahle. Ngaphandle kolwazi nesikhathi, kulula ukukhungatheka.

Izindaba zangempela zokushintsha phakathi kokusabalalisa

Abasebenzisi abaningi babika ukuthi baqale ukuzulazula ngenxa yesifiso sangempela sokuhlola, hhayi ngenxa yokungakhululeki. Abanye bachithe isikhathi sonke besebenzisa i-Ubuntu, i-Debian, i-Fedora, i-openSUSE , noma ezinye izinhlelo ezikhethekile njenge-Chakra, i-Manjaro, noma i-Arch Linux, futhi bazame nezinketho eziningi ngenxa nje yelukuluku lobuchwepheshe.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kuvela izintandokazi kanye nezinto ezingavamile. Isibonelo, okunye ukusatshalaliswa okunobulungiswa kugxekwa ngokuba namaphakheji angemuva kakhulu kwezinguqulo zakamuva. Abanye bayaphikisana nokuvumela izindawo zokugcina zangaphandle ukuthola isofthiwe ethile ekusatshalalisweni okudumile kakhulu, noma isidingo sokufaka kabusha njalo ezinyangeni ezimbalwa uma inqubomgomo yokuhumusha idinga lokho. Kukhona nalabo abagwema izindawo ezinamaphakheji ambalwa e-GTK noma izimiso zemvelo lapho konke kufanele kwakhiwe kusukela ekuqaleni isikhathi ngasinye.

Kukhona ngisho nama-akhawunti achaza i-Arch Linux njengenketho engcono kakhulu uma usuyilungisile, kodwa "ukwakha" uhlelo kusukela ekuqaleni kuba yinselele yangempela uma ungenaso isikhathi noma ugqozi. Lokhu kukhathala kuholela abaningi ekuqhubekeni nokusabalalisa okukodwa okuqeda umsebenzi ngaphandle kokufuna ubunzima obungadingekile, yize besaqapha amaphrojekthi amasha (njenge-KaOS) ngaphandle kokwesibindi sokushintsha, ngenxa nje yobuvila bokucabanga ukuphinda inqubo.

Abanye abasebenzisi, kusukela ngeMint noma i-Ubuntu ku-Linux, bagxumela ku-Arch befuna ukuqonda okujulile. Ngokumangalisayo, lokhu kugxuma kwabaphulukisa ekukhathazekeni kwabo ngokushintsha ngoba, ngenkululeko yokukhetha indawo yabo yedeskithophu kanye nezingxenye, base bezizwa banelisekile ngokuphelele. Bayazi ukuthi umehluko omkhulu phakathi kokusabalalisa usekuphathini wephakheji, ishejuli yokukhishwa, kanye nendawo yedeskithophu, kodwa bayazibuza, "Ngiphuthelwa yini?" futhi bathola ukuthi kukhona namafilosofi nezinqumo zobuchwepheshe, njenge-init noma i-kernel tuning, ezichaza uhlamvu lokusabalalisa.

Indaba echazayo kakhulu iqala ngokuhlola i-Ubuntu emshinini obonakalayo ngoba i-Windows endala yayihamba kancane kakhulu, ngaphambi kokuyifaka kukhompyutha eyinhloko. Kamuva, kwafika i-iMac ngenxa yezidingo zokudala umculo, kodwa i-laptop engamasentimitha ayi-10 esebenzisa i-Linux yagcinwa ihambisana. Lapho lowo mshini omncane uthola indawo yedeskithophu ye-Unity , umdanso wangempela wezinguquko waqala ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezinsiza. Ngakho-ke kwafika ukuhlukana phakathi kwezinhlelo ezilula, ama-derivatives, kanye nokunambitheka okuhlukile kwaze kwaba yilapho kutholakala okuthile okumnandi, ukubuyela ezimpandeni, futhi ekugcineni, eminyakeni kamuva, ukuzibophezela kudeskithophu ye-KDE evuselelwe noma i-Manjaro ukushintsha indlela.

Kuleyo ndaba efanayo, kuvela isilingo sokuzama i-Garuda Linux, inketho egxile emidlalweni evusa isithakazelo, yize umlandisi evuma ukuthi uhlelo lwabo lwamanje alubanikanga sizathu esizwakalayo sokuyishiya. Umqondo wendaba ucacile: hlala lapho uzizwa ukhululekile khona , noma ngabe lokho kusho ukusebenzisa i-Windows. Ukushintsha ngenxa yokushintsha kukuphoqa ukuthi ulungiselele konke kusukela ekuqaleni futhi kuyazuzisa kuphela uma lokho onakho kukwehlulela ngaphezu kwalokho ongathanda. Ukuze uzame ngaphandle kokuphazamisa noma yini, batusa ukufakwa okugcwele kudrayivu ye-USB bese uqala kusukela lapho.

