Uyemukelwa emhlabeni omuhle wezingosi zolwazi! Uma uke wasebenzisa isofthiwe ukuze ugcine ulwazi, kungenzeka ukuthi uhlangabezane naleli gama. Kodwa ingabe uyazi ngempela ukuthi isizindalwazi siyini nokuthi sisetshenziselwa ini? Kulesi sihloko sizophendula yonke imibuzo yakho mayelana nezingosi zolwazi: kusukela emisebenzini yazo kuye ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene ezikhona. Ngakho-ke lungele ukuhlolisisa umhlaba othakazelisayo wokuphathwa kwedatha!
Isingeniso kusizindalwazi
Ayini ama-database? Ayizinhlelo zamakhompyutha ezenzelwe ukugcina nokuhlela ulwazi oluningi. Ngamanye amazwi, angamathuluzi akuvumela ukuthi uphathe lolu lwazi ngendlela ephumelelayo nangokuphephile. Ngokungafani nama-spreadsheet, lapho ulwazi luqukethwe khona etafuleni elilodwa, i-database ikuvumela ukuthi udale amathebula amaningi ahlobene.
Ukuphathwa kwedatha okuphumelelayo kubalulekile kunoma iyiphi inhlangano noma ibhizinisi namuhla. Ngenxa yolwazi olugciniwe, kuyenzeka ukwazi ukufinyelela ngokushesha kulo lonke ulwazi olubalulekile ngokuchofoza okumbalwa nje kwegundane. Lezi zinhlelo zingasetshenziswa izinhlobo ezahlukene zabasebenzisi: kusukela emabhizinisini amancane kuya ezinkampanini ezinkulu ngisho nasezikhungweni zikahulumeni.
Umsuka wolwazi
Umlando wezizindalwazi uqala maphakathi nekhulu lama-20 , lapho inani elikhulu lolwazi laqala ukuphathwa ezinkampanini nasezinhlanganweni. Lezi zizindalwazi zokuqala zaziphathwa ngesandla, kusetshenziswa amakhadi noma amafayela aqoshiwe ukugcina nokuhlela ulwazi. Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe, kwavela isidingo sokudala izinhlelo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu zokuphatha idatha. Ngo-1950, kwavela izizindalwazi zokuqala ze-elekthronikhi, kusetshenziswa amateyipu kazibuthe njengendawo yokugcina idatha.
Ngawo-60 kanye nawo-70, ngokuthuthukiswa kwamakhompyutha omuntu siqu kanye ne-inthanethi, kwaba nokwanda okukhulu kokusetshenziswa nesidingo sama-database. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilimi ezithile zokuphathwa kwe-database, njenge -SQL (Ulimi Lwemibuzo Oluhlelekile), zaqala ukusetshenziswa.
Ngawo-80, kwavela ubuchwepheshe obusha obuye bathuthukisa ukuphathwa nokugcinwa kwedatha ngobuningi. Phakathi kwazo, isizindalwazi esihlobene noma imininingwane esekelwe ku-SQL iyagqama.
Imisebenzi yesizindalwazi
Isizindalwazi sinemisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kwayo ngendlela efanele. Okokuqala nje, isizindalwazi sisetshenziswa ukugcina inani elikhulu lolwazi endaweni eyodwa. Lokhu kuvumela amabhizinisi nezinhlangano ukuthi zigcine amarekhodi azo ehlelekile futhi efinyeleleka.
Izizindalwazi sezibe amathuluzi ayisisekelo okuphathwa kolwazi, okuvumela ukugcinwa, ukuhlela, nokususwa kwedatha okulula. Zivumela imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi njengokusesha okuqondiwe kanye nokubalwa kwezimali okukhulu. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani izizindalwazi zibalulekile emabhizinisini anamuhla.
Izinto ze-database
Mayelana nezakhi zesizindalwazi, singakwazi ukuhlukanisa izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko: i-schema, amarekhodi kanye nobudlelwane. I-schema isakhiwo esichaza inhlangano enengqondo yolwazi olugcinwe kusizindalwazi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amarekhodi ayimigqa ngayinye ngaphakathi kwesistimu equkethe ulwazi oluthile mayelana nento noma ibhizinisi.
