Izithiyo zenethiwekhi: izimbangela, ukutholwa kanye nezixazululo

Informatec Digital » Izinsiza » Izithiyo zenethiwekhi: izimbangela, ukutholwa kanye nezixazululo

Kunoma yiliphi ibhizinisi elixhumene, kusukela ehhovisi elincane kuya enkampanini enkulu, Izithiyo zenethiwekhi zingenye yalezo izinkinga zokuthula okuchitha isikhathi, ukukhiqiza, kanye nokubekezelaKonke kubonakala kulungile: umhlinzeki uthembisa i-1 Gbps, i-Wi-Fi "isebenza kahle," futhi imishini ayimdala kangako. Kodwa-ke, ukulanda kuthatha isikhathi eside, amafayela abiwe ayashesha ukuvula, futhi izingcingo zevidiyo ziyanqamuka.

Lokho ngokuvamile kuyisibonakaliso sokuthi, ngesikhathi esithile endleleni, Inethiwekhi iqinile kunezidingo zakho zethrafikhi.Njengasemgwaqweni omkhulu oncipha uye emzileni owodwa, idatha iphoqeleka "ukuma emgqeni." Kulesi sihloko, sizobheka ngokucophelela ukuthi yiziphi izithiyo zenethiwekhi, ukuthi zivelaphi, ukuthi ungazithola kanjani ngedatha eqondile, nokuthi yini ongayenza ukuze uzisuse noma, okungenani, uzigcine ngaphansi kokulawulwa kochwepheshe.

Iyini ngempela inkinga yenethiwekhi?

Uma sikhuluma ngezithiyo zenethiwekhi, sibhekisela ku- noma yiliphi iphuzu engqalasizinda elikhawulela ukusebenza kohlelo lonkeYisixhumanisi esibuthakathaka kakhulu kulolu chungechunge: akunandaba ukuthi unamaswishi e-10G, amaseva anamandla noma i-fiber elinganayo uma ingxenye eyodwa yenethiwekhi ingakwazi ukucubungula yonke ithrafikhi eyitholayo.

Cabanga ngenethiwekhi yakho iyinethiwekhi yomgwaqo: Amadivayisi yizimoto, izintambo namaswishi yimizila, kanti ububanzi bomkhawulokudonsa yinani lemizila etholakalayo.Uma ingxenye ebalulekile yomgwaqo inomzila owodwa kuphela futhi zonke izimoto kufanele zidlule kuyo, kuzokwenzeka ukuminyana kwezimoto ngisho noma eminye imigwaqo iyimigwaqo emikhulu. Yilokho kanye okwenzekayo kunethiwekhi lapho ichweba, isixhumanisi, noma idivayisi ifinyelela umthamo wayo.

Inkinga ingavela ezindaweni eziningi ezahlukene: ekuxhumekeni kwe-inthanethi, kusixhumanisi se-trunk phakathi kwamaswishi, kuseva ye-NAS engaphumeleli, noma ngisho nasemshinini obonakalayo onosayizi ongemuhleInto ebalulekile okufanele uyiqonde ukuthi lonke uhlelo luzosebenza ngokushesha njengengxenye ehamba kancane kunazo zonke endleleni yalo ukusuka ekuqaleni kuya ekugcineni.

Izimbangela ezivamile zokuvinjelwa kwamanethiwekhi ebhizinisi

Iningi lezinkinga zokusebenza kwenethiwekhi ezibhekana namabhizinisi ziphindaphindwa njalo. Ukuthola la maphethini kukusiza ukuthi uxilonge kusenesikhathi futhi utshale imali lapho kudingeka khona., ngaphandle kokungena ungaboni noma ukuchitha imali kwihadiwe engaxazululi lutho.

Esinye sezimbangela ezivame kakhulu yi- i-bandwidth enganele kuzixhumanisi eziyinhloko noma imigqa yesiquIsibonelo, cabanga ngekhebula elilodwa le-Gigabit elinika iswishi lapho kuxhunywe khona abasebenzisi abaningi. Ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa okuphezulu, lelo chweba le-1 Gbps labelwana ngalo phakathi kwabo bonke, futhi yize isiteshi ngasinye singaxoxisana nge-1 Gbps neswishi yaso, empeleni bancintisana nge-bandwidth efanayo.

