- Ukuphepha kwe-inthanethi emikhakheni ebalulekile kuvikela izinsizakalo ezibalulekile njengamandla, amanzi, ezokuthutha, ezempilo noma ezezimali ekuhlaselweni kwe-inthanethi okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
- Ukuhlangana phakathi kwezinhlelo ze-IT ne-OT, kanye nokuthembela ezintanjeni zokuhlinzeka eziyinkimbinkimbi, kwandisa indawo yokuhlasela kwengqalasizinda ebalulekile.
- Izinhlaka ezithile zomthetho, ukuqina kwe-cyber, kanye nokuxhumana nama-CERT kazwelonke kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni, ekutholeni, nasekuphenduleni ezigamekweni ezinkulu.
- Ubuhlakani bokwenziwa, i-cryptography yangemva kwe-quantum, kanye namamodeli e-zero-trust ahlanganiswa njengezinsika zokuvikela lezi zingqalasizinda esikhathini esizayo.
Ukuphepha kwe-inthanethi emikhakheni ebalulekile sekuyinkinga enkulu kohulumeni namabhizinisi. Akuyona nje inkinga yobuchwepheshe: ukuvikelwa kwalezi zingqalasizinda kubalulekile kugesi emakhaya ethu, amanzi asemapayipini ethu, imali esiyiphatha nsuku zonke, kanye nokunakekelwa kwempilo esikutholayo. Lapho lezi zinhlelo zehluleka ngenxa yokuhlaselwa kwe-inthanethi, inkinga ayibe iyinkinga yekhompyutha nje kuphela futhi iba yinkinga yezenhlalo, yezomnotho, ngisho neyezwe.
ESpain, kunezinkulungwane zezikhungo ezibhekwa njengengqalasizinda ebalulekile okuphazamiseka kwazo okungadala umonakalo omkhulu ezweni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inani kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuhlaselwa kuyaqhubeka nokukhula, kuqhutshwa amaqembu obugebengu, abadlali bakahulumeni, kanye nemikhankaso exubile ehlanganisa izinto zedijithali nezingokwenyama. Kulesi simo, ukuqinisa ukuphepha kwe-inthanethi kwale mikhakha akusekho ukukhetha: kuyinto eza kuqala emasu.
Sisho ukuthini ngengqalasizinda ebalulekile kanye nemikhakha yamasu?
Ingqalasizinda ebalulekile ihlanganisa zonke izikhungo, amanethiwekhi, izinhlelo, izinsizakalo, kanye nemishini—ebonakalayo noma ebonakalayo—okuhluleka kwayo okuzothinta ngqo ukusebenza okuyisisekelo kombuso kanye nokuphila kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi zayo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi amandla, amanzi, ezokuthutha, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, ezezimali, ukudla, ezokuxhumana, kanye nezinsizakalo zomphakathi ezibalulekile. Ukuhlonza nokuhlukanisa ubuthakathaka kubalulekile ekubekeni phambili izinyathelo nezinsiza kulezi zindawo.
Umthetho waseSpain, ikakhulukazi uMthetho 8/2011 wokuvikela ingqalasizinda ebalulekile , uhlukanisa phakathi kwemiqondo emibili ebalulekile: ingqalasizinda yesu kanye nengqalasizinda ebalulekile. Yonke ingqalasizinda ebalulekile iyisu, kodwa akuzona zonke ingqalasizinda yesu eziba semqoka.
Ingqalasizinda ehlelekile ihlanganisa izinsiza eziningi namanethiwekhi asekela izinsizakalo ezibalulekile, kodwa kwezinye izimo ezingashintshwa noma zikhokhelwe ngezinye izindlela. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ingqalasizinda ibhekwa njengebalulekile lapho ukusebenza kwayo kubaluleke kakhulu futhi kungekho okunye okusebenzayo ngaphakathi kwesikhathi esifanele.
Ngakho-ke, ingqalasizinda ebalulekile iyingqalasizinda ebucayi kakhulu : ukuphazamiseka kwayo kungadala umthelela omkhulu kwensizakalo eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ebalulekile, kubeke engcupheni ukuphepha, umnotho noma inhlalakahle yomphakathi.