Ubudlelwano buyingxenye ebalulekile yolwazi lobudlelwano futhi buchaza ukuthi izinto ezahlukene zixhumene kanjani. Lezi zakhi zikuvumela ukuthi udale amasistimu ayinkimbinkimbi anamathebula amaningi kanye nokuxhumana ukuze amele kahle noma yiluphi uhlobo lwesethi yedatha ongayicabanga.
Database Izinhlobo
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zolwazi oluvumelana nezidingo kanye nezidingo zenhlangano ngayinye. Ezinye izibonelo zihlobene, i-NoSQL, i-object-oriented, i-distributed, i-multidimensional, kanye nemininingwane yegrafu.
Ama-database ahlobene asebenzisa amathebula ukugcina ulwazi nokwakha ubudlelwano phakathi kwawo kusetshenziswa okhiye abayinhloko nabangaphandle. Ama-database e-NoSQL, ngakolunye uhlangothi, avumela isitoreji esingahlelekile noma esihlelekile kancane ngefomethi ye-JSON. Ama-database aqondiswe ezintweni agcina izinto eziphelele kunokuba amarekhodi ngamanye, kuyilapho ama-database asatshalaliswa ecubungula inani elikhulu ledatha kumaseva amaningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinye izinketho ezifana nama-database aqondiswe ku-multidimensional noma ku-graph anikeza izixazululo ezikhethekile zezindawo ezithile njengokumbiwa kwedatha noma ukuhlaziywa kwe -geospatial .
imininingwane yolwazi
Imininingo egciniwe yobudlelwano yileyo egcina ulwazi kumathebula, lapho umugqa ngamunye umele ibhizinisi kanye nekholomu ngayinye isibaluli. Lezi zinhlangano zingahlotshaniswa zodwa ngokhiye abayinhloko nabangaphandle.
Isakhiwo esinengqondo sesizindalwazi esihlobene sivumela imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi ukuthi yenziwe kusetshenziswa ulimi lwe-SQL. Ukwengeza, ikhono layo lokuqinisekisa ubuqotho obuyinkomba liqinisekisa ukuthi idatha ihlala ifana.
Izibonelo zedathabheyisi yobudlelwano zifaka phakathi izizinda zedathabheyisi zomthombo ovulekile njenge- MySQL , i-MariaDB , i-PostgreSQL , i-FireBirdSQL , kanye ne -SQLite ; kanye nezizinda zedathabheyisi zezentengiselwano ezifana ne -Oracle kanye ne-SQL Server , phakathi kwezinye.
NoSQL database
Izizindalwazi ze-NoSQL ziyindlela ehlukile kunezizindalwazi zobudlelwano. Ngokungafani nezizindalwazi zobudlelwano, azisebenzisi amathebula nobudlelwano phakathi kwazo, kodwa kunalokho zigcina idatha ngezindlela ezahlukene njengemibhalo noma amagrafu. Isibonelo esisodwa yizizindalwazi ze-NoSQL ezibizwa ngokuthi i-MongoDB.
Lezi zingosi zolwazi zinwebeka kakhulu futhi ziyavumelana nezimo, okuvumela ukuphathwa kwenqwaba yolwazi ngesikhathi sangempela. Ukwengeza, ziwusizo kakhulu kuwebhu kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula ngenxa yekhono lazo lokusebenza nezakhiwo ezingachazwanga ngaphambilini. Imininingo egciniwe ye-NoSQL inikeza izixazululo eziphumelelayo nesimanje zokugcina nokuphatha ulwazi.
Imininingo egciniwe egxile entweni
Imininingo egciniwe egxile entweni (OODB) ingenye yezindawo zolwazi ezihlobene. Esikhundleni sokugcina idatha kumarowu namakholomu, lezi zingosi zolwazi zigcina ulwazi njengezinto ezinezibaluli nezindlela.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi ama-OODB ayakwazi ukuphatha izinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi zedatha, ewusizo ezinhlelweni ezicindezela into. Ukwengeza, ukuhlela okugxile entweni kuyindlela edumile nevame ukusetshenziswa yokuklama isofthiwe, ngakho-ke ama-OODB angaba lula konjiniyela ukusebenzisana nawo.
Imininingo egciniwe esabalalisiwe
Imininingo egciniwe esabalalisiwe yilezo ezisabalele kumasistimu amaningi, ahlukaniswe ngokomzimba kodwa axhunywe inethiwekhi. Ngayinye yalezi zinhlelo inamandla okucubungula nokugcina adingekayo ukuze kuphathwe ucezu oluthile lwedatha.
