- Ukuphathwa okuphelele kohlelo lwamafayela ngokudalwa, ukuhanjiswa kanye nokususwa kwezincwajana namadokhumenti.
- Ukuphathwa kwemvume yomsebenzisi kanye nokulawulwa kwenqubo ngesikhathi sangempela ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwethimba.
- Ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi enethiwekhi kanye nokuphathwa kwamaphakethe ukugcina uhlelo luvuselelwe futhi luxhunyiwe.
Uma uke wahlangana ne-Linux okokuqala, kungenzeka ukuthi ubukele ividiyo ye-YouTube noma ukuthi usuqale uhambo lokusetha iseva yakho. Ekuqaleni, ukubhekana naleso sikrini esimnyama ngombhalo omhlophe kungaba yinto eyesabekayo, kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi umugqa womyalo uyithuluzi elinamandla elikunikeza ukulawula okuphelele kwikhompyutha yakho, into engenakukwazi ukuyinikeza izixhumi zezithombe.
Ukwazi kahle i-terminal akugcini nje ngokuba yizigebengu zama-movie; kuyikhono eliyisisekelo kunoma yimuphi unjiniyela noma umphathi wesistimu. Esikhundleni sokuchofoza okungapheli, ungenza imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi ngokuzenzakalelayo ngomugqa owodwa wombhalo , ukongela isikhathi esimangalisayo futhi kukuvumele ukuxazulula izinkinga ezisuka kuzo ngaphandle kwenkinga. Ake sihlukanise konke okudingeka ukwazi ukuze uyeke ukuzizwa njengomvakashi bese uqala ukuhamba njengochwepheshe.
Into yokuqala ukwazi ukuthi ukuphi nokuthi ungazulazula kanjani. Umyalo othi `pwd` (uhlu lwemibhalo olusebenzayo lokuphrinta) yi-GPS yakho siqu; uma ulahleka phakathi kwamafolda, yigijime uzobona indlela eqondile eya endaweni yakho. Ukuze ubheke okukuzungezile, sebenzisa u-`ls` (uhlu) . Uma ufuna ukubona amafayela afihliwe (lawo aqala ngechashazi), engeza inketho ethi `-a`, futhi uma ufuna imininingwane efana nosayizi noma izimvume, u-`ls -la` uyinhlanganisela ephumelelayo.
Ukuze ugxume usuka kwenye ifolda uye kwenye, umyalo uthi `cd` (shintsha isiqondisi) . Ungaya endleleni ethile noma usebenzise icebo elithi `cd ..` ukuze ukhuphukele ezingeni elilodwa kuhlu lwemibhalo. Uma ufuna ukubuyela ngokushesha kufolda yakho yasekhaya, vele uthayiphe `cd ~` . Uma udinga ukudala indawo yokusebenza entsha, `mkdir` (yenza isiqondisi) isetshenziswa ukudala leyo folda entsha; uma udinga ukudala amafolda amaningana afakwe ngesikhathi esisodwa, inketho ethi `-p` izokwenza izinto zibe lula kakhulu.
Ukuphathwa Kwamafayela Nokuqukethwe
Uma kukhulunywa ngokudala amafayela angenalutho ngokushesha, i-`touch` iyithuluzi elifanele . Ukuze sithuthe ifayela noma siliqambe kabusha, sisebenzisa i-`mv` (move) , esebenza njengomthwalo wedijithali. Uma ukhetha ukugcina eyokuqala bese udala ikhophi, umyalo uthi `cp` (copy) , ukhumbula ukuthi ukuze ukopishe wonke amafolda kufanele wengeze inketho ethi `-r` ukuze uyenze inqubo ephindaphindayo. Ungandisa ulwazi lwakho ngalo mhlahlandlela ophelele wemiyalo yokuphatha amafayela.
Ukususa kuyingxenye lapho udinga ukuhamba khona ngokucophelela, njengoba kungekho bin lokuphinda usebenzise ku-terminal. Umyalo othi `rm` (susa) ususa amafayela, kuyilapho othi `rmdir` usetshenziselwa amafolda angenalutho . Uma ifolda iqukethe amafayela, kuzodingeka usebenzise `rm -rf` , kodwa qaphela kakhulu ngoba lesi senzo asinakuguqulwa futhi ungasusa amafayela esistimu abalulekile uma ungahloli kabili indlela.
Ukuze ufunde okuqukethwe kwedokhumenti ngaphandle kokuvula umhleli, sinezinketho eziningana. I-`cat` ibonisa konke okuqukethwe esikrinini, okuyinto enhle kakhulu kumafayela amafushane. Uma ifayela lide impela, kungcono ukusebenzisa i-`less`, ekuvumela ukuthi uzulazule ikhasi ngekhasi futhi useshe umbhalo ngaphakathi kwedokhumenti. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-`tail -f` iyigolide elicwengekile kubahleli bezinhlelo , njengoba ikuvumela ukuthi ubone ngesikhathi sangempela ukuthi amafayela elogi abuyekezwa kanjani.
