- Ukuxilongwa okuhle kwe-Linux kusekelwe ekuqoqeni idatha, ekuhlaziyeni amalogi, nasekusebenziseni izinguquko ngendlela ehlelekile neguquguqukayo.
- Amathuluzi esistimu (i-journalctl, i-dmesg, i-smartctl, i-lm-sensors, i-fsck, i-ethtool, i-htop, njll.) akuvumela ukuthi uthole amaphutha esofthiwe nehadiwe.
- Ukuqonda izinhlobo zamaphutha (i-kernel, uhlelo lwamafayela, inethiwekhi, izinhlelo zokusebenza, kanye nehadiwe) kusiza ekukhetheni izivivinyo ezifanele esimweni ngasinye.
- Ukulondoloza idatha, izibuyekezo ezivamile, kanye namadokhumenti afanele kunciphisa izingozi futhi kwenza kube lula ukuxazulula izinkinga zesikhathi esizayo ngokushesha okukhulu.
Uma usebenzisa i-Linux nsuku zonke, ngokushesha noma kamuva uzobhekana nezinkinga ezingajwayelekile: uhlelo olungeke luqale, isevisi ephahlazeka ngaphandle kwesizathu esibonakalayo, i-Wi-Fi ehlala inqamula, noma i-hard drive eqala ukwenza imisindo ekhathazayo. Kunokuba ibe yinhlekelele, lezi zinkinga ziyithuba elihle lokufunda ukuthi uhlelo lwakho lusebenza kanjani ngaphakathi nokuthuthukisa indlela eqinile yokuxilonga izinkinga ze-Linux.
Ngokungafani nendlela ezenzakalelayo kakhulu yezinye izinhlelo (njenge-Windows troubleshooters noma imiyalo efana ne-DISM/SFC), i-Linux inikeza uhlelo olunamandla lwamathuluzi okuxilonga, amalogi anemininingwane, kanye nezinsiza zokuqapha . Isihluthulelo akukhona nje ukukhumbula imiyalo, kodwa ukuqonda inqubo: indlela yokuqoqa ulwazi, indlela yokuluchaza, kanye nendlela yokwenza ngaphandle kokwenza isimo sibe sibi kakhulu.
Indlela ejwayelekile yokuxilonga izinkinga ku-Linux
Ukuxazulula izinkinga ku-Linux akufanele kube yinto ethi "ake sibone ukuthi kuzokwenzekani uma ngithinta lokhu", kodwa inqubo ehlelekile nephindaphindwayo esekelwe ekucabangeni nasekuqapheleni . Uma uhlelekile, uzoshesha ukufika emsukeni futhi mancane amathuba okuthi uphule okuthile endleleni.
Isimiso sokuqala esiyisisekelo ukuqoqa ulwazi oluningi ngangokunokwenzeka mayelana nephutha ngaphambi kokuthinta noma yini. Lokhu kusho ukuqaphela umlayezo wephutha oqondile, ukuthi livela nini, nokuthi ubuwenzani ngaphambi nje . Imininingwane efana nokuthi "kwaqala ngemva kokubuyekezwa," "kwenzeka kuphela ngalolu hlelo," noma "kwenzeka uma ngixhuma le divayisi ye-USB" ibaluleke kakhulu ekuxilongweni.
Kubalulekile futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi inkinga iphindaphindwa njalo noma ivela ngezikhathi ezithile. Ukwazi ukuthi ungaliqala ngamabomu iphutha kuzokuvumela ukuthi uhlole izixazululo ngendlela elawulwayo futhi uqinisekise ukuthi zisebenze ngempela.
Ngesikhathi uqoqa idatha, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa uhlangothi lwakho oluqaphela kakhulu: imiyalezo esesikrinini, izibani zokuxilonga zebhodi lomama, imisindo engavamile yemishini evela kumadiski noma kumafeni, iphunga elivuthayo, izindawo ezishisa kakhulu uma uzithinta… Izinzwa zakho (ukubona, ukuzwa, ukuhogela, kanye nokuthinta) nazo ziyingxenye yekhithi yokuxilonga , ikakhulukazi uma usola inkinga yehadiwe ebonakalayo.
Njengoba ulwazi lokuqala lukhona, isinyathelo esilandelayo esinengqondo ukunciphisa umthombo wokwehluleka : ingabe kuhlobene nesofthiwe (i-kernel, uhlelo lwefayela, izinsizakalo, izinhlelo zokusebenza), kuhlobene nokucushwa (inethiwekhi, izimvume, abashayeli), noma kuhlobene nehadiwe (i-RAM, idiski, izinga lokushisa, ukunikezwa kwamandla, i-NIC, i-GPU, njll.)? Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kuzokuqondisa kumathuluzi afanele esimweni ngasinye.