Esinye isizathu esivamile yilesi imishini yenethiwekhi esiphelelwe yisikhathi noma engasebenzi kahle: ama-routers asekhaya Isebenza endaweni yehhovisi, ishintsha ngaphandle komthamo owanele wokushintsha noma izindawo zokufinyelela ze-Wi-Fi ezingabambi kahle amakhasimende amaningi ngasikhathi sinye. Ngisho noma isivinini setheku siyi-1 Gbps, ama-elekthronikhi angaphakathi angaba yimbangela.

Futhi akufanele sikhohlwe ukucushwa okungalungile noma okulungiselelwe kabiAma-VLAN ahlelwe kabi, i-QoS engalungiswanga kahle, umuthi obanzi ongalungiselelwanga kahle, izixhumanisi ezingahlanganiswanga ngesikhathi okufanele zibe ngaso… Konke lokhu kungabangela izihibe, ukuminyana ngokweqile emugqeni, noma ukusetshenziswa kabi kwe-bandwidth etholakalayo, okudala umuzwa wenethiwekhi ehamba kancane ngaphandle kwesizathu esisobala.

Ezinkampanini eziningi, kuvela inkinga enkulu: i ukusetshenziswa okungalawulwa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza noma izinsizakalo ezidla izinsiza zenethiwekhiUkusekela ngokulondoloza okugcwele ngesikhathi samahora okusebenza kakhulu, ukuvumelanisa okukhulu, abasebenzisi abalanda okuqukethwe okunzima, noma izingcingo zevidiyo ze-HD ngasikhathi sinye kungagcwalisa isixhumanisi kalula uma kungekho zinqubomgomo zekhwalithi yesevisi noma ukuhlela.

Uma sikhuluma ngamanethiwekhi angenantambo, ukuphazamiseka kanye imikhawulo ehambisana ne-Wi-Fi Zengeza olunye ungqimba lobunzima. Izimpawu ezivela kwamanye amanethiwekhi, izindonga ezijiyile, amadivayisi abekwe kabi, noma iziteshi ezigcwele zinganciphisa kakhulu i-bandwidth esebenzisekayo, zidale izithiyo ezingahlobene nesivinini se-inthanethi esincishisiwe.

Ikesi lakudala: ukuxhuma izitezi ezimbili ngekhebula elilodwa le-Gigabit

Isimo esivame kakhulu emahhovisi yilesi esilandelayo: iswishi enkulu (A) esitezi esiphansi, exhunywe ku-router ye-inthanethi, kanye neswishi yesibili (B) kwesinye isitezi exhunywe ngekhebula elilodwa le-CAT6 EthernetKulelo gumbi lesibili, abasebenzisi abayi-10, abayi-15 noma ngaphezulu bangasebenza, bonke baxhunywe ku-switch B.

Ngokombono, ngayinye yalezo zindawo zokusebenza inechweba le-Gigabit ku-switch, kodwa Yonke ithrafikhi evela kulabo basebenzisi eya kwi-inthanethi noma kumaseva axhunywe ukushintsha i-A idlula kusixhumanisi esisodwa se-1 Gbps phakathi kuka-A no-B. Uma abantu abangu-17 bevula futhi belondoloza amafayela amakhulu ku-SharePoint, benza ama-backup, noma benza amakholi wevidiyo, leso sixhumanisi siba yisithiyo sangempela.

Empeleni, okwenzekayo yilokho Umphumela ophumelelayo umsebenzisi ngamunye angawujabulela uyancipha njengoba imali ehambisanayo ikhula.Ezikhathini zokuthula inethiwekhi "iyandiza", kodwa lapho wonke umuntu esebenza ngesikhathi esifanayo amafayela amakhulu (isibonelo, amafayela e-Excel amakhulu kuno-30 MB agcinwe efwini noma kuseva yendawo), umuzwa wokuphuza nokulinda uyanda ngokuphawulekayo.

Uma amaswishi womabili enawo amachweba e-fiber optic (SFP/SFP+)Isixazululo sobungcweti kakhulu ukusebenzisa lawo machweba njengesixhumanisi somgogodla. Ngokusuka ku-1 Gbps ngaphezu kwethusi kuya ku-10 Gbps ngaphezu kwefayibha, inkinga iyashintsha: isixhumanisi asiseyona inkinga, futhi ithrafikhi inesikhala esikhulu kakhulu.

