I-IBM PC: Ikhompyutha yomuntu siqu yokuqala

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Ngo-1981, ithimba elinesibindi lababoni e-Boca Raton, ngaphansi kwephiko le-IBM, lethula uguquko oluzochaza kabusha ikhompuyutha yomuntu siqu unomphela. Indalo yakhe, i-IBM PC, ayizange nje iphule imigoqo phakathi kwezinkampani ezinkulu kanye nomsebenzisi ovamile, kodwa futhi yabeka isisekelo sekusasa lobuchwepheshe manje esilithatha kalula. Bawufezile kanjani lo msebenzi omkhulu futhi yini eyenza i-IBM PC yaba inguquko emlandweni wekhompyutha? Hlanganyela nathi ohambweni lokubuya ukuze uthole ukuthi i-IBM PC iwushintshe kanjani umdlalo.

Isingeniso. Umlando we-PC we-IBM

Unyaka we-1981 waphawula ingqopha-mlando emlandweni wezobuchwepheshe ngokufika kwe-IBM PC, umkhiqizo omusha owashintsha ubuso bemboni yamakhompyutha. Lo mcimbi awugcinanga ngokuphawula ukuqala kwenkathi entsha kukhompyutha, kodwa futhi ulethe ubuchwepheshe obusuka emahhovisi ezinkampani kuya emakhaya. Umlingo wenzeka e-Boca Raton, lapho ithimba elinesibindi nelinombono liphumele ngaphandle kwemihlangano ye-IBM evamile, lisebenzisana nabahlinzeki bangaphandle ukuze kuphile umshini onamandla nothengekayo. Lesi sinyathelo esinesibindi setha indinganiso entsha embonini, eqhubeka nokuvela futhi ilolonge umhlaba wezobuchwepheshe esiwaziyo namuhla.

I-IBM PC: Yethulwa ngo-1981

Ngo-Agasti 12, 1981, i-IBM yaqopha umlando ngokungena emakethe yekhompyutha yomuntu siqu ngemodeli engu-5150, eyaziwa nge-IBM PC. Nakuba kube yimpumelelo emangalisayo ngesikhathi yethulwa, bambalwa abakuqonda ngokugcwele ukubaluleka kwayo.

Ngaphambi kwe-IBM PC, amakhompiyutha ayelinganiselwe emahhovisi nasezilabhorethri zezinkampani ezinkulu. Ama-Mainframes abiza izigidi zamadola futhi adinga abantu abangu-60 ukuwanakekela, kuyilapho amakhompyutha amancane ayebiza kakhulu. I-IBM PC, ngokuphambene, yayiphatheka, ithengeka, futhi ithengiswe ngaphansi kwamathelevishini amaningi asekhaya.

U-Lowe nethimba lakhe bahlanganisa abahlinzeki futhi baklama umkhiqizo, bethatha indlela evulekile yokwakha, bekhetha izingxenye ze-Intel, isistimu yokusebenza yediski ye-Microsoft kanye nabakhiqizi abakhona bedrayivu yokubeka. Lokhu kuvumele ithimba le-Boca Raton ukuthi lidizayine futhi limakethe umshini ngokushesha.

I-IBM PC yayine-chassis eyinsimbi yonke esekela imonitha, ikhibhodi, kanye ne-floppy drive eyodwa noma amabili, axhunywe ngekhebula le-serial kumatheminali namaphrinta. Isebenze nge-Intel 8088 microprocessor ene-DOS, engu-32K yememori eyakhelwe ngaphakathi kanye nekhono lokunweba ngamakhadi ememori angu-32K noma angu-64K, enikeza isikhala esiningi sokunwetshwa okuzayo nokuthuthukiswa.

I-IBM inqume ukunikeza i-PC ngokusebenzisa iziteshi zokudayisa futhi yabambisana ne-ComputerLand kanye ne-Sears, i-Roebuck & Co. Ukuthengisa kudlule okwakulindelwe, futhi izibikezelo zokukhiqiza zaphindeka kabili ngonyaka wokuqala.

Iqondiswe nguDon Estridge

UPhilip Donald Estridge, owaziwa ngelikaDon Estridge, uhole ukuthuthukiswa kwe-IBM Personal Computer. Waba nomthelela omkhulu embonini, eqala ngomgomo wakhe wokwenza ikhompuyutha yomuntu siqu ethengekayo, eyethulwe ngempumelelo njenge-IBM PC ngo-1981.

Ukukhetha kuka-Estridge kwesakhiwo esivulekile, ukugwema imiklamo yobunikazi, kuvumele amakhasimende ukuthi engeze izingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha noma imikhiqizo yesofthiwe kunoma yimuphi umthombo. U-Estridge noBill Lowe bahlanganisa ithimba lamavukela-mbuso aphishekela ama-ajenda ahlukene kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izinkambiso zebhizinisi.