Umthetho 8/2011 kanye nemithethonqubo yawo yokusebenzisa ukhomba imikhakha elandelayo njengesengozini enkulu : ukuphathwa komphakathi, isikhala, izimboni zenuzi namakhemikhali, umjikelezo wamanzi, amandla, impilo, ubuchwepheshe bolwazi nokuxhumana, ezokuthutha, ukudla, kanye nohlelo lwezezimali kanye nentela, phakathi kwezinye. Yonke le mikhakha incike kakhulu ezinhlelweni zedijithali ezixhumene.
Ukuphepha kwe-inthanethi ezingqalasizinda ezibalulekile: umqondo kanye nobubanzi
Ukuphepha kwe-inthanethi okusetshenziswa engqalasizinda ebalulekile kuhlanganisa isethi yezinqubomgomo, ubuchwepheshe, izinqubo, kanye nezinyathelo zokuhlela ezihlose ukuvikela lezi zikhungo ezinsongweni zedijithali, okuhlanganisa nokuphepha kwamafu . Inhloso eyinhloko ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala, ubuqotho, kanye nobumfihlo bezinhlelo nedatha esekela izinsizakalo ezibalulekile.
Lokhu kuhilela ukuvikela kokubili izinhlelo zolwazi lwenkampani (IT) kanye nezindawo zokusebenza (OT), lapho kuhlala khona izinhlelo zokulawula izimboni (ICS), i-SCADA, ama-PLC kanye neminye imishini esebenzisana ngqo nezinqubo ezibonakalayo, njengokulawula igridi kagesi, izitshalo zokwelashwa kwamanzi, amapayipi kawoyela, izindawo zokuhluza noma izinhlelo zesitimela.
Isici esibalulekile sokuphepha kwe-inthanethi emikhakheni ebalulekile ukuhlangana kwe-IT ne-OT . Sekuyiminyaka eminingi, zahlala zodwa: izinhlelo zebhizinisi nezokucubungula idatha zisebenza kolunye uhlangothi, kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula zezimboni kolunye, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokuxhumeka kwe-inthanethi okuqondile. Ukwenziwa kwedijithali, i-IoT Yezimboni, kanye nesidingo sokuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela kuye kwaqeda lezi zithiyo.
Lokhu kuhlangana kuletha ukusebenza kahle, ukubonakala, kanye namakhono okuphatha ahlanganisiwe, kodwa futhi kuvula izindawo ezintsha zokuhlasela . Amadivayisi amaningi e-OT kanye ne-IoT awaklanywanga ngezinqubo zokuphepha eziqinile, ukuvala kuyinkimbinkimbi, futhi imijikelezo yokuphila inde. Umphumela uba uhlelo oluxhumene lapho ukwephulwa kwe-IT kungagcina kuthinte izinhlelo zezimboni ezazihlukanisiwe ngaphambilini.
Kulesi simo, amasu okuzivikela afuna ukuvimbela ukuphazamiseka kwensizakalo, ukucekelwa phansi, ubunhloli, ukuphathwa kabi kwenqubo, kanye nokwebiwa noma ukuntshontshwa kolwazi, ngenkathi kugcinwa ukuqhubeka kokusebenza kanye nokuhambisana nezidingo zomthetho kanye neziqondiso ezithile zomkhakha.
Izinsizakalo ezibalulekile kanye nokukhula kobuthakathaka bedijithali
Cishe zonke izinsizakalo ezibalulekile zesimanje zithembele ezinhlelweni zedijithali: izitshalo zamandla ezenzakalelayo, amanethiwekhi okusabalalisa ahlakaniphile, izitshalo zokwelashwa kwamanzi, izikhumulo zezindiza, amachweba, amanethiwekhi esitimela esingaphansi komhlaba, izibhedlela ezixhunywe kakhulu, ama-ATM, amapulatifomu ebhange aku-inthanethi, kanye nezinhlelo zentela kagesi.
Lokhu kuncika kwezobuchwepheshe kunemiphumela eqondile: noma yikuphi ukuhlaselwa okukhulu kwe-cyber ngokushesha kuholela enkingeni ebonakalayo kubantu . Akuhlali kuyisigameko sangaphakathi sekhompyutha; kungashiya izindawo zingenagesi, kukhubaze imigqa yezitimela, kuphazamise ukuhlinzwa, noma kuvimbele izigidi zabantu ekufinyeleleni imali yabo.