Le ndlela ifana nalapho "ugxuma" usuka kunethiwekhi ye-1G uye engqalasizinda exubile ye-1G/10G: Ungagcina abasebenzisi bokugcina besebenzisa i-1 Gbps, kodwa ama-trunk akho, izixhumanisi eziya kumaseva abalulekile, kanye nama-array esitoreji kudingeka athuthelwe ku-10G ukuze kugwenywe izithiyo.Kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokutshala imali: umongo wenethiwekhi uyathuthukiswa ngaphandle kwesidingo sokushintsha wonke amakhadi enethiwekhi kumishini yomsebenzisi.

Amanethiwekhi e-hybrid 1G/10G kanye nesithiyo esikhulu lapho kuqhubeka intuthuko

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izinkampani eziningi ziyathuthela Amanethiwekhi ayi-10 e-Gigabit amaseva akho adinga kakhulu, isitoreji, kanye nokuxhumana kwangaphakathiLolu shintsho aluyona nje into edlulayo: lunciphisa ukubambezeleka, lusheshisa ukudluliselwa, futhi luvumela izinsizakalo ezibalulekile (ukwenziwa kwe-virtualization, ama-backup, izinhlelo zokusebenza zebhizinisi) ukuthi zisebenze ngaphandle kokucindezelwa kuze kufike emikhawulweni yazo.

Inkinga ivela lapho ushintsho lwenziwa kancane noma ngendlela engaqondakali. Uma uxhuma indawo ye-10G kunethiwekhi yakho endala ye-1G nge-port eyodwa ye-Gigabit, udale ingqinamba enkulu endaweni yokuhlangana.Abasebenzisi abayishumi noma abayishumi nanhlanu, ngamunye ene-1G NIC, baphoqeleka ukwabelana ngaleyo Gbps eyodwa ukuze bakhulume neseva ye-10G noma i-NAS eshesha kakhulu.

Isixazululo esinengqondo sihilela ukusabalalisa Amaswishi e-hybrid anikeza amachweba e-1G RJ45 kanye namachweba e-10G SFP+Ngale ndlela, iseva ye-NAS, i-virtualization host, noma amaseva efayela axhuma ngqo ku-10G, kuyilapho izindawo zokusebenza zomsebenzisi zihlala ku-1G, kodwa zinomgogodla wangaphakathi onamandla aphezulu ovimbela inani lokufinyelela kwazo ekugcwaleni ingaphakathi lenethiwekhi.

Esakhiweni esiklanywe kahle, Iseva enesixhumanisi se-10G iyakwazi ukukhonza bonke abasebenzisi ngesikhathi esisodwa ngesivinini esiseduze ne-80-100 MB/s ngesiteshi ngasinye.Uma nje isitoreji kanye neprosesa kwanele. Inkinga akuseyona inethiwekhi kodwa, uma ikhona, iseva uqobo noma uhlelo lwediski.

Ukubonakala kwenethiwekhi: ngaphandle kwedatha uzobona ukuthi awuboni

Ngaphandle kwehadiwe, enye yezinselele ezinkulu kubaphathi ukwazi ukuthi kwenzekani ngempela ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhiIngqalasizinda yamanje ivame ukuba nkulu kakhulu, isatshalaliswe ezindaweni eziningana, ngamadivayisi avela kubakhiqizi abahlukene, izindawo ezixubile ezinemishini ebonakalayo neyi-virtual, kanye nokukhula okuqhubekayo kwezinsizakalo ezintsha.

Kumanethiwekhi aphakathi noma amakhulu, Ukufinyelela ukubonakala okuphelele kuyinselele ngenxa yobuningi kanye nobunzima obukhuluKunamadivayisi amaningi, izixhumi eziningi, izixhumanisi phakathi kwamasayithi, imigudu ye-VPN, i-load balancers, kanye nezinsizakalo zamafu. Akwanele ukubheka nje i-router eyinhloko: kufanele uqonde ukuziphatha kwayo yonke indawo ukuze ukhombe lapho ithrafikhi ivinjelwa khona.

Uma sikhuluma futhi ngokuthi izakhiwo ezisatshalalisiwe, ezinamahhovisi emadolobheni noma emazweni ahlukeneInkinga iyaphindaphindeka. Indawo ngayinye ingaba nezixhumanisi zayo zokufinyelela, abahlinzeki, namadivayisi. Ukuxhumanisa ukuqapha ukuze kube nombono ohlangene wokusebenza kubalulekile ekugwemeni ukulahleka emininingwaneni nokukwazi ukusabela ngokushesha enkingeni ekude.