Kukhona nalabo abavuma ukuthi ngemva kweminyaka ecishe ibe mibili besebenzisa i-GNU/Linux, baba ama-distro hopper ezincwadi, benochungechunge lokufakwa okufushane okungabanikezanga okuningi ekugcineni. Baqala ngenguqulo endala ye-Ubuntu ngenxa yentshiseko yangempela , ukugxuma baye ku-Fedora, kanye nesikhathi samaphutha angajwayelekile (leso "sikrini sephutha" esingavamile esasihambisana nokuhlolwa kwabo) esabashukumisela ukuba babalekele kwenye indawo yokusabalalisa. Inkinga yanyamalala ngokuyisimangaliso ngemva kokufaka i-CrunchBang, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, isisusa kwakuwukuzama konke okwakuza kubo.

Izifundo ezifundiwe: umzamo, izitayela, nesikhathi somuntu siqu

Umcabango ophindaphindayo ukuthi ukulula kokufaka i-Linux kulezi zinsuku kukhuthaza ukushintshana ngokuphazima kweso. Phakathi kwamamodi abukhoma, ukusatshalaliswa okulungele ukusebenza ngokushesha, kanye nezinqubo zokufaka ezilula ngokwengeziwe, kuyayenga ukwenza izinguquko njalo emahoreni ambalwa . Abanye baqhosha ngokushintsha kusuka kokusatshalaliswa okukodwa baye kokunye ngemizuzu embalwa ngemva kokufakwa isikhathi eside, nokuthi, ngaphandle kohlelo, kungaba yinto engenakwenzeka ngesikhathi sangempela.

Uma ekugcineni ufaka i-Arch Linux ngempumelelo okokuqala, umbono wakho uyashintsha. Umzamo, amaphutha, nokufunda kukwenza ubonge lokho okwakhile . Ngemva kwemizamo eminingana ehlulekile, ukuqeda indawo esebenzayo kungathatha isikhathi esincane kakhulu kunangaphambili, futhi lokho kutshalwa kwezimali kwamahora kudala ukunamathela. Awusazizwa sengathi ufuna ukulahla lokho okufezile ngokukufaka esikhundleni ngokushesha ngesinye i-distro "esifanayo".

Ufunda nokuthi ukushintsha ngokushesha kakhulu kushiya ulwazi oluncane oluwusizo. Ukuzama iMageia izinsuku ezimbalwa noma amasonto ambalwa akwanele ukwakha umbono oqinile noma ukuqonda uhlelo lwayo lwephakheji. Kunzima ukusiza abanye uma nawe ukhohlwe ngakho ngemuva nje kokuhamba.

Esinye isilinganiso seqiniso: ukufaka kabusha konke kuhilela ukulungisa nokubuyisela imvelo yakho. Noma ubani osebenzisa i-Vim uyazi ukuthi ifayela lakhe lokucushwa liba yigugu kangakanani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi; ukulilahla noma ukulikopisha ngesandla njalo ngemva kosuku olulodwa kuyinkinga yangempela. Ngisho noma uhlukanisa i-/home partition ukuze ulondoloze idatha nezintandokazi , ukushiya izinsalela zokucushwa okudala kungabukeka kungavamile futhi akuhlali kuxazulula izinkinga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufaka kabusha izinhlelo ozidingayo kuthatha amahora amaningi, futhi leso sikhathi siphelile unomphela.

Okokugcina, ukulandela izitayela akuvamile ukuba ngumqondo omuhle. Ukuphishekela i-distro yakamuva esekelwe ku-hype emsulwa akuvamile ukuvuza. Kungaphetha ngochungechunge lwezinguquko ezingenangqondo: kusukela ku-Chakra kuya ku-Aptosid, bese kuba yi-SolusOS, i-Cinnarch, bese kuba yi-CrunchBang Testing, bese ekugcineni kubuyela ku-Arch Linux ngezizathu ezivuthiwe (kufaka phakathi indawo yokugcina abasebenzisi, i-AUR). Isifundo: akukho ukushesha, akukho izitayela ezidlulayo; ukubekezela nokwahlulela okunengqondo.