Izibonelo zakamuva zibonisa ubukhulu bokubuthakathaka kwethu. Ukuhlaselwa kwe-ransomware kwensizakalo yezempilo yase-Ireland ngo-2021 kwaphoqa ukuvalwa kwezinhlelo zemitholampilo kanye nokukhanselwa kwama-aphoyintimenti nokwelashwa amahora amaningi, kwadala isiphithiphithi sokusebenza futhi kwabeka engcupheni ukuphepha kweziguli. Izimo ezifanayo zenzekile kwamanye amazwe, zathinta izibhedlela, izintambo zokuhlinzeka, kanye namanethiwekhi kaphethiloli. Lezi zigameko zidinga ukuhlaziywa okukhethekile kwe-forensics yedijithali ukuqonda ububanzi bazo nokubuyisela ukusebenza.
ESpain, idatha ikhombisa ukwanda okukhulu kwezigameko ezithinta izinhlangano emikhakheni yamasu. Ngonyaka owodwa nje, iphesenti lezinhlangano ezithole ukufinyelela okungagunyaziwe ezinhlelweni zazo lenyuke ngamaphesenti angaphezu kwamashumi amabili, okubonisa ukusheshisa kwengozi yedijithali kanye nesidingo sokuvuselelwa okubucayi kanye nokuqinisa okuqhubekayo.
Konke lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani ukuvikelwa kwengqalasizinda ebalulekile kube yinto eza kuqala kokubili ukuphepha kwezwe kanye nokwebhizinisi , nokuthi kungani izinhlaka zomthetho zaseYurophu nezesizwe zikhuthazwa ngokukhethekile ezihlose ukuqinisa ukuqina kwazo.
Izinsongo ezinkulu ze-cyber emikhakheni ebalulekile kanye nengqalasizinda
Isimo sosongo esizungeze ingqalasizinda ebalulekile siya ngokuya siyinkimbinkimbi. Sihlanganisa imikhankaso yobugebengu be-inthanethi ukuze kuzuzwe imali , ubunhloli be-inthanethi obusekelwa umbuso kanye nemisebenzi yokucekela phansi, ukuhlaselwa kwe-hacktivist, kanye namaphutha abantu noma ukwephulwa kokwethenjwa ngabantu abanokufinyelela okusemthethweni.
Uhlobo olulodwa olubaluleke kakhulu lwesongo yi -Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) . Lezi yimisebenzi ende, eqondiswe kakhulu, futhi ehlelekile, evame ukuhlotshaniswa nezinsizakalo zobunhloli noma amaqembu axhaswe nguhulumeni. Ngokuvamile zenzeka ngezigaba eziningana: ukungena kwenethiwekhi ngokusebenzisa ubuthakathaka noma ubugebengu bokweba imininingwane ebucayi, ukunyakaza okuseceleni kanye nokwanda kwamalungelo, futhi ekugcineni, ukukhishwa kolwazi olubucayi noma ukulungiselela ukubhujiswa.
Ukuhlaziywa okuhlukahlukene kubonisa ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yokuhlaselwa okubhekiswe engqalasizinda ebalulekile ishukunyiswa ngokwezimali , kungaba ngokuphanga, ukwebiwa kwempahla yobuhlakani, noma ukukhwabanisa. Phakathi kwamaqembu asebenzayo kakhulu kukhona i-APT28 (Fancy Bear), evame ukuhlotshaniswa nezintshisekelo zaseRussia; i-Mustang Panda, ehlotshaniswa nemikhankaso evela eShayina eYurophu nakwezinye izifunda; kanye ne-APT34 (OILRIG), egxile emkhakheni wamandla waseMpumalanga Ephakathi.
Okwamanje, i-ransomware isibe ngenye yezinsongo ezibhubhisa kakhulu emikhakheni ebalulekile. Kulokhu kuhlasela, izinhlelo ziyabethelwa noma zikhiywe kuze kube yilapho isihlengo sikhokhiwe, ngokuvamile sihambisana nosongo lokuvuza kwedatha okubucayi. Ukuhlasela kwe-Colonial Pipeline ngo-2021, okwabangela ukuphazamiseka kokunikezwa kukaphethiloli ezingxenyeni ezithile ze-United States, kuyisibonelo esihle sendlela ukuhlaselwa kwe-cyber kungaholela ngayo emigqeni emide eziteshini zikaphethiloli kanye nezinkinga zokunikezwa.