Ukungafani nakho kusebenza ngokumelene nathi: amanethiwekhi ahlanganisiwe anamaseva endawo, imishini ebonakalayo, iziqukathi, kanye nezinsizakalo zamafu Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukukhomba umthombo oqondile wokugcwala. I-VM eyodwa ingase ibe nkulu kakhulu, enye ingase intule izinsiza ezanele, kanti i-host ebonakalayo ingase ilunge kahle kuyilapho ama-VM ehlushwa i-CPU, i-RAM enganele, noma i-bandwidth eyabelwe.

Ukusabalala kwenezela olunye ungqimba lobunzima. Amanethiwekhi akhula njalo: abasebenzisi abaningi, izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-SaaS eziningi, amadivayisi e-IoT amaningi, izindawo eziningiOkwenze kahle izolo kungase kungabi sezingeni ezinyangeni ezimbalwa uma ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza kungaqashwa futhi ukwanda kungahlelwanga kusenesikhathi. Ukusebenza "ngomkhawulo" njalo kuyindlela yokwenza izithiyo zivele ngokungalindelekile ngesikhathi esibi kakhulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinhlanganweni eziningi, Kusetshenziswa amadivayisi avela kubakhiqizi abaningi abanamakhonsoli okuphatha ahlukeneNgaphandle kwesisombululo sokuqapha esihlanganisa lonke ulwazi lube umbono owodwa, kulula kakhulu ukunganaki isixhumanisi esigcwele, imbobo enephutha, noma idivayisi ebilokhu inikeza izixwayiso zokuminyana isikhathi eside.

Indlela ukubonakala okusiza ngayo ukugwema izithiyo

Uma ungenakho ukubonakala kwangempela kunethiwekhi yakho, Ucima imililo ngokungazi.Abasebenzisi bakhononda ngesivinini esihamba kancane, kodwa awazi ukuthi inkinga ikuseva, iswishi, i-Wi-Fi, noma uxhumano lwe-inthanethi. Ukuthuthukisa ukubonakala kubalulekile ukuze uyeke ukuqagela bese uqala ukwenza izinqumo ezisekelwe kudatha.

Ezindaweni ezisebenza nge-inthanethi kakhulu, ithuluzi elihle lokuqapha likuvumela ukuthi Buka ngesikhathi sangempela ukusetshenziswa kwe-CPU, i-RAM, idiski kanye nenethiwekhi yomshini ngamunye obonakalayo kanye nabasingathi bawoNgalolo lwazi, kunzima kakhulu ukwenza amaphutha osayizi, njengokwabela izinsiza eziningi kakhulu kuma-VM angabalulekile kuyilapho amanye, abalulekile ebhizinisini, ehluleka futhi eba yizithiyo.

Ukubonakala kokusetshenziswa kwe-bandwidth nakho kubalulekile ku- thola ukuminyana kwezixhumanisi ezithile noma izikhala zesikhathiUkuqapha ithrafikhi ngohlelo lokusebenza, umsebenzisi, noma i-VLAN kukusiza ukuthi ubone ukuthi yiziphi izinsizakalo ezisebenzisa inethiwekhi (isb., ama-backups, ukuvumelanisa kwamafu, imihlangano yevidiyo, ukusakaza, njll.) futhi kukunika ithuba lokwenza okuthile: ukuhlela kabusha imisebenzi, ukusebenzisa i-QoS, noma ukuklama kabusha i-topology.

Ngemininingwane eningiliziwe evela ku- ukubambezeleka phakathi kwamasayithi, izikhathi zokuphendula isicelo kanye nemizila esetshenzisiwe, Kungenzeka ukuthola izingxenye ze-WAN ezinezela ukubambezeleka okungadingekile.Ukulungisa imizila, ukuthuthukisa izixhumanisi, noma ukuhambisa izinsizakalo ezithile eduze komsebenzisi wokugcina kunganciphisa kakhulu umuzwa wokuhamba kancane.

Enye inzuzo yokubona kahle yikhono lokwenza thola ngokushesha futhi ulungise ukulahleka kwephaketheImbobo enamaphutha e-CRC, ikhebula elinephutha, noma isikhombimsebenzisi esigcwele kungabangela ukudluliselwa kabusha okuqhubekayo futhi kunciphise ukusebenza ngaphandle kokuthi kubonakale lutho ngokushesha. Ukuqapha izikhombimsebenzisi ezinezilinganiso zamaphutha, ukushayisana, kanye nokulahla kubalulekile ekutholeni lezi zindawo zezinkinga.

