- Ukubambezeleka yisikhathi sokuphendula koxhumano lwakho futhi kulinganiswa ngamathuluzi anjenge-ping, i-traceroute, noma izivivinyo eziku-inthanethi.
- Izici ezifana nohlobo lokufinyelela, i-router, i-Wi-Fi, kanye nokuminyana kwenethiwekhi kuthinta ngqo i-ping kanye nokuzinza.
- Ukuhlanganisa imiyalo eyisisekelo namathuluzi athuthukile (i-Wireshark, izikena zenethiwekhi, ama-ejenti) kukuvumela ukuthi uthole umthombo wenkinga.
- Ukulandela indlela yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo nokubhala phansi izehlakalo kusiza ukuvimbela nokuxazulula izinkinga zokulibaziseka kwesikhathi esizayo ngokushesha okukhulu.
Uma ubona ukuthi izingcingo zevidiyo ziyehla, imidlalo eku-inthanethi iyephuza ukuphendula, noma amawebhusayithi abonakala entengantenga , cishe unenkinga yokubambezeleka kunethiwekhi yakho yasekhaya. Akuyona njalo iphutha lomhlinzeki: ngokuvamile inkinga iba ku-Wi-Fi (bheka ikhambi lethu lokubambezeleka kwenethiwekhi engenantambo ), inethiwekhi uqobo, noma ngisho namaseva ezinhlelo zokusebenza ozisebenzisayo.
Nakuba kungase kuzwakale njengobuchwepheshe, noma yimuphi umsebenzisi onesineke esincane angaxilonga ukubambezeleka kwenethiwekhi yakhe yasekhaya esebenzisa amathuluzi alula kakhulu (njenge-ping noma i-tracert) futhi, uma kudingeka, izinsiza ezithuthukisiwe kakhulu njenge-Wireshark noma izikena zenethiwekhi, nangokubonisana nezinsiza mayelana nokubambezeleka kwe-Wi-Fi nokuthi ungayinciphisa kanjani . Lesi sihloko sichaza isinyathelo ngesinyathelo ukuthi ungaqonda kanjani ukuthi ukubambezeleka kuyini, ukuthi ungayithola kanjani inkinga, nokuthi ungabonisa kanjani, ngedatha esandleni, ukuthi inkinga ikunethiwekhi, i-ISP, noma uhlelo lokusebenza ngokwalo.
Kuyini ukubambezeleka kunethiwekhi yasekhaya futhi kungani kubalulekile?
Uma sikhuluma ngokubambezeleka, sibhekisela esikhathini esithathayo ukuze iphakethe ledatha lihambe lisuka kudivayisi yakho liye kuseva bese libuya . Lilinganiswa ngama-millisecond (ms) futhi empeleni yisikhathi sokuphendula koxhumano lwakho. Inethiwekhi ene-latency enhle izwakala ishesha; inethiwekhi ene-latency ephezulu yenza kuzwakale sengathi "konke kulibazisekile." Bheka futhi umhlahlandlela we- latency yenethiwekhi nokuthi ungayithuthukisa kanjani.
Ezivivinyweni eziningi zesivinini uzobona igama elithi ping . Le ping imane nje iyisilinganiso se-latency : isikhathi sokubuya sephakethe ledatha. Uma leli nani liphezulu kakhulu, uhlangabezana nalokho sonke esikwaziyo ngokuthi i-lag , okusho ukubambezeleka okubonakalayo emidlalweni eku-inthanethi, izingcingo zevidiyo, noma ukusakaza bukhoma.
Ngokwezinto ezingokoqobo, amanani okubhekisela kunethiwekhi yasekhaya ngokuvamile yilawa: i-0-30 ms ibhekwa njengenhle kakhulu (ilungele imidlalo kanye nezingcingo zevidiyo ezidinga amandla), phakathi kwe- 30-60 ms ingasetshenziswa kahle yize ingacwengekile kangako, i-60-100 ms isivele iyizinga eliphakathi lapho ukubambezeleka kubonakala khona ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezithinta isikhathi, kanti ngaphezu kwe -100 ms ukubambezeleka kubhekwa njengokuphezulu futhi kubangela izinkinga ezicacile zokuhlangenwe nakho komsebenzisi.
Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ukubambezeleka akuxhomekile kuphela kumhlinzeki wesevisi ye-inthanethi: uhlobo lokuxhumeka (i-fiber, i-ADSL, i-satellite), ikhwalithi ye-router, ukuminyana kwe-bandwidth, kanye nebanga eliya kuseva konke kunomthelela omkhulu. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokubeka icala, kuyalulekwa ukuthatha izilinganiso ezinembile bese ulandela indlela yokuxilonga.
Izici ezithinta ukubambezeleka kunethiwekhi yasekhaya
Ekusethweni kwe-inthanethi yasekhaya okuvamile, ukubambezeleka kuthonywa izici eziningana ezixhumene. Esokuqala uhlobo lokufinyelela i-inthanethi : i-fiber optic inikeza ukubambezeleka okuphansi kakhulu nokuzinzile, kuyilapho ubuchwepheshe obufana ne-ADSL, umsakazo (i-WiMax), noma i-satellite buletha ukubambezeleka okwengeziwe ngenxa yendlela isignali ehamba ngayo.
Esinye isici esibalulekile yindawo yeseva oxhumana nayo . Ukuxhuma kuseva ezweni lakini akufani nokuxhuma kwenye kwenye indawo emhlabeni: lapho amaphakethe ehamba ngamakhilomitha amaningi nama-router aphakathi, kulapho ukubambezeleka kuzoba phezulu khona. Okungeziwe kulokhu ukuminyana kwenethiwekhi yomphakathi yomqhubi, okungandisa izikhathi zokuphendula ngesikhathi samahora aphezulu, njengoba kuchaziwe ezihlokweni mayelana nokuvinjelwa kwenethiwekhi.
Kuningi ongakuthulula kunethiwekhi yakho yasekhaya. Ama-router amadala, ama-router ahlelwe kabi, noma ama-router abekwe ezindaweni ezingafanele (ngaphakathi kwekhabethe, ezindongeni ezijiyile, njll.) angakhuphula kakhulu ukubambezeleka, ikakhulukazi uma konke kuxhunywe nge-Wi-Fi. Cabanga ngezixazululo ezifana namanethiwekhi e-Wi-Fi mesh kanye nokusebenza kwawo . Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma amadivayisi amaningi esebenzisa i-bandwidth ngesikhathi esisodwa, uzobona ukwanda kwe-ping noma ngabe ukuhlolwa kwesivinini kubonisa isivinini esihle sokulanda.
Isici sesofthiwe akufanele singanakwa. Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezilungiselelwe kabi, amaseva agcwele ngokweqile, noma imiklamo yephrothokholi engasebenzi kahle ingadala umbono wokuthi "inethiwekhi ayisebenzi kahle," kanti empeleni ukusebenza kwenethiwekhi kuhle futhi inkinga isendleleni uhlelo lokusebenza olusebenzisa ngayo leyo nethiwekhi. Ezindaweni zebhizinisi, leli phuzu libucayi kakhulu lapho abathuthukisi bethi ingqalasizinda yiyo enecala.
Amathuluzi ayisisekelo okuxilonga ukubambezeleka kunethiwekhi yasekhaya
Ngaphambi kokufunda ngamathuluzi ochwepheshe, kuyalulekwa ukuthi ube yingcweti yemiyalo yokuxilonga elula kakhulu , efakiwe cishe kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza futhi ikuvumela ukuthi ukhiphe izinkinga eziningi ngokushesha. Ziyashesha, azidingi ukufakwa, futhi zingasebenza kusukela kulayini womyalo.
Okuvamile kuzo zonke yi -ping . Lo myalo uthumela amaphakethe e-ICMP echo endaweni oya kuyo (ikheli le-IP noma igama lesizinda) futhi ulinganisa isikhathi esithathayo ukuthola impendulo. Ngaphezu kokubambezeleka okujwayelekile, ubonisa ukulahleka kwephakethe, okuyisihluthulelo sokunquma ukuthi uxhumano luzinzile yini. Isibonelo, ungacindezela i-ping 8.8.8.8 ukuhlola ikhwalithi yokuxhumeka kwakho kwe-inthanethi noma ucindezele ikheli le-IP le-router yakho ukuze ubone ukuthi inkinga ikuhlangothini lwe-Wi-Fi/LAN.