Izimiso ezibalulekile zokuxazulula izinkinga ku-Linux
Ukuxilongwa okuhle kuncike ezimisweni ezimbalwa ezibalulekile okufanele zihlolwe ngokushesha okukhulu. Okokuqala ukuqoqa idatha ngendlela efanele : akwanele ukusho ukuthi "i-Wi-Fi yami ayisebenzi"; udinga ukwazi ukuthi kukhona yini ukungasebenzi, ukuthi inkinga isemishinini yakho kuphela, ukuthi ithinta isevisi ethile noma konke ukuxhumana, ukuthi ilogi yesistimu ithini, uma kukhona amaphutha omshayeli, njll.
Isinyathelo esilandelayo ukuhlaziya ulwazi oluqoqiwe kusetshenziswa amathuluzi afanele. I-Linux inikeza amalogi esistimu anemininingwane eminingi, imiyalo yokuqapha izinsiza, kanye nezinsiza ezithile zenethiwekhi kanye nehadiwe . Kungumkhuba ovamile ukuhlanganisa imithombo eminingana: isibonelo, ukusebenzisa i-journalctl kanye ne-dmesg ukubuyekeza imiyalezo ye-kernel kanye nesevisi, i-top noma i-htop ukuhlola umthwalo wesistimu, kanye namathuluzi enethiwekhi afana ne -ping, i-ss, noma i-tcpdump ukubona ukuthi kwenzekani ngokuxhumeka.
Uma usunombono onengqondo, sekuyisikhathi sokuhlola izixazululo ngokucabangela. Lokhu kusho ukusebenzisa ushintsho olulodwa ngesikhathi, ukuhlola umphumela, nokuwubuyisela emuva uma ungasebenzi . Akufanele neze wenze "i-cocktail" yezinguquko ngesikhathi esisodwa ngoba uma inkinga inyamalala, ngeke wazi ukuthi iyiphi eyixazululile, futhi uma iba yimbi kakhulu, ngeke ucacelwe ukuthi yini eyiphazamisile.
Enye insika eyisisekelo, evame ukunganakwa, imibhalo. Ukugcina irekhodi lemiyalo oyisebenzayo, amafayela owashintshayo, kanye nemiphumela oyitholayo kukuvumela ukuthi uphinde ikhambi eliphumelelayo, wabelane ngalo nabanye, futhi ugweme ukuchitha isikhathi ucwaninga into efanayo emavikini kamuva . Ngaphezu kwalokho, unikela emphakathini we-Linux ngokwabelana ngamanothi akho kumaforamu noma kuma-wiki.
Okokugcina, khumbula umthetho wobulula. Lapho uhlelo luyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, olunezinsizakalo, ama-daemons, kanye nezendlalelo zokungabonakali yonke indawo, kulapho amathuba okuba okuthile kungahambi kahle khona aba maningi khona. Noma nini lapho kungenzeka, gcina uhlelo lwakho lulula futhi luhlanzekile ngangokunokwenzeka : izinsizakalo ezingadingekile ezimbalwa, isofthiwe engadingeki kakhulu, izendlalelo ezimbalwa ezingavamile. Lokhu kunciphisa indawo lapho izinkinga zingavela khona futhi kwenza ukuxilongwa kube lula kakhulu.
Lungisa uhlelo ngaphambi kokuthinta noma yini: ama-backup nezibuyekezo
Ngaphambi kokuthi uqale ukulungisa ukucushwa, ukulungisa izinhlelo zamafayela, noma ukubuyekeza ama-kernel, kufanele uqiniseke ukuthi uma kukhona okungahambi kahle, ungabuyisa idatha yakho. Ama-backups ku-Linux ayinethi yakho yokuphepha , ikakhulukazi uma uzosebenza ngama-partitions abalulekile, ama-disk, noma amasevisi.
Inketho eguquguqukayo kakhulu ukusebenzisa i-rsync kuma-backup akhuphukayo. Ngokuvamile ihlanganiswa nezinketho ezifana ne --a (imodi yefayela, igcina izimvume, umnikazi, kanye nezinsuku), -v (ukuphuma okuqondile), kanye nepharamitha yokuqhubeka ukulandelela inqubekela phambili yesipele. Into ebalulekile ukuba nesiqondisi sendawo okufinyeleleka kuyo esinesikhala esanele, okungcono kakhulu kudrayivu yangaphandle noma i-partition ehlukile ohlelweni.
Uma ukhetha ukupakisha yonke into ibe yifayela elilodwa, ungasebenzisa i-tar , enemingcele efana ne --c ukudala ingobo yomlando, i--z ukucindezela nge-gzip, i--v ukubuka inqubekela phambili, kanye ne --f ukucacisa igama lefayela eliphumayo. Ngemuva kwalokho, kuyalulekwa ukuqinisekisa ubuqotho besipele ngokufaka okuqukethwe kwaso ku-tar uqobo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ifayela lesipele alonakele.