Ukucekela phansi kanye nobunhloli ngezisusa zezwe nakho kuye kwanda. Abasebenzi bamandla, ezokuthutha, kanye nezempilo bahloswe yimikhankaso efuna ukuphazamisa ukuzinza, ukufaka ingcindezi, noma ukuthola ulwazi oluqondile. Isigameko se-Stuxnet, esathinta ama-centrifuge esikhungweni senuzi sase-Iran i-Natanz, sisalokhu singesinye sezimo ezifundwe kakhulu ze-malware ezenzelwe ngqo ukuphazamisa izinqubo zezimboni ezibonakalayo.
Esinye isici esibalulekile sengozi yizinsongo zangaphakathi . Laba akubona abasebenzi abanonya ngaso sonke isikhathi; ukwephulwa okuningi kuvela emaphutheni abasebenzi bangaphakathi noma abaphakeli, ukuntuleka kokuqeqeshwa, imikhuba emibi yokuphatha iphasiwedi, noma ukunganaki ekuphoqeleleni izinqubomgomo zokuphepha.
Uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka lunezela olunye ungqimba lobunzima. Ingqalasizinda ebalulekile incike kunethiwekhi yabakhiqizi, abahlanganisi, izinkampani zokulungisa, abahlinzeki besofthiwe, kanye nabahlinzeki bezinsizakalo zamafu. Umhlaseli angasebenzisa isixhumanisi esibuthakathaka kakhulu—isibonelo, isibuyekezo esibucayi, idivayisi engavikelekile elungiselelwe kusengaphambili, noma umthengisi onemikhuba emibi—ukuze afinyelele ohlelweni lomqhubi obalulekile ngaphandle kokulihlasela ngqo.
Umkhakha wezokuthutha uwubonisa kahle lo mngcipheko, ubala inani eliphezulu lezigameko kweminye imibiko kazwelonke. Ukuhlaselwa komqhubi wesitimela noma wesikhumulo sezindiza, noma abaphakeli babo bezobuchwepheshe, kungaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu: ukuphazamiseka komzila, izimpahla ezigcinwe emachwebeni noma ezindaweni zokuthutha, ukuphelelwa yizimpahla, kanye nokulahlekelwa okukhulu kwezezimali.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlaselwa okuxubile kuya ngokuya kugqama , kuhlanganisa izenzo ze-cyber nezehlakalo zomzimba ukuze kwandiswe umthelela wazo. Ukuphela kogesi okuyingxenye e-Ukraine ngo-2015, kulandela ukuhlaselwa kwe-cyber ezinkampanini zikagesi, kanye nemikhankaso yezindiza ezindizeni zaseScandinavia eyaphoqa ukuvalwa kwesikhala sezindiza ngezizathu zokuphepha, kuyizibonelo zendlela umhlaba wedijithali nowezinto ezibonakalayo ohlangene ngayo.
Uhlaka lokulawula, ukuqina kanye nokusabela ezigamekweni
Ukuvikelwa kwengqalasizinda ebalulekile kuncike ohlakeni oluthile lokulawula kanye nenhlangano oluhlanganisa umthetho kazwelonke, iziqondiso zaseYurophu, kanye nezindinganiso zobuchwepheshe. ESpain, uMthetho 8/2011 oshiwo ngenhla ubeka njengenhloso yawo eyinhloko ukuvikelwa kwale ngqalasizinda ezinsongweni, ngokusebenzisa izinyathelo ezihlanganisiwe ezihlanganisa kokubili ukuphepha okungokwenyama nokunengqondo. Incazelo yezinqubomgomo nezindinganiso, njengalezo ezilawula izindawo ezisebenzisa abasebenzisi abaningi kanye neziqasha abantu abaningi, yakha ingxenye yalolu hlaka.
Omunye wemibono ebalulekile ukuqina kwe-cyber , okuqondakala njengekhono lokubona kusengaphambili, ukumelana, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, nokululama esigamekweni ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa, noma ngokulahlekelwa okulinganiselwe kwamandla okusebenza. Izinhlelo Zokuvikela Ezithile (ama-SPP) ziwela ngaphansi kwalolu hlaka, oluhlanganisa ukuhlaziywa kwengozi, izinyathelo zokuphepha zobuchwepheshe nezenhlangano, kanye nezinqubo ezicacile zesenzo uma kwenzeka isigameko.
Ezingeni laseYurophu, i-Critical Entities Resilience Directive (CER), eyamukelwa ngo-2022, iqinisa umgomo wokunciphisa ubuthakathaka kanye nokuthuthukisa amandla okululama ngemuva kwezigameko ezinkulu, okuhlanganisa nokuhlaselwa okuxubile. Iphoqa amazwe angamalungu kanye nezinhlangano ezibalulekile ukuthi zamukele izinyathelo eziqondile zokuphepha, ukuphathwa kwezingozi, kanye nokubika izehlakalo.