Bheja ekuthengeni

Emashumini amabili eminyaka ngaphambili, ikhompuyutha ye-IBM yabiza amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-9 futhi yayisebenzisa kakhulu izinsiza. Ngokuphambene, i-IBM PC inikeze amandla amakhulu okucubungula, ukufinyeleleka nokuguquguquka ngama- $ 1,565 kuphela.

U-Estridge nethimba lakhe bawudlula ubuholi be-IBM ngokwakha iqembu e-Boca Raton, eFlorida. Bathole izingxenye ezivela kubahlinzeki bangaphandle, okuyivelakancane kwe-IBM, futhi basebenzisa ama-Intel chips, i-OS ye-Microsoft nezinye izingxenye.

I-Computer Architecture: Isingeniso Se-Evolution and Design yayo

Umthelela Wemboni

I-IBM PC yaguqula imboni yamakhompiyutha, yavumela ukukhiqiza komuntu siqu futhi yabeka amazinga amasha ehadiwe nesofthiwe. Yethule amadivayisi axhumene, njengokuxhuma ngokuqondile igundane nge-Ethernet emshinini womsingathi.

Yize i-IBM PC ibhekane nobunzima, u-Estridge nethimba lakhe bazulazula ehhovisi le-IBM ukuze bahlangabezane nomnqamulajuqu wonyaka owodwa. Ukukhethwa kwayo kwezingxenye zenkampani yangaphandle kanye nezakhiwo ezivulekile kusetha izindinganiso ezintsha zokuhambisana kwehadiwe.

Misa izindinganiso zokuhambisana nezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha

I-IBM yamukele ihadiwe nesofthiwe yenkampani yangaphandle, okuhlanganisa imibhalo kanye nezikhala ezinhlanu zokunwetshwa ukuze kube nokuguquguquka okwengeziwe. I-IBM PC yayishesha, ithembekile, futhi ithengeka, futhi yayiqhudelana namanye ama-PC.

Umagazini i-Time wakubiza ngokuthi inguquko engakaze ibonwe yekhompiyutha yomuntu siqu, edlula ngisho nethelevishini nezimoto.

Njengekhompuyutha yokuqala yedeskithophu ekhiqizwe ngobuningi, i-IBM PC yaphayona intuthuko efana ne-hard drive yokuqala edidiyelwe (10 MB) kanye nezikhala ezincane ze-ISA. Iphinde yangena emkhawulweni wememori ojwayelekile ongu-640 KB, okudale ukuthi amakhompyutha ehlise ijubane noma angazinzi okokuqala ngqa.

Imininingwane yobuchwepheshe ye-IBM 5150 ikhompuyutha yomuntu siqu

• I-Intel 8088 microprocessor ku-4.77 MHz
• I-RAM isuka ku-16 KB iye ku-640 KB
• Izikhala zamakhadi okunweba: 5 8-bit ISA slots
• Ikhibhodi yemishini ngokhiye abangama-83
• Isixhumi esibonakalayo se-MDA ye-monochrome noma imonitha ye-CGA yombala
• Amachweba: i-serial RS-232, parallel, cassette, joystick
• Isilawuli se-floppy disk sokufunda ama-floppy disks angu-5.25″
• I-PC-DOS 1.0 uhlelo lokusebenza kanye ne-BASIC ku-ROM
• IKhabinethi enamandla kagesi angama-63.5 watt
• Isisindo: cishe 23 kg
• Ubukhulu: 48 cm x 43 cm x 15 cm
• Intengo yokuqala: US$1,565

Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezijwayelekile ezisebenza ku-IBM 5150

• I-PC-DOS 1.0: The uhlelo lokusebenza isisekelo esakhiwe yi-Microsoft se-IBM PC. Ivumele imisebenzi eyisisekelo njengokuphatha amafayela nezinhlelo ezisebenzayo.
• BASIC: Ulimi lokuhlela lwe-BASIC olutholakala ku-ROM. Ikuvumele ukuthi ubhale futhi usebenzise amakhodi angu-BASIC ngqo ku-PC.
• I-VisiCalc: Isipredishithi sibheke "uhlelo lokusebenza lombulali" lokuqala lwe-PC. Ivumela ukuhlaziywa kwezimali.
• I-WordStar: Iphrosesa ye-Word idume kakhulu ngeminyaka yawo-80s. Ithuthukiswe ngabakwaMicroPro.
• DBase II: Uhlelo lokuphatha i-database eyakhiwe ngu-Ashton-Tate. Okudumile kwezamabhizinisi.
• I-Lotus 1-2-3: Isipredishithi esinemifanekiso, olunye “uhlelo lokusebenza olubulalayo” oluklanywe u-Mitch Kapor.
• IMicrosoft Flight Simulator 1.0: Isilingisi sendiza sokuqala sePC nguBruce Artwick ngo-1982.
• AutoCAD: Uhlelo lwe-CAD lokudweba lobuchwepheshe olwakhiwe yi-Autodesk ngo-1983.
• Turbo Pascal: Umdidiyeli Borland Turbo Pascal lokho kwaguqula izinhlelo.
• Umhleli we-MS-DOS: Umhleli wombhalo wokuqala we-minimalist ofakwe ku-MS-DOS.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa mayelana ne-IBM PC