Elinye ithuluzi elibalulekile i-tracert noma i-traceroute (kuye ngokuthi usebenzisa i-Windows noma i-Linux/macOS). Leli thuluzi "lidonsa" indlela amaphakethe ayithathayo esuka kukhompyutha yakho aye endaweni yawo, ligxuma ku-router ngayinye ephakathi futhi libonise ukubambezeleka kokugxuma ngakunye. Liwusizo kakhulu ekuboneni ukuthi inkinga ikunethiwekhi yakho yasekhaya, inethiwekhi ye-ISP yakho, noma inethiwekhi yomhlinzeki wesevisi oxhuma kuye.
Kuzinhlelo ze-Windows, une -pathping , ehlanganisa izici ze-ping kanye ne-tracert. Ithumela amaphakethe kokubili endaweni yokugcina kanye ne-router ngayinye ephakathi, bese ibika ukulahleka kwe-latency kanye ne-packet ku-hop ngayinye. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi ubone kalula ukuthi i-node ethile ibangela ukubambezeleka noma ukulahleka kwe-packet.
I-ipconfig (Windows) kanye ne-ifconfig (Linux kanye ne-macOS) nazo ziwusizo , ezibonisa ukucushwa kwama-adaptha akho enethiwekhi: ikheli le-IP, i-subnet mask, i-gateway ezenzakalelayo, kanye namaseva e-DNS ngokuvamile. Ngalolu lwazi, ungaqinisekisa, isibonelo, ukuthi i-PC yakho isebangeni elifanele lenethiwekhi noma ukuthi azikho izingxabano zokucushwa eziyisisekelo.
Ukuze uhlole izinkinga zokuxazulula amagama, umyalo we -nslookup uyithuluzi elifanele. Ukuvumela ukuthi ubuze ngqo iseva ye-DNS ukuze uthole irekhodi lesizinda esithile bese ubona ukuthi iphendula ngokushesha futhi ngekheli le-IP elifanele. Uma amawebhusayithi "ethatha isikhathi eside ukuqala ukulayisha," inkinga ivame ukuba yi-DNS ehamba kancane kunokuba nje kube ukubambezeleka kokuxhumeka.
Imiyalo ye -netstat kanye ne-route yengeza ungqimba olwengeziwe: eyangaphambili ibonisa ukuxhumana okusebenzayo, izibalo zephrothokholi, kanye namathebula okuqondisa, kuyilapho eyakamuva ikuvumela ukuthi ubuke futhi uguqule lawo mathebula. Endaweni yasekhaya, asetshenziswa kaningi kune-ping noma i-tracert, kodwa ayasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imizila ehleliwe iyahambisana nokuthi akukho ukuxhumana okungavamile okuhlanganisa izinsiza.
Ukuxilongwa okuqondiswayo ku-Windows: abaxazululi bezinkinga
Kubasebenzisi abangafuni noma abangazi ukuthi basebenzise kanjani umugqa womyalo, izinhlelo zokusebenza ngokwazo zinikeza ama-wizard okuxilonga ayisisekelo . Ku-Windows 10, isibonelo, mane uchofoze kwesokudla kusithonjana senethiwekhi kubha yomsebenzi bese ukhetha inketho yokuxazulula izinkinga ukuze uhlelo luzame ukuthola nokulungisa amaphutha avamile.
I-Windows 7 nezinye izinguqulo zilandela inqubo efanayo, efinyelelwa nge- Control Panel > Network and Internet > Network and Sharing Center . Ukusuka lapho, ungakhetha uxhumano lwakho bese usebenzisa ithuluzi lokuxilonga, elizohlola ukucushwa okuvamile futhi liphakamise ukulungiswa. Kunethiwekhi yasekhaya enezinkinga ezilula, lokhu kuvame ukwanele ukubuyisela ukufinyelela kwe-inthanethi.
Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi laba basizi balinganiselwe kakhulu: abanikezi ulwazi olujulile mayelana nokubambezeleka, ithrafikhi, noma ukuphepha . Bafana nokulungiswa okusheshayo kwezinkinga zokuxhumeka ezincane (i-adaptha ekhutshaziwe, ikheli le-IP elinikezwe ngendlela engafanele, njll.). Uma ufuna ngempela ukuqonda okwenzekayo kunethiwekhi yakho, kuzodingeka usebenzise amathuluzi athuthukile kakhulu.