Ngokuqondene nendawo oya kuyo, isihluthulelo ukuthi i-backup akufanele ihlale kudiski efanayo nesistimu ofuna ukuyivikela. Idrayivu yangaphandle ye-USB, isitoreji samafu ngamathuluzi afana ne-rclone, noma i-partition ehlukile konke kuyizinketho ezinengqondo. Umqondo uwukuthi uma idiski yakho eyinhloko yehluleka noma uhlelo luba yinto engasetshenziswa, uzoba nokuthile ongakubuyisela kukho.
Esinye isinyathelo sokuqala esinconywa kakhulu ukuvuselela uhlelo . Izinkinga eziningi ziyanyamalala ngokufaka izinguqulo ezilungisiwe zamaphakheji nama-kernel. Ku-Debian/Ubuntu, umkhuba ojwayelekile ukusebenzisa ukulandelana kokubuyekezwa kohlu lwamaphakheji kulandelwe ukubuyekeza amaphakheji afakiwe, ukuhlola umphumela wamaphutha. Ku-Fedora kanye nama-derivatives ayo, imiyalo yokuvuselela iphakheji isebenza umsebenzi ofanayo, futhi kuyiqiniso naku-`pacman -Syu` ku-Arch Linux, lapho ukugcina uhlelo lusesikhathini kubaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yefomethi yalo yokukhishwa.
Ukuhlolwa kwehadiwe okuyisisekelo: i-CPU, i-RAM, amadiski nezinzwa
Uma uhlelo luhamba kancane kakhulu, luqina ngokungahleliwe, noma luqala kabusha ngaphandle kwesizathu esibonakalayo, ungacabangi ngokushesha ukuthi yiphutha lesofthiwe. Ngokuvamile, impande yenkinga itholakala kwihadiwe eyonakele, amazinga okushisa aphezulu, noma amamojula ememori anephutha.
Ukuze uthole umbono jikelele wehadiwe yakho, ungasebenzisa imiyalo efana ne -`lshw` (ulwazi oluningiliziwe lwedivayisi), `lsblk` (uhlu lwediski kanye nokuhlukanisa), noma izinsiza ezithile ezifana ne -`dmidecode` , ezikhipha idatha ku-BIOS/UEFI. Isibonelo, i- `dmidecode -t memory` izokunikeza ulwazi mayelana namamojula e-RAM afakiwe (uhlobo lwe-DDR, umthamo, njll.), kanti i- `dmidecode -t 16` izokukhombisa umthamo wememori ophezulu osekelwa yibhodi lomama . Ukuze uthole ulwazi olujulile ngokuphathwa kwememori, bheka i-Memory Management ku-Linux.
Uma ufuna ukubuka konke okusheshayo kwezingxenye zememori, i-`lshw -short -C memory` inikeza isifinyezo esifushane, futhi i-`dmidecode --type memory | grep -E "Speed|Configured Clock Speed"` ikuvumela ukuthi uqhathanise isivinini esijwayelekile samamojula nesivinini esilungiselelwe yi-chipset. Lena indlela enhle yokuthola, isibonelo, ukuthi imojula esekela i-3200 MT/s isebenza ku-2400 MT/s ngoba yabelana ngesiteshi nesinye esihamba kancane.
Ukuqapha izinga lokushisa kuyisici esibalulekile. Ngephakheji ye -lm-sensors , ungathola ukufundwa kwezinga lokushisa kanye ne-voltage kusuka ku-CPU nakwezinye izinzwa ze-motherboard. Ngemva kokufaka, kunconywa ukuthi usebenzise i -`sudo sensors-detect` ukuthola nokusebenzisa zonke izinzwa ezitholakalayo, bese usebenzisa imiyalo efana ne -`watch -n 2 sensors` ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela ukuthi i-CPU noma i-RAM iyashisa yini.
Kuma-hard drive (ama-SATA HDD noma ama-SSD), izinsiza ezifana ne-hddtemp zikuvumela ukuthi ufunde izinga lokushisa ledivayisi, kuyilapho iphakheji ye -psensor noma amathuluzi ezithombe afana ne -xsensors enikeza imibono yomlando neyezithombe yamazinga okushisa. Ukubona i-SSD isebenza njalo emkhawulweni webanga layo lokushisa, isibonelo, kuyisibonakaliso esicacile sokuthi kukhona okungahambi kahle ngokupholisa noma umthwalo.
Ukuxilongwa kwesimo sediski kanye nesistimu yefayela
Ukwehluleka kwediski kanye namaphutha ohlelweni lwefayela kuyimbangela yezinkinga eziningi, kusukela kumafayela onakele kuya ezinhlelweni ezingeke ziqale. I-Linux inikeza izinsiza eziningana zokuhlola isimo sangempela sediski kanye nobuqotho obunengqondo besistimu yefayela.
Ukuze uqale, ungabhala uhlu lwamadivayisi esitoreji axhunyiwe usebenzisa imiyalo efana ne -`lsblk -fm` noma i-`fdisk -l` , uhlunge ama-drive abonakalayo e-loopback uma uthanda. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi uqinisekise ukuthi yimaphi amadiski nama-partition uhlelo oluwabonayo, izinhlelo zawo zamafayela, kanye nama-mount points.