ESpain, i-INCIBE-CERT (Isikhungo Sokuphendula Izehlakalo Zokuphepha Kwe-Cybersecurity se-INCIBE) sisebenza njengesikhungo sikazwelonke sokuphatha izehlakalo ze-cyber. Sihlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ezingama-24/7/365, sikhipha izexwayiso zobuthakathaka kanye nezinsongo, futhi sixhumanisa impendulo yobuchwepheshe nezinhlangano zomphakathi nezizimele.
Uma izehlakalo zithinta abaqhubi ababalulekile emkhakheni ozimele, impendulo ihlanganiswa neHhovisi Lokuxhumanisa Ukuphepha Kwe-Cybersecurity (OCC) loMnyango Wezangaphakathi, elisebenza njengendawo yokuhlangana phakathi kwamasosha okuphepha kanye nezinhlaka ezahlukene ezihilelekile.
Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwezinhlelo ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokuqapha kuvumela ukutholakala kokuziphatha okungajwayelekile cishe ngesikhathi sangempela . I-INCIBE-CERT nezinye izikhungo ezikhethekile zisebenzisa imithombo yobuhlakani ehlanganisiwe, enikezwa izinzwa eziningi nemibiko, ukuthuthukisa izexwayiso zakuqala nokwazisa izinhlangano ezingase zithinteke ngezigameko; ukuhlaziywa kwelogi kuyingxenye ebalulekile yale nqubo.
Empeleni, iningi labaqhubi ababalulekile lihlanganisa izikhungo zokusebenza zokuphepha (ama-SOC) namaqembu okusabela ezigamekweni (ama-CSIRT), ahambisana nezibopho zomthetho futhi axhunywe nezindlela zokubika ezisemthethweni kanye nezindlela zokuxhumanisa.
Amasu abalulekile obuchwepheshe: ukuhlukaniswa, ukuqapha, kanye nokulawula ukufinyelela
Kwingqalasizinda ebalulekile, ukufaka nje isofthiwe ye-antivirus kanye ne-firewall akwanele. Kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa izakhiwo zokuphepha ezinezingqimba ezinciphisa umthelela wokwephulwa okungenzeka futhi zivimbele umhlaseli.
Enye yemikhuba evame kakhulu ukuhlukaniswa kwenethiwekhi . Lokhu kuhilela ukuhlukanisa imvelo ibe yizindawo noma izingxenye ezihlukene, kanye nokulawula ukufinyelela kanye nokuhlunga ithrafikhi phakathi kwazo. Ngale ndlela, noma ngabe umhlaseli uphumelela ukufinyelela iphuzu elilodwa, kuzoba nzima kakhulu ngaye ukuhamba ngokukhululeka kulo lonke inethiwekhi.
Ezindaweni zezimboni, kuvamile kakhulu ukuthembela kumodeli ye-Purdue , ehlela izinhlelo zibe amazinga ahlukene, kusukela emishinini yasensimini kanye neyokulawula kuya kunethiwekhi yezinkampani. Phakathi kwala mazinga, kwakhiwa izindawo ezingenamasosha zezimboni, ama-firewall, ama-proxies, kanye nezinye izilawuli ukuvimbela ukuvezwa okuqondile kwezinhlelo ze-OT ezibucayi kakhulu kumanethiwekhi ezinkampani noma ku-inthanethi.
Ngokwakhela phezu kwalesi sisekelo, izinhlangano eziningi zithatha isinyathelo esiqhubekayo nge -microsegmentation , enezela izilawuli eziningi ze-granular, isibonelo, ezingeni lesicelo noma lomsebenzi. Leli cebo liwusizo kakhulu ezingqalasizinda ezibalulekile ezinezinhlelo ezindala okunzima ukuzilungisa, lapho indawo efinyeleleka kwezinye izingxenye incishiswa khona.
Ukuqapha kanye nokutholwa kusenesikhathi kuqeda isithombe. Izinhlangano zisebenzisa amathuluzi okuqapha okuqhubekayo, izinhlelo zokuthola ukungena kanye nokuvimbela (i-IDS/IPS) , ukuhlaziywa kwethrafikhi yenethiwekhi, kanye nezixazululo zokuhlaziywa kokuziphatha komsebenzisi kanye nenhlangano (i-UEBA), ezikwazi ukuhlonza amaphethini angajwayelekile abalekela izilawuli zendabuko ezisekelwe esiginesha.
