- Uhlaka lokulawula lushintsha kusukela esimisweni sephutha luye esibophweni esiqinile sezinhlelo ze-AI ezinobungozi obukhulu.
- Umthethonqubo we-AI waseYurophu usungula ukuphathwa kwengozi kwangaphambilini ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kanye nokuziphatha okuhle ekusetshenzisweni kobuchwepheshe.
- Ukulungiswa komonakalo kubhekene nezinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi ngenxa yokungacaci kahle kwe-algorithm kanye nokuzimela komshini.
Kulezi zinsuku, kubonakala sengathi akukho umzuzu odlulayo singazwanga nge-ChatGPT, i-Perplexity, noma amarobhothi asebenza emakamelweni okuhlinzwa. Lolu guquko lwezobuchwepheshe lufike ezimpilweni zethu ngokuzumayo, futhi ngenkathi simangazwa ukuthi la mathuluzi enza kanjani izimpilo zethu zibe lula, avule nebhokisi likaPandora emkhakheni wezomthetho. Inkinga ukuthi Umthetho uvame ukuba ngemuva kobuchwepheshe, y cuando un algoritmo toma una decisión autónoma que acaba en un desastre, no es tan sencillo como decir «la culpa es de la máquina».
Singena endaweni engcolile lapho imiqondo yakudala yoMthetho Wezomphakathi ihluleka khona. Asibhekene nje nenkinga yesofthiwe, kodwa kunalokho sibhekene nenkinga izinhlelo ezikwazi ukufunda nokuguquka ngokwabo, okwenza ukulandelela imvelaphi yomonakalo kube yikhanda elibuhlungu langempela. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuhlaziya indlela isimo sezomthetho esishintsha ngayo, ikakhulukazi e-European Union, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinkampani noma abasebenzisi abagcini besesimweni esibucayi lapho kungekho muntu othatha umthwalo wemfanelo.
Yini esiyiqondayo ngempela nge-AI ngokombono wezomthetho?
Ukuze sigweme ukudubula ebumnyameni, sidinga kuqala ukuchaza ukuthi sikhuluma ngani. IKhomishini yaseYurophu kanye noMthethonqubo wakamuva (i-EU) 2024/1689 zichaza i-AI njengezinhlelo ezisekelwe emshinini ezisebenza ne- amazinga ahlukahlukene okuzimelaLezi akuzona nje izinhlelo ezilandela iresiphi ehleliwe, kodwa kunalokho zicubungula idatha yokufaka ukuze zenze imiphumela—njengezibikezelo noma izinqumo—engashintsha umhlaba ongokoqobo noma ongokoqobo. Iphuzu elifanele lapha ukuthi, nakuba zilingisa ukuziphatha okuhlakaniphile, Abanawo unembeza nenkululeko yokuzikhethelaokuqeda, okwamanje, ukubanika ubuntu obuzimele ngokomthetho.
Izingozi ezibeka amalungelo ethu engcupheni
Ukufakwa kwe-AI akunazo izingozi. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zezingozi eziyinhloko ezithinta abalawuli. Okokuqala yizo izingozi kumalungelo ayisisekelolapho ubumfihlo kanye nokungabandlululi kulenga khona. Ukusetshenziswa kwedatha ye-biometric yokuqapha ngobuningi noma ukubandlulula nge-algorithmic kungaholela ekutheni umuntu enqatshwe enkambisweni yokukhetha noma ngesikweletu sasebhange ngaphandle kwesizathu sangempela, ngokusekelwe ku- ubandlululo oluhlelwe ngokungazikhetheli ngunjiniyela.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sinamaphutha okuphepha kanye nokusebenza okungasebenzi kahle. Ukuhlaselwa kwe-inthanethi ohlelweni lwezezimali olusebenzisa i-AI noma ukungasebenzi kahle kwerobhothi lokuhlinzwa kungabangela umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu wezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nomuntu siquEkugcineni, kuvela izingozi ezihlelekile, kusukela ekutholeni ulwazi olungalungile kubantu abaningi (Izindaba Ezingelona Iqiniso) kuya ekususweni emsebenzini, okudala umuzwa wokungabi namandla kumthengi ovame ukungazi nokuthi usebenzisana ne-AI.