I -suite ye -smartmontools (enomyalo we-smartctl) ibalulekile ekusebenziseni ubuchwepheshe be-SMART obakhelwe kuma-hard drive anamuhla. Okokuqala, udinga ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-SMART ivuliwe kudrayivu ngomyalo wokwenza kusebenze ofanele. Ukusuka lapho, ungahlola izimfanelo ezifana ne -Power_On_Hours ukuze ubone ukuthi idrayivu ibisebenza amahora amangaki, noma usebenzise i-smartctl -H ukuze uthole ukuhlolwa okusheshayo kwempilo yedivayisi.
Ngaphezu kokuhlola okusheshayo, i-smartctl ikuvumela ukuthi usebenzise izivivinyo zokuxilonga ezizenzakalelayo : ukuhlolwa okufushane kokuhlola okusheshayo kanye nokuhlolwa okude noma okunwetshiwe kokubuyekezwa okuningiliziwe. Ngemuva kwalokho, ungabuyekeza imiphumela kanye nezimfanelo ezinemininingwane ngomyalo obonisa lonke ulwazi lwediski. Uma uthola imikhakha ephinde yahlukaniswa, amaphutha akhulayo, noma isimo "sokwehluleka kwangaphambili", sekuyisikhathi sokuqala ukucabanga ngokufaka esikhundleni saleyo disk.
Elinye ithuluzi elibalulekile yi -fsck , ehlola futhi ilungise amaphutha anengqondo ezinhlelweni zamafayela. Ukusebenzisa i-fsck ku-partition kuthwala ingozi ethile uma iqukethe idatha ebalulekile, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukwenza ikhophi yasenqolobaneni . Ungayihlanganisa nama -badblocks ukuthola nokumaka imikhakha emibi, ukuze uhlelo lugweme ukuwasebenzisa esikhathini esizayo. Kodwa-ke, uma ama-bad blocks amaningi eqala ukuvela, kuyalulekwa ukuthi ufake idiski esikhundleni salo.
Ukuze kutholakale izinkinga zesikhala, i-`df -h` ikhombisa ukusetshenziswa kokuhlukanisa kuma-gigabytes, kuyilapho i-`df -i` iveza iphesenti lama-inode asetshenziswayo. Kungenzeka ngokuphelele ukuba nama-gigabytes amahhala kodwa ama-inode angu-100% asetshenziswa, okuzobangela amaphutha lapho kudalwa amafayela amasha naphezu kwesikhala esitholakalayo . Lesi yisimo esivamile kumaseva aphatha izigidi zamafayela amancane.
Ukuhlaziywa kwememori: amaphutha e-ECC, ukuhlolwa, kanye nokuzinza
I-RAM engalungile ingabangela izimpawu eziningi ezahlukene, kusukela ekuphahlazekeni okungahleliwe okulula kuya ekonakaleni kwedatha buthule. Uma uhlelo lwakho lusebenzisa imemori ye-ECC, ihadiwe ngokwayo ingalungisa amaphutha athile, kodwa lokho akusho ukuthi ungakhohlwa ngenkinga: amaphutha alungisiwe ayisibonakaliso sokuthi imojuli iqala ukwehluleka.
Izinhlelo ze-Linux zingadalula lolu lwazi ngesistimu encane ye -EDAC . Uma ufaka amamojula ahambisanayo, uzobona imiyalezo kulogi yesistimu ehlukanisa phakathi kwamaphutha alungisiwe (CE) namaphutha angalungiseki (UE). Eyokuqala ikhombisa ukuthi ihadiwe ikwazile ukulungisa i-bit eyonakele, kanti eyesibili ivame ukuphumela ekukhathazekeni okusheshayo kwe-kernel ukuvimbela idatha eyonakele ukuthi ingabhalelwa kudiski.
Indlela elula yokuhlola ukuthi i-kernel ifake amaphutha e-EDAC yini ukubukeza umphumela we- `dmesg | grep EDAC` . Uma uthola amaphutha e-EDAC aphindaphindwayo kumojuli efanayo, lokhu kukutshela ngokucacile ukuthi yiliphi ibhange lememori okufanele ulishintshe ngaphambi kokuba lawo maphutha angalungiseki. Ukuze uthole amasu namathuluzi athuthukile, bheka lo mhlahlandlela wokulungisa amaphutha ememori ku-Linux.
Ukuze kuhlolwe kabanzi, kuvamile ukusebenzisa izinsiza zangaphandle ezifana ne -memtest86 , ezisebenza kusuka kudrayivu yangaphandle (i-USB noma efanayo). Lawa mathuluzi afaka i-RAM kumaphethini okufunda/ukubhala ajulile ukuze kutholakale amaphutha angase angaqashelwa izinyanga ngaphansi kokusetshenziswa okuvamile . Kunconywa ukuvumela ukuhlolwa kuqedele ukugijima okuningana ukuze kuqinisekiswe ngokufanele.