Imvume kanye nokulawulwa komsebenzisi
I-Linux iqinile kakhulu ngokuphepha. Ifayela ngalinye linomnikazi futhi lifunde, libhale, futhi lenze izimvume ezithile. Ungahlaziya lezi zimvume nge-`ls -l` . Ukuze uzishintshe, usebenzisa i-`chmod` (shintsha imodi) . Ungasebenzisa izinhlamvu (ezifana ne-`u+x` ukuze unike umsebenzisi izimvume zokusebenzisa) noma izinombolo; isibonelo, i-`chmod 755` eyaziwayo iyindinganiso yezinhlu zemibhalo okufanele zifundwe yiwo wonke umuntu kodwa zihlelwe ngumnikazi kuphela.
Uma udinga ukushintsha umnikazi wefayela, umyalo uthi `chown` (shintsha umnikazi) . Ngokuvamile, uma ufaka iseva yewebhu, kuzodingeka usebenzise `chown -R www-data:www-data` ukuze iseva ikwazi ukufunda amafayela ewebhusayithi yakho. Ukuze sisebenze imisebenzi edinga amalungelo aphezulu, sisebenzisa `sudo` (superuser do) , okusivumela ukuthi sisebenze njengomphathi wesistimu okwesikhashana.
Ukuphathwa Kwenqubo Nokusebenza
Ngezinye izikhathi uhlelo lumisa noma ludle yonke i-RAM. Ukuze ubone ukuthi kwenzekani, i-`top` inikeza umbono oguquguqukayo wezinqubo, yize i-`htop` iyindlela ebonakalayo nelula kakhulu uma ungayifaka. Uma ubona inqubo enenkinga, qaphela i-PID yayo (isihlonzi senqubo) bese usebenzisa i-`kill -9` ukuphoqa ukuqedwa kwayo ngokushesha.
Ukuze uphathe isikhala sediski, i-`df -h` ikukhombisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-partition iyonke ngendlela efundeka kalula. Uma ufuna ukwazi kahle ukuthi iyiphi ifolda edla yonke isitoreji, i-`du -sh` umyalo wokufingqa usayizi wesikhombisi esithile.
Amanethiwekhi, Amaphakheji kanye Namathuluzi Engeziwe
Emkhakheni wokuxhumana, i-ping isetshenziselwa ukuhlola ukuthi iseva iyaphendula yini , kuyilapho i-traceroute isivumela ukuthi sibone indlela amaphakethe ayithathayo ukuze afinyelele lapho eya khona. Uma ufuna ukujula, ungafunda ukuthi unga-ping kanjani ku-Linux ukuze uhlole ukuxhumana. Ukuze ubuke ukucushwa kwenethiwekhi yakho, ungasebenzisa umyalo we-`ip` noma umyalo we-`ifconfig` wakudala . Uma udinga ukulanda ifayela ngqo kusuka kuwebhu kuya kuseva yakho, i-`wget` iyithuluzi eliguquguqukayo kakhulu.
Ukuphathwa kwesofthiwe kuyahlukahluka kuye ngokusatshalaliswa. Ku-Debian noma ku-Ubuntu, i-apt iyinkosi, kusetshenziswa i-`sudo apt update` ukuvuselela uhlu kanye ne-`sudo apt install` ukwengeza izinhlelo. Ku-CentOS noma ku-RHEL, kusetshenziswa i-yum noma i-dnf . Ukucindezela amafayela nokugcina isikhala, i-tar iyindlela ekhethwayo , esivumela ukuthi sipakishe futhi sicindezele wonke ama-directory abe yifayela elilodwa le-.tar.gz.
Kulabo abafuna ukusebenza kahle, kunezibizo ezingafanele, ezikuvumela ukuthi udale izinqamuleli ezenziwe ngokwezifiso zemiyalo emide. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwamapayipi (|) kukuvumela ukuthi uhlanganise imiyalo ; isibonelo, ungabhala amafayela ohlwini, uhlunge amafayela e-.txt nge-grep, bese uwabala nge-wc -l, okudala ukulungiswa kwepayipi okunamandla kakhulu ku-Linux .
Ukwazi la mathuluzi kushintsha indlela osebenzisana ngayo nobuchwepheshe, kukususe ekubeni ngumsebenzisi ongenzi lutho kuye kothile olawula ngokuphelele uhlelo. Kusukela ekuphathweni kokuzulazula okuyisisekelo kanye nezimvume kuya ekucubungulweni nasekuphathweni kwenethiwekhi, le miyalelo yakha isisekelo sanoma iyiphi indawo yobungcweti esekelwe ku-Unix. Isihluthulelo umkhuba oqhubekayo nokungesabi ukuhlola i-terminal, uhlale uqaphela ngemiyalo yokususa ngobuningi.