Amathiphu e-distro hopper enesibopho

Ukwazi ukuhlukanisa ku-Linux kuyisihluthulelo soshintsho olubushelelezi. Ukuhlukanisa i-/home ohlelweni kuzokuvumela ukuthi ulondoloze idatha yakho kanye nezilungiselelo eziningi lapho ufaka kabusha noma ushintsha ukusatshalaliswa. Kuhle ngisho nokucabangela ukuhlukanisa okuzinikele ukuze uthole amaphuzu engeziwe okufaka uma kudingeka.

Icebiso elingaziwayo kakhulu ukubhukha i-`/opt` yesofthiwe yomuntu wesithathu efakwe ngesandla. Ngokubhukha isofthiwe ethile lapho (isibonelo, umhleli ochwepheshe noma isiphequluli esilandiwe kumthengisi) , ungayigcina lapho uyifaka kabusha, ukonga isikhathi futhi ugweme ukufakwa okuphindwe kabili.

Ama-backup awaxoxiswani. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uwasebenzisa ngesandla noma ngamathuluzi afana ne-Timeshift noma i-rsync, ukuba nohlelo lokusekela kuzokusindisa izinkinga eziningi . Ngaphambi kokuthatha isinyathelo, yenza ikhophi yasenqolobaneni yefolda yakho yasekhaya, izilungiselelo zohlelo lokusebenza, nanoma iyiphi idatha ebalulekile. Ngaleyo ndlela, uma kukhona okungahambi kahle, ungabuyisela futhi uqhubeke.

Nikela isikhathi sangempela ekusabalalisweni ngakunye. Umkhuba omubi ukufaka eyodwa, bese kuthi ngemva komzuzu, ucabange ngokulandelayo. Ukuze uqonde ngempela amandla nobuthakathaka bayo, udinga ukuphila ne-distro: ukusebenza, ukubuyekeza, ukufaka isofthiwe, ukuxhuma izinto ezisetshenziswayo, ukudlala imidlalo, noma ukuhlela. Kulapho kuphela lapho ungakwazisa khona ngempela ukuzinza kwayo, ukusebenza kwayo, ngisho nezinto ezingavamile.

Bhala phansi konke okutholayo. Ifayela lombhalo (noma ithuluzi olithandayo) elibonisa lokho okuthandayo nokungakuthandi, izinyathelo zokufaka, izixazululo zokuxazulula izinkinga, kanye namaphakheji abalulekile kuzokusiza ukuthi wenze izinqumo futhi wakhe kabusha ngokushesha esikhathini esizayo . Ikusasa lakho lizokubonga.

Ngaphambi kokufaka noma yini, qinisekisa ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa kuhlangabezana nezidingo zakho. Amanye ama-distro amasha kakhulu ayakhanga kakhulu , kodwa kungenzeka angafaki isofthiwe ethile eyisihluthulelo. Hlola izindawo zokugcina, uqinisekise ukutholakala, futhi uqinisekise ukuthi ihadiwe yakho isebenza kahle kwimodi ebukhoma.

Ungasheshi ukungena kukho. Okokuqala, hlola ikhompyutha yakho nge-distro endaweni ebukhoma ukuze uhlole ikhadi lakho lehluzo, i-Wi-Fi, umsindo, nanoma yimaphi amadivayisi owasebenzisa nsuku zonke. Uma uhlangabezana nezinkinga futhi ungazi ukuthi ungazilungisa kanjani , cabanga ngenye indlela noma unikele isikhathi esengeziwe sokucwaninga inkinga ngaphambi kokufaka.

Uma ungabaza, yenza izivivinyo zesikhathi eside. Ukuchitha izinsuku eziyi-10 noma eziyi-15 usebenzisa kakhulu ukusabalalisa kuzokunikeza ukuqonda okungcono kakhulu kunamahora ambalwa ahlukene. Ngale ndlela, uthuthukisa umbono ongokoqobo futhi ugweme izinqumo ezisheshayo.

Ukuze uzame ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni ukufakwa kwakho okuyinhloko, sebenzisa imishini ebonakalayo. Izinhlelo ezifana ne-VMware noma i-VirtualBox zakha "ikhompyutha" ngaphakathi kwakho lapho ungafaka khona, uphule, ususe, futhi ufake kabusha ngendlela othanda ngayo, ngaphandle kokuthinta uhlelo lwakho oluzinzile.