Uma kuziwa kumanethiwekhi e-Wi-Fi, iphaneli yokuphatha ikuvumela ukuthi ubuke futhi uphathe amanethiwekhi angenantambo agcinwe kudivayisi yakho. Ukuhlola ukuthi uxhumeke kunethiwekhi efanele, ukuthi iphasiwedi ilungile, nokuthi awekho amanethiwekhi aphindaphindwayo anegama elifanayo kungavimbela izinhlungu zekhanda lapho uxhumano lubonakala lungazinzile ngaphandle kwesizathu esibonakalayo.
Amathuluzi okuxilonga inethiwekhi ethuthukisiwe kanye nokulibaziseka
Lapho izinkinga zokulibaziseka ziba nzima kakhulu noma zithinta izinhlelo zokusebenza ezibalulekile, izixazululo zokuxilonga ezibanzi kakhulu ziyasetshenziswa , ezikwazi ukubamba amaphakethe, ukuhlaziya imizila ngokujulile, ukuqapha ukusebenza, noma ukuthola wonke amadivayisi axhunywe kunethiwekhi.
Phakathi kwamathuluzi edeskithophu aziwa kakhulu yi- Wireshark , i-analyzer yephrothokholi yamahhala neyomthombo ovulekile esebenza ku-Windows, Linux, macOS, nakwezinye izinhlelo. Iwusizo kakhulu ekuqapheni ithrafikhi yenethiwekhi ngamathuluzi omthombo ovulekile . Ikuvumela ukuthi uthwebule ithrafikhi yenethiwekhi ngesikhathi sangempela, ukhombe amakhulu amaphrothokholi ahlukene, futhi uhlunge izingxoxo ezithile ukuze ubone, isibonelo, ukuthi uhlelo lokusebenza lwenza izicelo ezihamba kancane noma uma kukhona ukudluliselwa kwephakethe okubangela ukubambezeleka okubonakalayo.
I-Wireshark iwusizo kakhulu ekutholeni izinkinga zokubambezeleka, ukulahleka kwephakethe, amaphutha okucushwa kwenethiwekhi, ngisho nokungahambi kahle kwezokuphepha . Ungabona amakheli e-IP kanye ne-MAC awo wonke amadivayisi ahilelekile, uhlaziye isikhathi phakathi kwamaphakethe, futhi uhlole izithiyo zokuxhumana neseva ethile. Iyithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu, kodwa lidinga ijika lokufunda kancane.
Ezweni leselula, sithola izinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana ne -Network Analyzer , ezitholakala ku-Android kanye ne-iOS. Lolu hlelo lokusebenza luhlanganisa isithwebuli se-LAN esibonisa wonke amadivayisi axhunyiwe ngokuningiliziwe (i-IP, i-MAC, umenzi) futhi inikeza izinsiza ezifana ne-ping, i-traceroute, kanye nemibuzo ye-whois ukuhlaziya izindlela zethrafikhi ngale kwe-router nokuthola izinkinga zokuphepha ezingaba khona noma ukuvuza kwedatha.
Enye inketho ethakazelisayo yi -Network Scanner , esebenza kumadivayisi eselula kanye ne-Windows, lapho ingadingi ngisho nokufakwa ngoba iyaphatheka. Leli thuluzi libala wonke amadivayisi axhunywe kunethiwekhi, libonisa izinsiza ezabiwe (noma ngabe zifihliwe), futhi likuvumela ukuthi uhlole isikhathi sokuphendula somsingathi ngamunye, likusize ukuthi uthole amadivayisi aphendula kancane kakhulu kunethiwekhi yakho yasekhaya.
Ezindaweni zobungcweti noma ezingezona ezobungcweti, izixazululo zokuqapha eziqhubekayo ezifana ne -Uptrends Uptime Monitor, i-Datadog Network Performance Monitoring, i-Nagios, noma i-Nmap nazo ziyasetshenziswa . Nakuba eziningi zalezi zenzelwe amabhizinisi, izimiso zazo ziyasebenza kunoma iyiphi inethiwekhi: ukuqapha ukutholakala, ukubambezeleka, umzila, izinsizakalo, kanye nokuphepha ukuze kuqashelwe izinkinga ngaphambi kokuba umsebenzisi azibone.