Lolu hlobo lwesizindalwazi luhlinzeka ngezinzuzo ezifana nokufinyelela olwazini olubuyekeziwe nolungaguquguquki kusuka noma yikuphi emhlabeni, kanye nokunikeza ukutholakala okukhulu nokuscalability. Kodwa-ke, ukuklama kwayo kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunokwendabuko ngenxa yobunzima bemvelo bokuxhumanisa phakathi kwama-node ahlukene.
Imininingwane eminingi
Imininingo egciniwe ye-Multidimensional iyinketho ethuthukisiwe yokuphatha inani elikhulu lolwazi. Esikhundleni sokuhlela ulwazi ngemigqa namakholomu, lezi zingosi zolwazi zikuvumela ukuthi ugcine idatha eyinkimbinkimbi njengezithombe, ihluzo, namanye amadokhumenti e-multimedia.
Imininingo egciniwe ye-Multidimensional isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ezinhlelweni zesayensi nezokuhweba ezidinga ukuhlaziywa okuyinkimbinkimbi nokuhlobene. Lawa masistimu angasiza abasebenzisi ukuthi babone ngeso lengqondo amaphethini namathrendi abengeke abonakale kusizindalwazi esivamile sobudlelwano.
Imininingo egciniwe egxile kwigrafu
Imininingo egciniwe yamagrafu iyindlela entsha nenamandla yokugcina nokuphatha amasethi amakhulu edatha axhumene. Kulolu hlobo lwesizindalwazi, amanodi amelela amabhizinisi noma imiqondo, kuyilapho ubudlelwano phakathi kwawo buboniswa njengemiphetho kugrafu.
Inzuzo enkulu yolwazi olugxile kumagrafu yikhono lazo lokusingatha ubudlelwano obuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwezakhi ezahlukahlukene. Lokhu kuvumela ukusebenza kahle nangempumelelo kokuhlaziywa okusekwe iphethini okuthuthukisiwe kanye nemibono ezenzakalelayo. Ukwengeza, lezi zingosi zolwazi zingasebenza nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lolwazi oluhlelekile noma olungahlelekile, okuzenza zibe inketho eguquguqukayo yezinhlelo zokusebenza zebhizinisi ezahlukene.
Imininingo egciniwe egxile kumadokhumenti
Ama-database aqondiswe kumadokhumenti aphakathi kwamathuluzi asetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni wekhompyutha nobuchwepheshe. Lawa ma-database abonakala ngokugcina idatha ngesimo samadokhumenti, ngokuvamile ahlelwe ngefomethi ye-JSON (JavaScript Object Notation). Ngokungafani nama-database ahlobene, ama-database aqondiswe kumadokhumenti awadingi i-schema echazwe kusengaphambili ukugcina idatha, ewanikeza ukuguquguquka okukhulu kanye nokukhula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka kwawo kulungiselelwe ukuphatha ulwazi oluningi kanye nokwenza imibuzo isheshe futhi isebenze kahle.
Lokhu kubenza babe ukukhetha okuhle kwamaphrojekthi aphatha idatha eningi, njengamanethiwekhi omphakathi, izinhlelo zokusebenza zewebhu, noma amapulatifomu e-commerce . Enye inzuzo ebalulekile yikhono labo lokuzivumelanisa kalula nezinguquko esakhiweni sedatha ngaphandle kokuthinta ukusebenza kwesistimu.
Umehluko phakathi kwesizindalwazi namaspredishithi
Imininingo egciniwe namaspredishithi angamathuluzi amabili ahlukene okuphatha idatha. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwazo usekhonweni lokuphatha inani elikhulu lolwazi. Amaspredishithi anomthamo olinganiselwe, kuyilapho isizindalwazi singabamba amanani amakhulu.
Omunye umehluko obalulekile yisakhiwo: kuma-database, idatha ihlelwa ngamathebula ahlobene, okwenza kube lula ukuhlaziya futhi avumele ukukhishwa okusheshayo nangempumelelo kwemibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokuphambene, amaspredishithi asebenzelana nesethi eqondile, ezimele yedatha engaklanyelwe ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe.
Zisebenza kanjani izingosi zolwazi?