Okokugcina, ukuba nerekhodi elihle ledatha yomlando kwenza kube lula ukuhlaziywa kwembangela lapho kwenzeka isigameko esingathi sínaUkwazi ukuthi ithrafikhi yayinjani ngaphambi, ngesikhathi, nangemva kwenkinga, ukuthi yimaphi amadivayisi ayebonisa ama-alamu, nokuthi yiziphi izixhumanisi ezazinamandla angu-100% kusiza ukuthola inkinga yangempela hhayi ukunamathela ezimpawini ezingabalulekile.

Amathuluzi okuqapha kanye nendima yawo ekusebenzeni

Lo mbono ulungile, kodwa empilweni yansuku zonke Udinga amathuluzi athile akukhombisa isimo senethiwekhi yakho, amaseva, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza.Namuhla kunezixazululo eziningi, zombili ezivulekile kanye nezentengiso, ezenza lo msebenzi ube lula.

Ngengqalasizinda eyisisekelo (i-CPU, imemori, idiski, inethiwekhi yeseva namadivayisi), izixazululo ezifana I-Zabbix, i-Nagios noma izinhlelo ezifanayo zivumela ukuqapha imithwalo, izikhathi zokuphendula kanye nezazisoUma ubheka nje, ungabona lapho i-CPU ikhuphuka, lapho i-RAM yakho incipha, noma uma iseva idonsa njalo kusuka ku-swap futhi ibangela i-disk bottleneck.

Uma ukhathazekile ngokusetshenziswa kwememori kanye namaphethini okusetshenziswa ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, amapulatifomu okubonakala njenge-Elastic Stack noma i-Datadog Zingasiza ekuhlanganiseni amamethrikhi, amalogi, kanye nokulandelelwa ukuze kuqondwe kangcono ukuthi yiziphi izinsizakalo ezithile ezidala umthwalo omkhulu futhi ngaphansi kwasiphi isimo.

Esimweni senethiwekhi kuphela, amathuluzi afana ne-Wireshark, i-PRTG Network Monitor, noma izixazululo ze-NetFlow/sFlow Zikuvumela ukuthi uhlaziye ithrafikhi ngemininingwane eminingi. Ungabona ukubambezeleka, ukuminyana, izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenzisa i-bandwidth, ukulahleka kwephakethe ezigabeni ezithile, ngisho namaphethini angajwayelekile akhomba ukwehluleka noma izinkinga zokuphepha.

Ukuze kusebenze kahle idiski kanye nesizindalwazi, izinsiza ezifana iostat, i-perfmon, i-New Relic noma ezinye izikrini ze-APM (Ukuqapha Ukusebenza Kohlelo Lokusebenza) Ziwusizo kakhulu. Ngazo ungabona ukuthi imibuzo ye-SQL ilungiselelwe kahle yini, ukuthi ama-indexes ayasebenza yini, noma ukuthi inkinga ayikho yini kunethiwekhi kodwa ikwisitoreji noma kusizindalwazi uqobo.

Emkhakheni wokuqapha okuphelele, izixazululo ezifana I-ManageEngine OpManager inikeza umbono ohlangene wenethiwekhi yonke namadivayisi ayoZikuvumela ukuthi ubone hhayi nje isimo sama-router nama-switch, kodwa futhi nezixhumi, isivinini sezixhumanisi, ithrafikhi edlula echwebeni ngalinye, kanye nezilinganiso ezibalulekile ezithinta ukubambezeleka kanye nokulahleka kwephakethe.

Ngalezi zingxenyekazi, umphathi angakwazi Thola izexwayiso ezisebenzayo lapho isixhumanisi sisondela ekugcwalisweni, lapho isikhombimsebenzisi sibhekana namaphutha, noma lapho idivayisi iqala ukusebenza ngendlela engajwayelekile.Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaningi ala mathuluzi akuvumela ukuthi wenze imisebenzi ephindaphindwayo ngokuzenzakalela, okukukhulula isikhathi sokugxila ezinkingeni zokuklama okunesu kanye nokwenza ngcono.

Amasu okuxazulula izithiyo zenethiwekhi kanye nengqalasizinda

Ukuthola inkinga kuyingxenye yomsebenzi kuphela: Ingxenye yesibili ukusebenzisa izinyathelo ezifanele zokuqeda noma ukunciphisa ubunzima.Kuye ngokuthi inkinga ikuphi, izixazululo zingasukela ekushintsheni okulula kokucushwa kuya ekwandisweni kwengqalasizinda enkulu.