Isibonelo esisebenzayo: ukuxilongwa kwe-latency okuzenzakalelayo nge-ejenti
Ezweni lezinkampani, sekuvamile ukusebenzisa ama-ejenti asebenzisa ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuxilongwa kwenethiwekhi kusuka kudivayisi yomsebenzisi. Umqondo uwukugwema isimo sokusekelwa kobuchwepheshe sendabuko sokuqondisa othile ngocingo ukuthi asebenzise i-ping, i-ipconfig, noma i-tracert nokufunda imiphumela ngokuzwakalayo—inqubo ehamba kancane futhi evame ukwenza amaphutha.
Isibonelo sale ndlela yiplatifomu, esebenzisa i-ejenti efakwe emshinini we-Windows, esebenzisa i -diagnostic yenethiwekhi engaphazamisi, yokufunda kuphela . I-ejenti icindezela isango lendawo ukuhlola ukuxhumana kwe-LAN, isebenzisa izivivinyo ngokumelene ne-DNS yomphakathi (njenge-8.8.8.8) ukuqinisekisa ukufinyelela kwe-inthanethi, futhi yenza umzila wokulandelela ukuya ku-URL ebalulekile yebhizinisi ukuthola izithiyo ezingaba khona zokubambezeleka.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinhlobo zama-ejenti zivame ukubheka ithebula le-ARP ukuze zifake amamephu kumadivayisi engxenyeni yenethiwekhi yendawo futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi azikho izingxabano ze-IP noma ukuhlaselwa kwe-ARP kobuqili. Konke lokhu kwenziwa ngaphandle kokushintsha ama-adapter, ukushintsha ithebula lokuqondisa, noma ukuqala kabusha noma yini, ngaleyo ndlela kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amaseshini abasebenzisi asebenzayo awaphazanyiswa.
Umphumela uba umbiko ocacile ochaza ngokuningiliziwe ukubambezeleka okumaphakathi kwesango, ku-DNS yomphakathi, kanye nohlelo lokusebenza lwebhizinisi , inani lama-hops, ukuzinza komzila, kanye nokuba khona (noma ukungabikho) kokulahleka kwephakethe. Ngale datha, ithimba le-IT linganquma ngokushesha ukuthi inethiwekhi isebenza ngaphakathi kwamapharamitha ajwayelekile noma uma kunenkinga yengqalasizinda edinga ukudluliswa ku-ISP noma eqenjini lezinhlelo.
Ungafakazela kanjani ukuthi inethiwekhi inecala ngohlelo lokusebenza oluhamba kancane
Isimo esivame kakhulu, kokubili emabhizinisini nasezindaweni zasekhaya ezithuthukile, ukuthi abathuthukisi noma abathengisi besofthiwe basole inethiwekhi lapho uhlelo lokusebenza lwewebhu noma lwedeskithophu luhamba kancane. Njengonjiniyela wenethiwekhi (ngisho nowesibili), umgomo wakho ukusekela ukuxilongwa kwakho ngedatha eqondile.
Ukuze wenze lokhu, isinyathelo sokuqala ukukala ukubambezeleka ngaphakathi kwe-LAN . Uma i-iperf noma olunye ukuhlolwa kokusebenza phakathi kwekhompyutha neseva yangaphakathi kubonisa ukubambezeleka okuhle kakhulu kanye nomkhawulokudonsa owanele, ungasusa ukuxhumana kwendawo njengenkinga. Okulandelayo, kuyalulekwa ukukala ukubambezeleka kwi-inthanethi usebenzisa amathuluzi afana ne-ping kanye ne-traceroute, uhlole ukuthi imizila izinzile yini nokuthi ukubambezeleka kungaphakathi kwemingcele efanelekile.