Izizindalwazi zisebenza ngenqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-CRUD, emele okuthi Dala, Funda, Buyekeza, futhi Susa. Le nqubo ivumela ukusebenzisana phakathi kwabasebenzisi kanye nedatha egcinwe kusizindalwazi.
Ukuze ufinyelele kusizindalwazi, izilimi zemibuzo ezifana ne-SQL noma i-NoSQL zisetshenziselwa ukwenza imisebenzi kudatha. Lezi zilimi ziklanyelwe ukuthi zinembile futhi zisebenze kahle ekubuyiseni ulwazi oluthile ngokusekelwe ezidingweni zomsebenzisi. Ukusebenza kwesizindalwazi kubalulekile kunoma iyiphi inkampani noma ibhizinisi njengoba kusiza ukuphathwa kwangaphakathi nenhlangano.
Uhlelo Lokuphatha Isizindalwazi (DBMS)
I-Database Management System (DBMS) isofthiwe eklanyelwe ukuphatha nokuphatha amanani amakhulu olwazi olugcinwe kusizindalwazi. Lolu hlelo luvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bakhe, bagcine futhi baguqule imininingwane egcinwe kusizindalwazi.
Ama-DBMS abalulekile ekugcineni umkhondo wabasebenzisi abagunyaziwe abafinyelela ulwazi olugciniwe, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi idatha egciniwe iyahlonishwa futhi igcinwa ivikelekile ngangokunokwenzeka. Lawa mathuluzi abalulekile kuzo zonke izinkampani, njengoba ezivumela ukuthi zilawule imiqulu emikhulu yolwazi ngokuphumelelayo.
Umbuzo wesizindalwazi
Imibuzo yedathabheyisi ingenye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu engenziwa kudathabheyisi. Ihlanganisa ukusesha, ukuthola, nokuhlaziya ulwazi olugcinwe ngaphakathi kwayo.
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zemibuzo, kusukela kwelula kuya kweyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Abanye bagxila ekufuneni irekhodi elithile, kuyilapho abanye befuna amarekhodi amaningi ngokusekelwe ezicini zokucinga ezihlukahlukene. Ikhono lokwenza imibuzo ephumelelayo nenembile linganikeza imininingwane ebalulekile yokwenza izinqumo zebhizinisi ezinolwazi.
Ukubaluleka kanye nokusetshenziswa kolwazi
Imininingo egciniwe ingamathuluzi ayisisekelo okugcina kahle nokuphathwa kwenani elikhulu lolwazi. Ngenxa yabo, izinkampani zingaba nokulawula okukhulu kudatha yazo, okuzivumela ukuthi zenze izinqumo ezinolwazi kakhulu futhi zithuthukise ukusebenza kwazo.
Imininingo egciniwe ibalulekile enkathini yedijithali yanamuhla, isiza ukwenza izinqubo ngokuzenzakalela ngaphakathi kwamabhizinisi ukunciphisa amaphutha abasebenzi futhi kuthuthukiswe umkhiqizo usuwonke. Lezi ziphinde zisetshenziswe ezinsizeni zewebhu ukunikeza okuqukethwe okusebenzisanayo kumsebenzisi, okuhlinzeka ngolwazi oluseduzane nomphakathi. Ngenxa yolwazi olugciniwe, abanikazi bamabhizinisi benza izinqumo ezinhle zebhizinisi futhi bathuthukise ukusebenza kwabo ngaphakathi.
Isiphetho nezinyathelo ezilandelayo
Sengiphetha, ziyini izingosi zolwazi? Ziyingxenye ebalulekile yanoma iyiphi inhlangano ephethe amanani amakhulu olwazi. Zisivumela ukuthi sigcine, sihlele, siphathe futhi sifinyelele idatha kalula nangempumelelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zolwazi ukuze zivumelane nezidingo ezithile zenkampani ngayinye.
Ukuphathwa kwesizindalwazi ngendlela efanele kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kwesizindalwazi kanye nobumfihlo. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenzisa uhlelo olufanele lokuphatha kubalulekile.
Ukuqonda izisekelo zezizindalwazi kuzosinika ukuqonda okungcono komhlaba wedijithali esiphila kuwo nokuthi idatha iphathwa kanjani. Ngokuphathelene nezinyathelo ezilandelayo, singaqhubeka nokuhlola lesi sihloko noma sibheke izindlela ezithuthukisiwe nezintsha zokusebenza ngezizindalwazi zethu.