Ubuhlakani bokwenziwa buqala ukudlala indima ehamba phambili kulezi zikhungo zokusebenza zokuphepha, ngokwenza kube nokwenzeka ukubona ukuphambuka okucashile ekuziphatheni okuvamile kwezinhlelo ze-OT ne-IT, ukuhlanganisa izehlakalo ngemininingwane eminingi nokukhiqiza izexwayiso ezinembile, ukunciphisa umsindo kanye nenani lemiphumela engamanga.
Okokugcina, izilawuli zokufinyelela eziqinile —kufaka phakathi ukuqinisekiswa kwezinto eziningi, ukuphathwa kwamalungelo okuqinile, ukuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi, kanye nokubhaliswa kwemisebenzi okuphelele—kubalulekile ukunciphisa ubungozi obuhambisana nabasebenzisi bangaphakathi, ama-akhawunti esevisi, kanye nokufinyelela kwabathengisi abakude, kanye nemikhuba emihle yokuphepha ezinhlelweni nakumaseva.
Isici somuntu, isiko lokuphepha kanye nokubambisana
Izigameko eziningi ezinkulu zibonisa ukuthi isixhumanisi esibuthakathaka kakhulu sisalokhu siyisici somuntu . Ukuchofoza ku- imeyili ye-phishing , iphasiwedi esetshenziswe kabusha, i-laptop engabethelwe, noma ukuphathwa kabi kokufinyelela okunelungelo kungavula umnyango wokuhlaselwa okuzogcina kuthinte isevisi ebalulekile.
Ngakho-ke, ngale kobuchwepheshe, izinhlangano eziphethe ingqalasizinda ebalulekile zidinga izinhlelo zokuqeqesha nokuqwashisa eziqinile zabo bonke abasebenzi bazo, okuhlanganisa abaphathi, ochwepheshe, abasebenzi bezitshalo kanye namaqembu okusekela. Akukhona nje ukunikeza izifundo ngezikhathi ezithile, kodwa mayelana nokwakha isiko lokuphepha langempela.
Lokhu kuhilela ukuhlanganisa ukuphathwa kwezingozi zokuphepha kwe-inthanethi ezinqubweni zebhizinisi kanye nokusebenza kwansuku zonke , ukuchaza imithwalo yemfanelo ecacile, ukubukeza njalo izinqubomgomo nezinqubo, nokukhuthaza ukuthi noma yikuphi ukuziphatha okusolisayo kungabikwa ngaphandle kokwesaba impindiselo.
Ukubambisana phakathi kweminyango yangaphakathi—i-IT, i-OT, imisebenzi, ezomthetho, ukuthobela imithetho, kanye nezinsizakusebenza zabantu—nakho kubalulekile. Ngokomlando, amaqembu obuchwepheshe bolwazi kanye nabaphathi bezitshalo zezimboni bebesebenza cishe emazweni ahlukene, kodwa ukuhlangana kwedijithali kudinga ukuphathwa kwezingozi okuhlelekile .
Emikhakheni ebalulekile, ukubambisana neziphathimandla zomphakathi kanye nezinhlangano ezilawulayo kubaluleke ngokulinganayo . Ezinye izinhlaka zomthetho zidinga ukubika izehlakalo ngaphakathi kwezikhathi ezithile, ukwabelana ngolwazi ngezinsongo, kanye nokuxhumanisa izinhlelo zokwenza neminyango, amabutho ezokuphepha, noma izinhlangano ezikhethekile.
Lo mzamo ohlangene uvumela ukuphakamisa izinga lokuvikelwa kwayo yonke indawo , njengoba ulwazi mayelana nokuhlaselwa okutholakale enkampanini eyodwa lungasetshenziswa ukuvimbela izehlakalo kwezinye izinhlangano emkhakheni ofanayo noma ezingqalasizinda ezihlobene.