Ungaphinde ubeke uhlelo ngaphansi kokucindezeleka okuvamile usebenzisa izinsiza ezifana nokuhlolwa kokucindezeleka , okulayisha i-CPU, i-I/O, kanye nememori isikhathi esithile, ubheke ukuthi kukhona yini ukuphahlazeka, i-kernel oops, noma ukwethuka okwenzekayo. Uma uhlelo luhluleka ngokuphindaphindiwe ngaphansi komthwalo, kungenzeka ukuthi unenkinga yehadiwe (amazinga okushisa, ukunikezwa kwamandla, i-RAM) noma ukungazinzi okuthile ku-kernel noma kubashayeli.
Ukuqapha uhlelo: i-CPU, izinqubo, i-I/O, kanye ne-GPU
Ukuze uqonde ukuthi kwenzekani emshinini wakho nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, udinga amathuluzi amahle okuqapha. I-Linux inikeza izinsiza eziningana zekhonsoli ezikuvumela ukuthi ubone ngokushesha ukuthi yiziphi izinqubo ezisebenzisa kakhulu i-CPU, imemori, i-disk I/O, noma i-GPU.
Imiyalo yakudala efana ne -`top` noma inguqulo yayo elula ukuyisebenzisa i-`htop` ikukhombisa izinqubo ezisebenzayo, ukusetshenziswa kwe-CPU, ukusetshenziswa kwememori, kanye nomthwalo omaphakathi. Ngokuqondene nokuqapha umsebenzi wediski ngenqubo ngayinye, i-`iotop` iyasiza kakhulu, kuyilapho i-`nmon` inikeza umbono ophelele wezinhlelo eziningi ezincane (i-CPU, imemori, inethiwekhi, idiski) ku-interface yombhalo ephelele kakhulu.
Emkhakheni wezithombe, ukusetshenziswa kwe-GPU kungaba yisithiyo ezinhlelweni ezisebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenzisa ihluzo kakhulu noma imisebenzi yekhompyutha esheshisiwe. Kumakhadi e-Intel, iphakheji yamathuluzi e-intel-gpu ifaka imiyalo efana ne -intel_gpu_top , ekhombisa umthwalo we-GPU wesikhathi sangempela, imigqa yokusebenza, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwememori.
Uma usebenza ngamakhadi ehluzo e-NVIDIA, ungasebenzisa amathuluzi e-Python afana ne -gpustat noma ama-general monitors afana ne -Glances (ngokusekelwa kwe-GPU kuvuliwe), abonisa ukusetshenziswa kwememori yevidiyo, ukusetshenziswa kwe-GPU, kanye nezinqubo ezisetshenziswayo. Kuma-GPU e-AMD Radeon, izinsiza ezifana ne -radeontop zinikeza into efanayo, ngemigoqo yokusetshenziswa kwamayunithi angaphakathi ahlukahlukene e-chip.
Uma usola ukuthi umshayeli wehluzo uyingxenye yenkinga (amaphutha angena endaweni yehluzo, aphahlazeka lapho usebenzisa ama-compositors, njll.), kungcono ukuhlola ihadiwe yakho yevidiyo efakiwe ngemiyalo efana ne -`lspci -vnn | grep VGA -A 12` , `lshw -C display` , noma i-`inxi -G` , bese uqinisekisa ukuthi usebenzisa abashayeli abavulekile, abangomnikazi, noma abaphelelwe yisikhathi. Ekusabalalisweni okufana ne-Ubuntu, ungavumela izindawo zokugcina abashayeli behluzo ezithile (isibonelo, ze-Radeon) bese ubuyekeza ezinguqulweni ezintsha ezilungiselelwe i-GPU yakho.
Ukuxilongwa kwenethiwekhi: i-NIC, ukulahleka kwephakethe, kanye nokucushwa
Izinkinga zenethiwekhi zingasukela kokuthi "Anginalo uxhumano" ziye kokuthi "konke kuhamba kancane ngaphandle kwale nsizakalo." Ukuze ugweme ukukhungatheka, isinyathelo sokuqala ukunquma ukuthi inkinga isemshinini wakho, kunethiwekhi yendawo, noma ku-inthanethi. I-Linux inikeza izendlalelo eziningana zamathuluzi okuhlola uxhumano, ukubuka izibalo ze-NIC, kanye nokuthola ukulahleka kwephakethe , futhi lo mhlahlandlela wokuxilonga inethiwekhi ye-IP ne-DNS ugxila ekuhlolweni nasezixazululweni.
Imiyalo eyisisekelo efana ne -ping ikuvumela ukuthi uhlole ukuthi ungakwazi yini ukufinyelela i-host ethile (isibonelo, i-router yakho noma i-domain yangaphandle), kuyilapho i-traceroute ikukhombisa amaphakethe endlela ahamba ngayo aya lapho eya khona, ewusizo ekuboneni ukuthi alahlekile kukuphi. Ukuze ubone ukuthi yimaphi amachweba avulekile nokuthi yiziphi izinqubo eziwasebenzisayo, i-ss iyindlela yesimanje yokufaka esikhundleni se-netstat, enezinketho zokufaka uhlu lokuxhumeka okusebenzayo kwe-TCP/UDP.