1. Yini eyenza i-IBM PC ikhetheke uma iqhathaniswa namakhompyutha esikhathi sayo?I-IBM PC yephula imigoqo ngokuphatheka, ukuthengeka, nokutholakala ngamanani aphansi kunamathelevishini amaningi asekhaya angaleso sikhathi. Iphinde yagqama ngokwakhiwa kwayo okuvulekile kanye nokwamukelwa kwezingxenye zezinkampani zangaphandle, okwavumela ukuguquguquka okukhulu nokunwebeka. Idizayini yayo eyi-modular yenza ukuthuthukiswa nokulungiswa kwaba lula, okwenza kwaba inketho ekhangayo kubo bobabili abasebenzisi basekhaya nabamabhizinisi.
2. Yethulwa nini i-IBM PC?I-IBM PC yethulwa ngo-Agasti 12, 1981, okumaka ukungena kwe-IBM emakethe yamakhompiyutha yomuntu siqu nge-Model 5150. Lokhu kwethulwa kumelele uguquko embonini yezobuchwepheshe, kwangenisa inkathi yekhompyutha yomuntu siqu.
3. Iqembu le-Boca Raton laphambuka kanjani emasikweni e-IBM ngesikhathi kwakhiwa i-PC?Esikhundleni sokulandela izinqubo zokuthuthukiswa kwe-IBM ezivamile, ithimba le-Boca Raton laphendukela kubathengisi bangaphandle bezingxenyekazi zehadiwe nesofthiwe, okwakuyivelakancane ku-IBM ngaleso sikhathi. Lesi sinqumo sivumele intuthuko ukuthi isheshiswe nezindleko zehliswe, into engajwayelekile enkampanini ebizakhela ezayo izingxenye.
4. Iyiphi indima eyadlalwa uDon Estridge ekuthuthukisweni kwe-IBM PC?U-Don Estridge uhole ekuthuthukisweni kwe-IBM PC futhi waba nesandla ekukhetheni i-architecture evulekile, eyavumela ukuhambisana okukhulu nokuguquguquka kwehadiwe nesofthiwe. Ubuholi bakhe kanye nombono wakhe bekuyisihluthulelo sokugqashula ezinkambisweni zangaphakathi ze-IBM futhi asebenzise indlela entsha nesebenzisanayo.
5. Ngabe i-IBM PC ibe nomthelela kanjani embonini yamakhompyutha?I-IBM PC iguqule imboni ngokunika amandla ukukhiqiza komuntu siqu, ukumisa ihadiwe entsha namazinga esoftware, futhi yethula ukuxhumana kwedivayisi. Impumelelo yayo yaqinisa imodeli yezakhiwo evulekile, yakhuthaza uhlelo lwezemvelo lwesoftware ehambisanayo nehardware eqhubekisela phambili ukuqamba nokukhula emakethe yamakhompiyutha yomuntu siqu.
6. Iluphi uhlobo lwehadiwe nesofthiwe i-IBM eyamukela i-PC?I-IBM ikhethe indlela evulekile, yakhetha izingxenye ze-Intel kanye nesistimu yokusebenza yediski ye-Microsoft. Ukwengeza, ifake izikhala zokunweba kanye nemibhalo enemininingwane yokuvumelana nezimo okwengeziwe nokuhambisana. Lokhu kukhethwa kwamasu kusize ekwakhiweni kwemakethe ebanzi yama-peripherals kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza, kube nesandla ekwamukelweni okusheshayo nasekunwebeni kwe-IBM PC.

Isiphetho

I-IBM PC yayingewona nje umkhiqizo oguqukayo, kodwa yayiyisisusa sesikhathi esaguqula ukubala kusuka ekubeni yinto yokunethezeka yenkampani kuya ekubeni yisidingo sendlu. Umbono onesibindi nokuzibophezela ekuthengeni izinto ezingabizi kukaDon Estridge nethimba lakhe akuzange nje kuthuthukise ubuchwepheshe bentando yeningi, kodwa futhi kwabeka isisekelo sendlela ebanzi neguqukayo esiyibona kubuchwepheshe bomuntu siqu namuhla. Ifa le-IBM PC lizwakala kuzo zonke izingxenye zemboni yanamuhla, kusukela ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo okuvulekile kuya ekuxhumekeni kwamadivayisi, okusikhumbuza ngamandla okusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nokubambisana ekuchazeni kabusha lokho okungenzeka.