Futhi uma ukhetha ukuqala kusuka kuhadiwe yangempela ngaphandle kokufometha isikhathi ngasinye, zama i-Ventoy. Nge-Ventoy kudrayivu ye-USB, ungakopisha ama-ISO amaningi bese uqala kuwo ngqo , ngaphandle kokuphinda uvuselele ngokuphindaphindiwe. Khumbula ukuthi lezi zikhathi zivame ukuba kwimodi ebukhoma, ngakho-ke izinguquko ngeke ziqhubeke ngaphandle kokuthi ufake ukusatshalaliswa.

Ungakwenza kanjani ukugxuma ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa amafayela akho omuntu siqu

Noma ubani osebenzisa i-Fedora, isibonelo, ocabanga ukuzama i-CachyOS noma i-EndeavourOS, uvame ukuba nombuzo ofanayo: ukuthi ungakugwema kanjani ukulahlekelwa amadokhumenti, izithombe, kanye nezilungiselelo. Isixazululo esisebenzayo ukusebenzisa i-partition ehlukile /home bese uyigcina lapho ushintsha ukusatshalaliswa. Ngesikhathi sokufakwa, ucacisa ukuthi le partition ifakwe njenge-/home ngaphandle kokuyifometha, ngaleyo ndlela kulondolozwe idatha yakho kanye nezilungiselelo zomsebenzisi.

Kuleso simo, uma ungena ngemvume ku-distro entsha, uzothola amafayela akho, izizinda, kanye nezintandokazi zohlelo lokusebenza, njengesiphequluli sakho, njengoba zazinjalo. Kuvamile ukuthi izilungiselelo zomsebenzisi "zihambe" nawe kusuka kokusatshalaliswa okukodwa kuya kokunye (isibonelo, kusuka ku-Ubuntu kuya ku-Fedora), okwenza ushintsho lube lula kakhulu.

Kuyasiza futhi ukuhlukanisa i-/opt partition uma uvame ukufaka isofthiwe yomuntu wesithathu ngesandla. Ngokugcina leyo partition, izinhlelo eziningi zihlala zitholakala ngemva kokushintsha , zigwema ukufaka kabusha isikhathi eside. Noma kunjalo, kungumqondo omuhle ukuhlola kabili ukuthi izindlela nezimvume zilungile yini ngemva kokufaka ukusatshalaliswa okusha.

Ngisho noma unefolda ehlukile ye-/home, ungayeki ukuqapha kwakho: yenza ama-backups ngaphambi kokuthi uqale. I-Timeshift kanye ne-rsync ziyizimbangi ezinhle zokuba nenethi yokuphepha uma kwenzeka okuthile kungahambi kahle. Futhi ngenkathi usesekusebenzeni, bhala phansi amaphakheji akho abalulekile kanye nezinyathelo ozithathayo, uma kwenzeka udinga ukuphinda inqubo noma ukubuyela emuva.

Inothi elibalulekile: uma ushintsha izindawo zedeskithophu noma ukusatshalaliswa, ezinye izilungiselelo zingangqubuzana. Kuvamile ukuthi izilungiselelo ezithile zingasebenzi kahle , futhi kungadingeka uzilungise ngesandla ukuze zisebenze kahle. Ngokuvamile akuyona into enkulu, kodwa kufanelekile ukuchitha isikhathi kukho, futhi uma kukhona okungahambi kahle, cabanga ngokuqala ngokufakwa okuhlanzekile ngemuva kokulondoloza idatha yakho yomuntu siqu.

Uma ungafuni ukuthinta isethaphu sakho samanje, khumbula ukuthi unenketho yemishini ebonakalayo kanye neVentoy. Ungazama okuningi ngokuthanda kwakho ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni ihadiwe yakho , futhi uma uqiniseka, shintshela kukhompyutha yakho ebonakalayo ngohlelo oluqinile lwedatha yakho.

Ukusabalalisa ulwazi kuyinhlanganisela yokufuna ukwazi, ukufunda, kanye nesifiso sokuzizwa ukhululekile ngohlelo; uma kwenziwa ngokuhlakanipha, kunikeza amathuba amaningi ngaphandle kokuguqula ikhompyutha yakho ibe yindawo yokuhlola ehlala njalo . Uma uhlukanisa idatha yakho, wenza amakhophi agciniwe, unikela ngesikhathi sangempela ekuhloleni, futhi ubhala phansi ukuthi yini ekusebenzelayo, uzothola ukuthi yikuphi ukusatshalaliswa okukufanele kakhulu; futhi uma ngolunye usuku unquma ukuxazulula, makube ngoba ukhululekile, hhayi ngoba ukhathele.