Esinye sezinqumo zokuqala ezivame ukuvela ukuthi kufanele ubheje yini ukukhuliswa okuqondile (ukuthuthukisa ucezu olulodwa lwemishini) noma ukukhuliswa okuvundlile (ukwengeza imishini eyengeziwe nokusabalalisa umthwalo)Kuseva ethile ephelelwa yi-CPU noma i-RAM, ukwengeza izinsiza ezengeziwe kulowo mshini kungase kube nomqondo. Kodwa kufika isikhathi lapho kusebenza kahle khona ukufaka amaseva amaningi nokulinganisela ithrafikhi phakathi kwawo.

Kubalulekile futhi ukubuyekeza ikhodi yesicelo kanye nemibuzo yesizindalwaziNgokuvamile, ihadiwe isolwa lapho inkinga yangempela iwukusebenza kahle kwe-logic, imibuzo ye-SQL engenazo izinkomba, ukufinyelela okuphindaphindwayo kwediski, noma imithwalo yedatha engadingekile. Ukwenza ngcono lezi zici kunciphisa kakhulu ukucindezeleka kunethiwekhi nakumaseva.

Esinye isici esibalulekile ekunciphiseni izithiyo yi- ukusetshenziswa okuhlakaniphile kwe-cache kanye nokulinganisela umthwaloIzixazululo ezifana neRedis noma iMemcached zikuvumela ukuthi ugcine izimpendulo ezisetshenziswa njalo futhi zivimbele amaseva noma izizindalwazi ekubeni kudingeke ukuthi ziphinde zibale ulwazi olufanayo ngokuphindaphindiwe. Ngokufanayo, i-load balancer (HAProxy, Nginx, izinsizakalo zamafu, njll.) isabalalisa ithrafikhi kuma-node amaningi, ivimbele iseva eyodwa ekubeni yindawo yokuxinana.

Esigabeni senethiwekhi, okulandelayo kunesisindo esikhulu: Ukucushwa kwe-QoS (Ikhwalithi Yesevisi) kanye nokuphathwa kwe-bandwidthUkubeka phambili ithrafikhi ebalulekile (isb., i-VoIP, izinhlelo zokusebenza zebhizinisi, ukuxhumana kwedatha) kunokusetshenziswa okungazweli kakhulu (ukulanda, izibuyekezo, ukusakaza okungabalulekile) kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinsizakalo ezibalulekile ziyaqhubeka nokusebenza kahle, ngisho nangezikhathi zomthwalo omkhulu.

Ezindaweni ezinabasebenzisi abasabalele ngokwendawo, ukusetshenziswa kwamanethiwekhi okulethwa kokuqukethwe (ama-CDN) kanye nokwenza ngcono i-WAN Kungenza umehluko omkhulu. Ukubeka okuqukethwe okungaguquki eduze komsebenzisi, ukwenza ngcono imizila, noma ukusebenzisa amasu okucindezela ithrafikhi kanye nokunciphisa ithrafikhi kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-latency kanye ne-bandwidth, kunciphisa izithiyo ezixhumanisini ezinde.

Okokugcina, ukubaluleka Umklamo omuhle wenethiwekhi ongokoqobo nonengqondo: i-topology ecacile, iziqu ezinkulu, ukuhlukaniswa okufanele, kanye nezixhumanisi ezingafunekiKonke lokhu kusho ukuthi, noma ngabe kuvela iphuzu lokugcwala, inethiwekhi inendawo yokusabalalisa ithrafikhi ngezinye izindlela nokugcina ulwazi lomsebenzisi lusezingeni elamukelekayo.

Ekugcineni, ukuphatha izithiyo zenethiwekhi akukhona nje ukuthenga isivinini esengeziwe noma ihadiwe eyengeziwe. Kumayelana nokuqonda ukuthi ithrafikhi ihamba kanjani, ukulindela ukuthi ithrafikhi ingase ivele kuphi, kanye nokuthembela emikhubeni emihle yokuklama, ukuqapha, kanye nokwenza ngcono okuqhubekayo.Ngale nhlanganisela, inethiwekhi ayibe yibhokisi elimnyama "ngezinye izikhathi elihamba kancane" futhi iba ingqalasizinda ebikezelwayo nephumelelayo ehambisana nezidingo zangempela zebhizinisi.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Ukuhlaziywa kokusebenza kwenethiwekhi: ukuziphatha, izilinganiso, namathuluzi