Uma usola ukuthi inkinga isekhadini lenethiwekhi uqobo, izinsiza ezifana ne-ethtool ziba usizo kakhulu. Ngemiyalo ebonisa izibalo ezinemininingwane, ungaqapha amaphutha e-RX/TX, amaphakethe awile, izinkinga ze-buffer, noma ukugcwala kwe-FIFO ngesikhathi sangempela, usebenzisa inhlanganisela ethi `watch` ukuze uvuselele njalo umphumela futhi uthole amaphethini okulahleka kwephakethe.
Esinye isinyathelo esichazayo kakhulu ukuhlola izibali zamaphutha esibonakalayo nge -`netstat -ni` (noma amathuluzi alingana nawo esimanje). Lapho uzobona amakholomu amaphakethe amukelwe futhi adluliselwe ngempumelelo, kanye namaphakethe alahliwe. Uma iphesenti lamaphakethe alahlekile (RX-DRP/RX-OK noma TX-DRP/TX-OK liphindwe ngo-100) lidlula izibalo ezincane njengo-0,2%, umthelela ekusebenzeni kokuxhumeka ungaba mkhulu kakhulu , unciphise isivinini esisebenzayo ngesigamu noma sibe sibi kakhulu.
Akuvamile ukuthola amakhadi enethiwekhi asanda kuthengwa, ngenxa yamaphutha asefektri noma amaphutha okuklama, abonisa amazinga amaphutha angamukeleki. Ukushintshela kumodeli ehlukile nokuphinda izivivinyo ngokuvamile kuyisiqinisekiso esiqinisekile sokuthi inkinga yayiyi-NIC. Yingakho kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba nedatha eqondile ngokulahleka kwesiginali namaphutha ngaphambi kokusola umhlinzeki we-inthanethi noma i-router.
Kungumqondo omuhle futhi ukuhlola isimo samadivayisi omsakazo njenge-Wi-Fi noma i-Bluetooth anemiyalo efana ne -`rfkill` , ekhombisa ukuthi avinjiwe yisofthiwe noma ihadiwe. Kumkhiqizi, imodeli, kanye namakhono e-interface yenethiwekhi, i-`lshw -C network` noma i-`inxi -Nx` inikeza ulwazi olunemininingwane eminingi, kuyilapho i-`ethtool interface_name | grep -i speed` ikutshela isivinini sokuxhumeka kwekhadi (10/100/1000 Mbps, njll.).
Amalogi esistimu namazinga obunzima ku-Linux
Amalogi esistimu ayincwadi yakho yomlando: konke okwenzekile (noma cishe konke) kuqoshwa lapho. Ukuqonda ukuthi asebenza kanjani nokuthi uwahlunga kanjani kukusindisa isikhathi esiningi. Ezinhlelweni zesimanje ezisekelwe ku-systemd, i-journalctl iyithuluzi eliyinhloko lokubuza i-binary journal, kuyilapho ezinhlelweni zendabuko usazothola amafayela ombhalo ku- /var/log.
Phakathi kwamafayela elogi avame kakhulu yi- /var/log/syslog kanye ne- /var/log/messages , aqoqa imicimbi yesistimu ejwayelekile, kanye ne- /var/log/auth.log yezindaba ezihlobene nokuqinisekiswa. Ungasebenzisa amathuluzi anjenge- less kanye ne -grep ukuze uwahlunge ngamagama angukhiye (iphutha, ukwehluleka, isikhathi sokuvala, njll.). Uma usebenza ne-systemd log, ungabuka imiyalezo evela ebhuthini lokugcina usebenzisa izinketho ezithile, ubuyekeze amalogi avela kusevisi ethile, noma uhlunge ngezikhathi (isibonelo, kusukela emahoreni amabili okugcina).
Umyalo we -`dmesg` ubonisa i-kernel message buffer, ewusizo kakhulu ekutholeni izinkinga zehadiwe, njengokulayisha abashayeli, amaphutha ebhasi le-PCI, izixwayiso zememori, nokuningi. Ipharamitha ye -`-T` inikeza izitembu zesikhathi ezifundekayo, futhi ukuhlunga ngezinga lobunzima kukuvumela ukuthi ugxile ezinkingeni ezibaluleke kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i- `dmesg -w` ikuvumela ukuthi ubone imiyalezo ikhiqizwa ngesikhathi sangempela, okuyinto ewusizo kakhulu lapho uxhuma/unqamula amadivayisi noma uma usola iphutha elingaphambi kokwesaba kwe-kernel.