Uma konke lokho kuhamba kahle, isinyathelo esilandelayo ukubamba ithrafikhi yenethiwekhi nge-Wireshark noma ithuluzi elifanayo ngenkathi uhlelo lokusebenza lusebenza kancane. Ngokuhlaziya imikhondo, ungabona ukuthi inethiwekhi ithatha isikhathi esingakanani ukuthutha amaphakethe nokuthi kudlula isikhathi esingakanani phakathi kweseva ethumela impendulo kanye neklayenti eliyicubungula. Ngokuvamile, uzothola ukuthi inethiwekhi iphendula ngesikhathi, kodwa uhlelo lokusebenza luthatha imizuzwana ukukhiqiza izimpendulo noma ukunikeza ulwazi.
Ezimweni ezithuthukile kakhulu, ungalungisa ngisho nokuxilongwa usebenzisa izindlela ezine zokuxazulula izinkinga zakudala : ukuqhathanisa nezinhlelo zokusebenza, "ukuhambisa" inkinga ngokushintsha izingxenye, ukulandelela indlela yephakethe, noma ukuya ungqimba ngengqimba ngokulandela imodeli ye-OSI. Konke lokhu kusiza ukunciphisa ukuthi ukubambezeleka kuhlobene nenethiwekhi kuphela noma kuyinkinga kwenye indawo esitaki.
Indlela enezinyathelo ezi-7 yokuxazulula izinkinga zenethiwekhi kanye nokubambezeleka
Ngaphandle kwamathuluzi athile, kuyasiza kakhulu ukulandela inqubo yokuxazulula izinkinga ehlelekile ekuvimbela ekuqageleni. Isiqondiso esisetshenziswa kabanzi emhlabeni wokuxhumana sinezinyathelo eziyisikhombisa eziyisisekelo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ekuxilongeni ukubambezeleka ezindaweni zasekhaya nezamabhizinisi amancane.
Isinyathelo sokuqala ukuhlonza inkinga kahle : yiziphi izimpawu ezibonakala, ngasiphi isikhathi, yimaphi amadivayisi athintekayo, nokuthi yiziphi izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenza kancane. Uma uqoqa ulwazi oluningi ekuqaleni (kufaka phakathi izithombe-skrini kanye nezikhathi ezilinganiselwe), kuzoba lula ukunciphisa umthombo we-latency.
Isinyathelo sesibili ukutshela abantu abathintekayo inkinga , kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangamalungu eqembu lobuchwepheshe noma, ekhaya, labo abasebenzisa inethiwekhi. Enkampanini, uma kuyinkinga ethinta abasebenzisi abaningi, ukuxhumanisa kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni iminyango eminingana ukuthi yenze izinguquko ngesikhathi esisodwa ngaphandle kokwazi ngakho.
Isinyathelo sesithathu ukuthola imbangela eyinhloko . Yilapho wonke amathuluzi okuxilonga achazwe ngaphambilini eqala ukusebenza khona: imiyalo yenethiwekhi, abahlaziyi bamaphakethe, abaqaphi bokusebenza, kanye namalogi emicimbi. Kujwayelekile ukubandakanya ukuzama kanye nephutha: wakha iziphetho (isibonelo, ukugcwala kwe-Wi-Fi, inkinga ye-DNS, ukuminyana kwe-ISP) bese uzihlola ezindaweni ezilawulwayo uze uthole efanele.
Uma imbangela isitholakele, isinyathelo sesine ukuklama ikhambi . Lokhu kungaba yinto elula njengokushintsha isiteshi se-Wi-Fi, ukubuyekeza i-firmware ye-router, noma ukulungisa izilungiselelo ze-QoS, noma into eyinkimbinkimbi njengokulungisa kabusha i-topology yenethiwekhi noma ukuxoxisana ngokuthuthukiswa koxhumano nomhlinzeki. Kunoma ikuphi, kuyalulekwa ukuhlola ngezinga elincane kuqala ukuze unciphise izingozi.
Isinyathelo sesihlanu ukusebenzisa ikhambi kuyo yonke inethiwekhi . Ngisho noma usuvele ulihlolile ngezinga elincane, kungumqondo omuhle ukuliqalisa ngezigaba, uqale ngokuhlola abasebenzisi bese ekugcineni ufinyelela wonke umuntu. Ukubaluleka kwalokhu kuqaliswa kuzoncika ebunzimeni benkinga kanye nomthelela wayo ebhizinisini noma ekhaya.
