- Uhlelo lwefayela le-Linux luhlelwe ngokwezigaba kusukela kufolda yempande (/).
- Kunemiyalo eyisisekelo yokushintsha idatha njenge-cp, mv, rm, kanye ne-touch.
- I-terminal ivumela ukulawula okuphelele kwesistimu ngokuphathwa kwemvume kanye nokuhlela uhla lwemibhalo.
Uma usanda kungena ezweni le-Linux, into yokuqala ozoyibona ukuthi ukuhlela amafayela namafolda akho kuyinto eza kuqala. Ngokungafani ne-Windows noma i-macOS, lapho sijwayele ukuchofoza khona izithonjana ezinhle, ku-Linux ingxenye yangempela yesistimu ilele emgqeni womyalo. Nakuba ungafaka indawo enezithombe uma uthanda, ukufunda ukuzulazula ku-terminal yikho okukwenza ube ngumsebenzisi othuthukile futhi kukuvumela ukuthi uphathe amaseva ukude kalula.
Ifilosofi yalolu hlelo iyathakazelisa ngoba iphatha cishe yonke into njengokungathi iyifayela , kusukela ekucushweni kwesistimu kuya kumadivayisi ehadiwe. Ukuze ugweme ukulahleka kulolu chungechunge lombhalo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi i-Linux isebenzisa isakhiwo esifana nesihlahla, lapho konke kuvela khona emsukeni owodwa. Uma usuwazi kahle imiyalo eyisisekelo ye-Linux , uyaqaphela ukuthi unokulawula okuphelele nokunembile phezu kwayo yonke i-byte ye-hard drive yakho.
Ukuqonda Isakhiwo Sesistimu Yefayela
Ukuze ugweme ukulahleka, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi phezulu kwakho konke kukhona isiqondisi sempande, esimelelwa yi-forward slash (/) . Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuphi, noma iyiphi indlela eqondile iqala lapha. Ngaphansi kwalesi sambulela, sithola amafolda abalulekile agcina uhlelo lusebenza. Isibonelo, i-/bin iqukethe ama-executable abalulekile angasetshenziswa yinoma yimuphi umsebenzisi, kuyilapho i- /sbin inezindawo ezimbili ezihloselwe imisebenzi yokuphatha uhlelo kuphela.
Kunezinye izindawo okufanele uzazi ngokuphelele. Ifolda ethi /etc iyinhliziyo yokucushwa , lapho amafayela achaza indlela isofthiwe kanye nenethiwekhi eziphethe ngayo agcinwa khona. Uma ufuna amafayela akho, iya ngqo ku- /home , lapho umsebenzisi ngamunye enendawo yakhe yangasese. Ukuze uthole idatha eshintsha njalo, njengezinhlelo zomlando noma izizindalwazi, i-Linux isebenzisa i- /var , futhi uma udinga indawo yamafayela esikhashana asuswayo lapho uqala kabusha, i- /tmp yindawo efanele wena.
Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi i-Linux ihlukanisa amafayela ngezigaba ezintathu. Amafayela ajwayelekile amadokhumenti ajwayelekile, izithombe, noma izikripthi ozidalayo. Bese kuba nezinhlu zemibhalo , ezisebenza njengeziqukathi zokuhlela konke okunye. Futhi ekugcineni, kukhona amafayela edivayisi , atholakala kakhulu ku-/dev, avumela uhlelo lokusebenza ukuthi luxhumane nehadiwe njengokungathi liyifayela nje.
Uma uvula i-terminal, into yokuqala okudingeka uyazi indawo yakho yamanje. Umyalo we -`pwd` (uhlu lwemibhalo olusebenzayo lokuphrinta) ufana ne-GPS yakho; ubuyisela indlela eqondile yohlu lwemibhalo lwamanje. Ukuze usuke kolunye uhlu lwemibhalo uye kolunye, usebenzisa umyalo we -`cd` (shintsha uhlu lwemibhalo) . Ungasebenzisa izindlela ezihlobene uma uhamba ngaphakathi kwegatsha elifanayo, noma izindlela eziphelele uma ufuna ukugxuma ngqo kuhlu lwemibhalo olude kusukela empandeni.
Ukuze ubone okukufolda, umyalo ongcono kakhulu uthi `ls` . Ukuyisebenzisa yodwa kukunikeza uhlu olulula, kodwa ukwengeza `-l` kuzokukhombisa uhlu oluphelele olunezimvume nosayizi. Uma ufuna ukubona amafayela afihliwe (lawo aqala ngechashazi), kufanele usebenzise `ls -a` . Inhlanganisela ewusizo kakhulu yi -`ls -lh` , ekukhombisa usayizi wamafayela ngefomethi efundeka kalula, njenge-KB noma i-MB, esikhundleni sama-byte aluhlaza.