Imilayezo ihlukaniswa ngamazinga obunzima, okukusiza ukuthi ubeke phambili. Amazinga aqala ku -0 (isimo esiphuthumayo) , okubonisa isimo esibucayi kakhulu esingabangela ukuphahlazeka noma ukungazinzi okukhulu, kuya ku -1 (isexwayiso) , 2 (esibucayi) , kanye no -3 (iphutha elingelona elibucayi) , kuya ezixwayisweni (izinga 4), izexwayiso eziphawulekayo (izinga 5), imiyalezo yolwazi (izinga 6), kanye nemiyalezo yokulungisa amaphutha (izinga 7). Ukuqonda la mazinga kukuvumela ukuthi uhlunge umsindo futhi ugxile kulokho okubaluleke ngempela lapho amalogi ekhuluma kakhulu.
Ukusebenzisa imigqa yepayipi ye- grep kukuvumela ukuthi ukhiphe kuphela leyo migqa kusuka ezingeni elithile kuma-log wombhalo ocacile, kuyilapho amathuluzi e-systemd enikeza amapharamitha athile okuhlunga ngokuqakathekile kujenali. Ukuqonda lezi zihlungi umehluko phakathi kokulahleka ezinkulungwaneni zemigqa nokuthola umlayezo okunikeza inkomba oyidingayo ngemizuzwana.
Izinhlobo zamaphutha ku-Linux: i-kernel, uhlelo lwefayela, inethiwekhi, izinhlelo zokusebenza, kanye nehadiwe
Ukuze uxilonge kahle, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi hlobo luni lwephutha olibonayo. Izinkinga ze-Linux zingahlukaniswa kabanzi zibe amaphutha e-kernel, isistimu yamafayela, inethiwekhi, uhlelo lokusebenza, kanye nehadiwe , yize zivame ukuhlobana.
Amaphutha e-Kernel asukela ezixwayisweni ezilula kuya ezimweni ezibucayi njenge-kernel oops kanye ne-kernel panics. I -kernel oop iyiphutha elikhulu lapho i-kernel ibulala khona inqubo ebangele ukwephulwa kodwa izama ukuqhubeka isebenza. Kungaba uphawu lokungakhumbuli kahle, abashayeli abanephutha, ukungalingani, ukonakala kwedatha, noma amaphutha. Uma inkinga ithinta uhlelo olungaphansi olubucayi, leyo oop ingakhula ibe yi- kernel panic , okuyi-Linux elingana nesikrini sokufa esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka esibonwa kwezinye izinhlelo.
I- kernel panic "iyi-hard panic": uhlelo lucishe luqine ngokuphelele, umlayezo wephutha (ngokuvamile oyimfihlo) uboniswa esikrinini, futhi, kuye ngokucushwa, ungaphoqa ukuqala kabusha okuzenzakalelayo. Ngokuvamile kubangelwa ukufinyelela kwememori okungalungile, ukwehluleka kwabashayeli ababalulekile, i-root partition engafinyeleleki, izinkinga ezinkulu ze-RAM, ukwehluleka kwenqubo ye-init, amaphutha kuma-initramfs, ama-kernel angafakwanga kahle noma angasekelwa, noma ama-patches angazinzile. I-kernel ngokwayo ingenza i-memory dump (i-Kernel Crash Dump) ukuze ihlaziywe kamuva.
Amaphutha esistimu yefayela abonakala njengokungakwazi ukufaka izingxenye, ukonakala kwemiyalezo, amafayela angafundeki, noma ukulahleka kwedatha. Ukuvalwa okungazelelwe, ukucima kukagesi, imikhakha emibi, noma amaphutha kumshayeli wesistimu yefayela kungaba yimbangela. Yilapho i-fsck, i-smartctl, nanoma yiziphi izipele ozenzile ngaphambi kokwenza noma yiziphi izinguquko ziqala khona ukusebenza.
Emkhakheni wokuxhumana , izimpawu zingasukela ekunqanyulweni okungahleliwe, isivinini sokudlulisa esihamba kancane, ukubambezeleka okuphezulu, noma ukungakwazi ukuxhumana ngokuphelele. Izimbangela zifaka phakathi ukucushwa okungalungile (i-IP, i-routing, i-DNS, i-firewall), abashayeli be-NIC abanephutha, ukuphazamiseka kwe-Wi-Fi, amaphutha ekhebula, noma ukuminyana kwenethiwekhi endaweni ethile endleleni. Amathuluzi okuxilonga inethiwekhi esixoxe ngawo asiza ukuhlukanisa ungqimba lapho kwenzeka khona ukwehluleka.
Amaphutha ohlelo lokusebenza asukela ezinhlelweni ezivala ngokungalindelekile, ezihluleka ukuqala, ezibonisa imiyalezo yelabhulali engekho, noma ezingasabeli. Ngokuvamile abangelwa ukuncika okuphukile, izinguqulo zelabhulali ezingahambisani, amaphutha ekhodi, izikripthi ezibhalwe kabi, noma izimo zohlanga. Amathuluzi afana ne -strace (yokulandelela izingcingo zesistimu) noma i-lsof (yokubuka amafayela avulekile enqubo kanye nokuxhumeka kwenethiwekhi) anganikeza ulwazi olubalulekile.