Izinselele ezintsha: ubuhlakani bokwenziwa, idatha ezenzakalelayo, kanye nokubalwa kwe-quantum
Inguquko yamanje yedijithali yethula kokubili amathuluzi amasha okuzivikela kanye nama-vector amasha okuhlasela . Ubuhlakani bokwenziwa, ukuzenzekela okuthuthukisiwe, kanye, esikhathini esingekude kakhulu esizayo, i-quantum computing, ziguqula ngokuyisisekelo indlela ukuphepha kwe-cyber okuqondwa ngayo emikhakheni ebalulekile.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubuhlakani bokwenziwa bokuzivikela buvumela ukuhlaziywa kwemininingwane eminingi yokusebenza kanye neyokuphepha, ukutholakala kwamaphethini angavamile ngesikhathi sangempela, kanye nokuqala kwezimpendulo ezenzakalelayo, njengokuhlukaniswa kwe-node esengozini, ukulungiswa kabusha kwenethiwekhi, noma ukulungiswa okuguquguqukayo kwezinqubomgomo zokufinyelela.
I-AI ekhiqizayo ingasiza ekuhlanganiseni ulwazi mayelana nezinsongo futhi ithuthukise imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi yokuthola, kuyilapho i-AI ekhiqizayo ikwazi ukuhlela nokwenza izenzo ezizimele ngaphakathi kwezinhlaka ezichazwe kusengaphambili ukuze kulondolozwe ukuqhubeka kwenkonzo lapho kubhekene nezigameko.
Kodwa-ke, lawa makhono afanayo asetshenziswa ohlangothini lokuhlasela. Abahlaseli sebevele basebenzisa i-AI ukwenza ngcono imikhankaso yobugebengu bokweba imininingwane ebucayi , bakhiqize i-malware egwemayo, bathole ubuthakathaka, futhi benze ngokuzenzakalelayo ukunyakaza okuseceleni kumanethiwekhi ayinkimbinkimbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amamodeli e-AI asetshenziswa yizingqalasizinda ezibalulekile angaba yizisulu ngokwawo: ukuhlaselwa kwedatha yokuqeqesha, ukuphathwa kabi kwama-algorithms, ukufakwa kwedatha enonya, noma ukuguqulwa kwemiphumela kungaholela ezinqumweni eziyiphutha ezinqubweni ezenzakalelayo.
Ngakho-ke, ukuvikela izinhlelo ze-AI kudinga izinyathelo ezithile : ukuqinisekisa ubuqotho kanye nobumfihlo bedatha yokuqeqesha, ukuqapha iziphetho zemodeli kanye nemiphumela ukuthola ukungalingani, ukusungula izilawuli zokufinyelela eziqinile ezindaweni zokuthuthukiswa kanye nokuthunyelwa, kanye nokubuyekeza njalo amamodeli ukuze kutholakale ukushintshwa okungenzeka.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukubalwa kwe-quantum kuletha inselele ebalulekile esikhathini esimaphakathi neside. Ama-algorithm amaningi e-cryptographic asetshenziswa njengamanje angase aphazamiseke ngamakhompyutha e-quantum anamandla anele. Nakuba imishini ejwayelekile ekwazi ukwephula i-cryptography ejwayelekile ekukhiqizeni ingakatholakali okwamanje, izilinganiso ezahlukahlukene zibeka le ngozi eminyakeni eyishumi noma engamashumi amabili ezayo.
Lo mbono uqhuba isu elithi "qoqa manje, susa ukubhala kamuva" : abahlaseli bagcina idatha ebethelwe namuhla belindele ukukwazi ukuyisusa ukubhala lapho ubuchwepheshe be-quantum buvuthwa. Ngezingqalasizinda ezibalulekile, ezisingatha ulwazi olubucayi noluhlala isikhathi eside, le ndlela ibeka ingozi enkulu.
Ngenxa yalokho, intshisekelo iyanda ku -post-quantum cryptography , isethi ye-encryption kanye ne-signature algorithms eyenzelwe ukumelana nokuhlaselwa okuvela kumakhompyutha e-quantum esikhathi esizayo. Izinhlangano eziningi seziqalile ukuhlola nokuhlela ukufuduka kulezi zinhlelo, ziyazi ukuthi lokhu akuyona inguquko engenziwa ngobusuku obubodwa.
Lezi zinguquko zobuchwepheshe ziphinde ziqhube amamodeli okuphepha anamandla kakhulu, njenge -microsegmentation esuselwe ekuziphatheni , ehlala ilungisa izinqubomgomo zokuhlunga ngokuya ngomongo, noma izindlela zokuthembela ezingezona ezethembekile, ezicabanga ukuthi akukho ukuxhumana okuthembekile ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi kudinga ukuqinisekiswa okuqhubekayo kobunikazi kanye nomongo, ngisho nangaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yangaphakathi uqobo.