Uma ufuna ukufunda okuqukethwe kwefayela ngaphandle kokulihlela, unezinketho eziningana. Umyalo othi `cat` muhle kakhulu kumafayela amafushane ngoba ubonisa wonke umbhalo esikrinini. Kodwa-ke, uma ifayela liyincwadi yonke, kungcono ukusebenzisa `less` noma ` more` , okukuvumela ukuthi uskrole ikhasi nekhasi ngaphandle kokuthi i-terminal iphazamiseke. Kukhona futhi `head` kanye `tail` , eziwusizo ekuskeneni ngokushesha imigqa yokuqala noma yokugcina eyi-10 yedokhumenti, ezilungele ukubuyekeza amalogi.
Ukudala Nokulawula Amafayela Namafolda
Ukuze udale ifolda entsha, umyalo uthi `mkdir` (yenza isiqondisi) . Uma udinga ukudala isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi samafolda afakwe izidleke ngesikhathi esisodwa, ungasebenzisa inketho ethi `mkdir -p` . Ngokuphathelene namafayela, indlela esheshayo yokudala elingenalutho iwukusebenzisa i-`touch` . Nakuba ngobuchwepheshe isetshenziselwa ukubuyekeza usuku lokuguqulwa kwefayela, abasebenzisi abaningi bayisebenzisela ukudala amafayela angenalutho ngokushesha.
Uma ufuna ukufaka umbhalo ngokushesha kufayela elivela ku-console, ungasebenzisa ukuqondisa kabusha nge- > symbol . Qaphela kakhulu lapha, ngoba uphawu oluhamba ngendlela eyodwa lubhala ngaphezulu kokuqukethwe kwefayela konke. Uma ufuna ukwengeza ulwazi ekugcineni kwedokhumenti ngaphandle kokususa okuqukethwe kwangaphambilini, kufanele usebenzise uphawu oluphindwe kabili >> (engeza) , oluphephile kakhulu.
Ukuze uhlele amafayela akho angasebenzi kahle, umyalo othi `cp` (copy) ungumngane wakho omkhulu. Vele uwutshele umthombo nendawo oya kuyo. Uma ufuna ukukopisha ifolda yonke enayo yonke into engaphakathi, ungakhohlwa ukwengeza inketho ethi `-r` (recursive) . Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umyalo othi `mv` (move) uyithuluzi lesistimu lokwenza imisebenzi eminingi: lingasetshenziswa kokubili ukuhambisa amafayela ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye kanye nokuqamba kabusha ifayela , njengoba ngokweqiniso uhambisa ifayela endaweni efanayo kodwa ngegama elihlukile.
Ukususwa Nokuphathwa Kwedatha Okuthuthukisiwe
Ukususa izinto ku-Linux kuyindlela eyodwa, ngakho-ke qhubeka ngokuqapha. Kumafayela ngamanye, sisebenzisa i-`rm` . Uma ufuna ukususa isiqondisi esingenalutho, kufanele usebenzise i-`rm -r` ukuze ususe konke okuqukethwe kwayo ngokuphindaphindiwe. Kukhona nomyalo we -`rmdir` , kodwa lokhu kusebenza kuphela uma ifolda ingenalutho ngokuphelele. Uma uzizwa unesibindi futhi ungafuni ukuthi uhlelo lucele ukuqinisekiswa kwefayela ngalinye, ungangeza ifulegi le- `-f` (force) , yize lokho kudlala ngomlilo.
Kulabo abadinga ukulawula okuthuthukile, kunemiyalo yokuqhathanisa efana ne -`diff`, `cmp`, kanye ne-`comm` . Ngenkathi i-` diff` ikukhombisa imigqa eqondile ehlukile phakathi kwamafayela amabili, i-`cmp` igxila ku-byte yokuqala ehlukile, kanti i-`comm` ilungele ukuqhathanisa amafayela ahleliwe kakade. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma udinga ukucindezela idatha ukuze wonge isikhala noma uyithumele, i-`tar`, `zip`, kanye ne-`unzip` amathuluzi ajwayelekile okupakisha nokukhipha ulwazi.
Asikwazi ukukhohlwa ukuphepha. Imiyalo ye -chmod kanye ne-chown ibalulekile ekuphatheni ukuthi ubani ongafunda, abhale, noma asebenzise ifayela. I-chmod ishintsha izimvume, futhi i-chown ishintsha umnikazi wefayela. Ukuze usebenzise imisebenzi edinga amalungelo omlawuli, umyalo we -sudo uyisihluthulelo esikuvumela ukuthi wandise amalungelo okwesikhashana, njalo usikhumbuza ukuthi ngamandla amakhulu kuza umthwalo wemfanelo omkhulu.
Ukwazi kahle la mathuluzi kukuvumela ukuthi uzulazule ohlelweni lohlelo futhi uphathe ukubonakala kwamafayela afihliwe, ulawule izinqubo ezisebenzayo nge-`top` noma `kill`, futhi ulungiselele inethiwekhi usebenzisa i-`ssh` kanye ne-`wget`. Ukuguquguquka komugqa womyalo, kuhlanganiswe nekhono lokudala izikripthi ze-bash ukuze zenze i-Linux isebenze ngokuzenzakalela , kuguqula ukuphathwa kwe-Linux kube inqubo ephumelelayo nenamandla eqinisekisa ubuqotho bedatha kanye nokwenza ngcono uhlelo.