Okokugcina, amaphutha ehadiwe asukela ezixhumini ezikhululekile, izintambo ezonakele, ama-port aphukile, noma ukungcola okuqongelelekile, kuya ekuhlulekeni kwe-elekthronikhi okubangelwa ukushisa ngokweqile, umswakama, noma ukuguga. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukungqubuzana phakathi kwezingxenye (i-IRQ, i-DMA, njll.) nezinkinga zamandla noma zokusebenza (ukucindezela kwezinga lokushisa, i-RAM enganele, i-CPU enganele). Futhi, ukusebenzisa izinzwa zakho kanye namathuluzi okuqapha kanye nokuhlolwa kokucindezeleka kuzokusiza ukuthi ubone ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye ebonakalayo ehlulekayo.
Izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zenqubo yokuxilonga ehlelekile
Nakuba yonke inkinga ihlukile, ungalandela uhlobo "lweskeleton" lwezinyathelo ezingashintshwa cishe kunoma yisiphi isimo. Esokuqala, esesishiwo kakade, ukuchaza inkinga ngokunembile : yini ehlulekayo, kusukela nini, ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo, nokuthi yini eshintshile ngaphambi nje (ukufakwa kwesofthiwe, isibuyekezo, ushintsho lwehadiwe, njll.). Uma ungakwazi ukuphinda ukwehluleka ngokwethembeka, kungcono kakhulu.
Isinyathelo sesibili ukubuyekeza isimo sesistimu namalogi: sebenzisa i-journalctl kanye ne-dmesg ukuze ubheke imiyalezo efanele (ikakhulukazi emazingeni ephutha, abucayi, noma awexwayiso), hlola umthwalo nge- top/htop , imemori yamahhala enemiyalo yokusebenzisa imemori, ukusetshenziswa kwediski nge-df, kanye namalogi aqondene nesevisi noma uhlelo lokusebenza oluthintekile. Ukusesha amagama angukhiye afana nephutha, ukwehluleka, ukwethuka, noma ukuphelelwa yisikhathi kuvame ukukunikeza izinkomba ezisheshayo.
Okwesithathu, kuyalulekwa ukuthi uhlole imithombo yangaphandle. Ukusesha kahle umlayezo wephutha ("Ubuntu 20.04 wifi disconnects," isibonelo) kuzokuholela emibuthanweni yeforamu, ama-wiki okusabalalisa kwakho, noma imibiko yamaphutha lapho abanye abasebenzisi sebevele bebhekene nenkinga efanayo. Ungakhohlwa ukubheka amakhasi e-man (man), amadokhumenti asemthethweni, izindlela zokwenza, kanye nama-wiki ; lelo "RTFM" elidumile lihlala lingenye yezeluleko ezinhle kakhulu.
Uma usunemibono eminingana, udlulela esigabeni sokuhlola: ukuqala kabusha isevisi ethile, ukuguqula okwesikhashana ifayela lokucushwa (ngesipele), ukukhubaza imojuli ye-kernel, ukuqala kabusha nge-kernel etholakala kumphathi we-boot, ukuhlola enye idivayisi ebonakalayo, njll. Isihluthulelo lapha ukwenza izinguquko eziguqulwayo nezilawulwayo, ngayinye ngayinye , bese uhlola ngemva kwesinyathelo ngasinye ukuthi inkinga iyaqhubeka yini.
Uma ekugcineni uthola ikhambi elisusa iphutha, kunesinyathelo sokugcina esisodwa, esivame ukunganakwa kakhulu: ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwalo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nokubhala phansi lokho okwenzile . Okungcono kakhulu, kufanele uqale kabusha ikhompyutha yakho (uma inkinga ithinte ukuqala) noma ushiye uhlelo lungaphansi komthwalo isikhashana, uhlole ukuthi awekho amaphutha aphinde avele kumalogi, bese uqopha ikhambi encwadini yakho yobuchwepheshe. Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kuzokusiza ukuvimbela inkinga ukuthi ingaphinde ivele noma ukuyixazulula ngemizuzu embalwa ngokuzayo.
Ngale qoqo lonke lemibono, amathuluzi, kanye nezindlela, i-Linux ayibe yibhokisi elimnyama eliyimfihlakalo futhi iba yindawo lapho ungaxilonga khona konke kusukela kumyalezo olula we-log kuya ku-kernel panic noma i-RAM ehlulekayo ngokunemba okukhulu . Akukhona mayelana nokubamba ngekhanda imiyalo eyinkulungwane, kodwa mayelana nokufaka indlela ehlelekile, ukuthembela kumadokhumenti kanye nomphakathi, nokungesabi ukubheka "ngaphansi kwe-hood" lapho kukhona okungahambi kahle.