Amakhono okuphepha kanye namacala okusetshenziswa emikhakheni ebalulekile
Ukuze konke okungenhla kusebenze ngokusebenzayo, ingqalasizinda ebalulekile kumele ithuthukise isethi yamakhono okuphepha ahlanganiswe kahle . Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ukubonakala okuhlangene kuzo zonke izindawo ze-OT kanye ne-IT, kanye nezinqolobane zempahla ezicacile, amamephu okuthembela, kanye nokuqapha okuhlanganisiwe.
Lokhu kubonakala kwakha isisekelo samakhono okuthola izinsongo ngesikhathi sangempela , asekelwa izinhlelo zokuhlobana kwemicimbi, ukuhlaziywa kwethrafikhi, ukutholwa kokungena, kanye nokuhlaziywa kokuziphatha okuthuthukisiwe ngokwengeziwe. Lokhu kuvumela ukuhlonza ukufinyelela okungagunyaziwe, amaphethini okusetshenziswa angajwayelekile, ukuxhumana nezizinda zomyalo nokulawula, kanye nemizamo yokukhulisa amalungelo.
Okubaluleke ngokulinganayo yimisebenzi yokuphendula ezenzakalelayo , ekwazi ukusebenzisa izindlela zokuzivikela ngaphandle kokungenelela komuntu lapho kutholakala isigameko esingathi sína: ukuhlukaniswa kwedivayisi, ukuvimba i-akhawunti, ukuhlukaniswa kwezimo eziphuthumayo, ukubuyiselwa emuva kokucushwa, njll. Ezindaweni lapho umzuzu ngamunye ubalwa khona, leli jubane lingenza umehluko omkhulu.
Emkhakheni wamandla, isibonelo, izinkampani eziningi zisebenzise ama-OT SOC azinikele ahlanganisa ukuqapha uhlelo lwe-SCADA nokuhlaziywa kwethrafikhi yenethiwekhi yezimboni. Lezi zikhungo zivimbele ngempumelelo imizamo yokucekela phansi ehlose ukuphazamisa ukunikezwa kukagesi, ngenxa yokutholakala kusenesikhathi kokufinyelela okungagunyaziwe ezinhlelweni zokulawula.
Kwezokuthutha, ikakhulukazi ezindiza kanye nasezitimeleni, ukuvikela izimpawu, ukulawulwa kwethrafikhi, kanye nezinhlelo zokuxhumana kubalulekile. Ukuhlukaniswa okuthuthukisiwe ezindaweni eziphephile kakhulu , okuxhunywe kuphela ngamasango alawulwa ngokuqinile, kuvimbele ukungena kwamanethiwekhi ezinkampani ukuthi kuthinte izinhlelo zokusebenza ezilawula ithrafikhi yabagibeli kanye nokuphepha.
Okwamanje, umkhakha wezokunakekelwa kwempilo ungaphansi kwengcindezi ekhulayo, njengoba idatha yezempilo ibaluleke kakhulu emakethe emnyama. Izibhedlela kanye namanethiwekhi ezempilo zigxile ekuqiniseni ukuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi ngokumelene nobugebengu bokweba imininingwane ebucayi kanye ne-ransomware kanye nokusebenzisa ukubethela kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekupheleni kolwazi lwesiguli, kanye nezinhlelo zokusekela kanye nokululama ezivumela ukubuyiselwa okusheshayo kwamarekhodi ezokwelapha kanye nezinhlelo zokuxilonga.
Kuzo zonke lezi zigaba, inhlanganisela yobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe, izinqubo zokuphatha ubungozi ezivuthiwe, kanye nabasebenzi abaqotho kwenza umehluko phakathi kwengqalasizinda esengozini kanye neyomuntu okwazi ukumelana, ukululama, nokuqhubeka nokuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ezibalulekile ngisho nasesimweni esibi kakhulu sokuhlaselwa kwe-cyber.
Iqiniso lamanje libonisa ukuthi ukuvikelwa kokuphepha kwe-inthanethi emikhakheni ebalulekile akusakwazi ukubhekiswa njengephrojekthi eyenzeka kanye noma njengemfuneko yokulawula nje: kudinga isu eliqhubekayo, elinezici eziningi nelihlelekile, lapho ubuchwepheshe, izinqubo, abantu kanye nokubambisana komphakathi nezizimele kuhlangana khona ukuze kugcinwe izinsika ezisekela ukusebenza komphakathi wethu ziphephile.