Ngemva kokuxazulula inkinga, isinyathelo sesithupha ukubhala phansi okwenzekile : ukuthi yini etholakele, ukuthi yatholakala kanjani, yiziphi izinguquko ezenziwe, kanye nemiphumela etholakele. Lo mbhalo ubaluleke kakhulu lapho inkinga efanayo iphinda ivele ezinyangeni kamuva noma lapho umuntu omusha ejoyina iqembu futhi edinga ukuqonda umlando wenethiwekhi.
Isinyathelo sesikhombisa nesokugcina ukuhlaziya ngokujulile lesi sigameko nokuqalisa izinyathelo zokuvimbela . Lokhu kuhilela ukubukeza ukuthi kukhona yini obekungenziwa kangcono, ukuthi ngabe kube nezimpawu zokuxwayisa zangaphambilini ezingatholakalanga, nokuthi yiziphi izinguquko (ukucushwa, ukuqapha, izinqubo) ezingavimbela ukubambezeleka okufanayo ekubangeleni izinkinga futhi esikhathini esizayo.
Izinkinga zenethiwekhi ezivame kakhulu kanye nokubambezeleka ekhaya
Kunethiwekhi yasekhaya, ezinye izinkinga eziphindaphindayo zithinta ngqo ukubambezeleka. Enye yezinto ezivame kakhulu amakheli e-IP aphindaphindwayo : lapho amadivayisi amabili abelana nge-IP efanayo, kuvela izingxabano ezingabonakala njengokuyeka ukusebenza, ukuba buthakathaka okubonakalayo, noma amaphutha okuxhumana. Isixazululo esivamile ukuhlola izilungiselelo ze-DHCP ze-router noma ukushintsha ikheli le-IP ledivayisi ethintekile.
Enye inkinga evamile ukukhathala kwekheli le-IP kuseva ye-DHCP ye-router. Uma ububanzi buncane kakhulu futhi unamadivayisi amaningi (omakhalekhukhwini, amathebulethi, amathelevishini, amadivayisi ahlakaniphile ekhaya, njll.), kuzofika isikhathi lapho amanye amadivayisi engeke akwazi ukuthola ikheli le-IP futhi azolahlekelwa uxhumano lwawo noma abhekane nezikhathi zokuphendula ezihamba kancane kakhulu. Ukwandisa ububanzi noma ukususa ukubhukha okudala kuvame ukuxazulula le nkinga.
Uma nje "kungekho uxhumano lwe-inthanethi," into yokuqala okufanele uyenze ngokuvamile ukuqala kabusha i-router yakho namadivayisi . Uma inkinga iqhubeka, i-traceroute izokusiza ukuthi uthole iphuzu eliqondile lapho uxhumano luphazamiseke khona: kungaba i-router uqobo, inethiwekhi yomhlinzeki wakho wesevisi ye-inthanethi, noma kwenye indawo ngokuphelele. Lolu lwazi luzoba usizo kakhulu uma udinga ukuvula ithikithi lokusekela nomhlinzeki wakho we-inthanethi.
Uphawu oluvame kakhulu lokubambezeleka ukusebenza okuphansi : konke kubonakala "kuhamba kancane" yize ukuhlolwa kwesivinini kukhombisa imiphumela emihle. Yilapho ukuminyana kungena khona, kokubili ohlangothini lwakho (amadivayisi amaningi kakhulu noma ukulanda okunzima) kanye nakunethiwekhi ye-ISP. Ezimweni eziningi, ikhambi lihilela ukubeka phambili ithrafikhi ebucayi ngesikhathi nge-QoS, ukushintshela ku-fiber uma usasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obudala, noma ukucabangela umhlinzeki onikeza imizila engcono yezinsizakalo ozisebenzisa kakhulu.
Okuhlangenwe nakho kubonisa ngokusobala ukuthi ukuhlanganisa amathuluzi amahle, indlela ehlelekile, kanye nomkhuba othile kuvumela noma yimuphi umsebenzisi ukuthi aqonde kangcono inethiwekhi yakhe futhi enze izinqumo ezinolwazi. Ukuqapha njalo kanye nokuxilonga kunciphisa kakhulu umthelela wokubambezeleka empilweni yakho yansuku zonke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umane uphequlula i-inthanethi futhi wenze izingcingo zevidiyo, usebenza ekhaya, noma udlala imidlalo eku-inthanethi njalo.