I-Labyrinth Yesibopho Somphakathi
Yilapho izinto ziba zimbi khona. Ngokwesiko, eSpain silandela i-Article 1902 ye-Civil Code, ethi ngokuyisisekelo uma udala umonakalo ngephutha noma ngokunganaki, kufanele uwulungise. Kodwa-ke, Ufakazela kanjani ukunganaki komhleli wezinhlelo? Kuthiwani uma uhlelo lufunde ukuziphatha okungalindelekile ngokufunda komshini? Lokhu kungabonakali kwe-algorithm kwenza imodeli yakudala yomthwalo wemfanelo womuntu siqu inganele.
Impi phakathi kwecala kanye nengozi
Kukhona impikiswano enkulu mayelana nokuthi kufanele yini sishintshele kumodeli umthwalo wemfanelo oqondileikakhulukazi kwi-AI enobungozi obukhulu. Kulolu hlelo, isisulu ngeke kudingeke sikhathazeke ngokufakazela ukuthi othile ubengenandaba; kunganele ukukhombisa ukuthi uhlelo lubangele umonakalo nokuthi kukhona ukuxhumana okubangela lokho. Kungafana nalokho okwenzeka ezingozini zomgwaqo: ingozi idalwe yinoma ubani ofaka umshini ekujikelezeni kwegazi, ngakho-ke kufanele athathe isinxephezelo independientemente de si hubo «mala fe» o no.
Icala elibucayi lezimoto ezizisebenzela zona
Los coches que se conducen solos son el ejemplo perfecto de este dilema. Actualmente, hay una «línea roja»: mientras el humano tenga el control final, el conductor es el responsable. Pero cuando lleguemos a la autonomía total, el marco legal deberá cambiar radicalmente. No podemos seguir diciendo que un fallo en el software es «fuerza mayor» para exonerar al dueño. Es probable que veamos la obligatoriedad de umshwalense wesibopho esithile kanye nokudalwa kwezimali zesiqinisekiso ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umuntu olimele akaphumi ngaphandle kwesinxephezelo.
UMthetho we-AI kanye nesu le-European Union
I-EU ithathe isinyathelo sokuqala nge-Artificial Intelligence Regulation (AI Act), okuwumthetho wokuqala ophelele emhlabeni ngale ndaba. Lo mthetho awubusi ngokuqondile umthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi (oshiyelwe eziqondisweni ezithile), kodwa usungula uhlelo lokuphatha lwangaphambiliniIhlukanisa i-AI ngokwengozi yayo: kusukela engozini engamukeleki (engavunyelwe) kuya engozini enkulu, ehlanganisa imikhakha efana nezempilo, imfundo noma ukuphathwa kwengqalasizinda ebalulekile.
- Izinhlelo ezinobungozi obukhulu: Kumelwe bahlangabezane nezimfuneko eziqinile zokucaca, ukuphepha kwe-inthanethi, kanye nokuqapha kwabantu.
- Ukucatshangelwa kwembangela: Kuhlongozwa ukuthi kube lula ukufaka ubufakazi bezisulu, okuvumela ukuthi kucatshangelwe ukwephulwa okuthile koMthetho we-AI ukunganaki okusolwayo.
- Ilungelo lokukhohlwa kanye ne-GDPR: Ukucutshungulwa kwedatha yomuntu siqu kuhlala kungaphansi kwe-GDPR, okuqinisekisa ukuthi noma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa kabi kolwazi lomuntu siqu nge-AI kuholela ekunxephezelweni okusebenzayo.
Izibopho zokugwema inhlekelele
Ukuze kugwenywe ukukhokha isinxephezelo sezinkanyezi, inkampani kumele isebenzise izinyathelo zokwenza lokhu amakomidi okuthobela imithetho kanye nokuziphathaAkwanele ukuthi uhlelo lusebenze; kumele luhlolwe futhi lube sobala. Ukuvimbela kuhilela ukususa ubandlululo kudatha yokuqeqeshwa nokuqinisekisa ukuthi kuhlala kukhona umuntu okwaziyo... khubaza ukusebenza uma kwenzeka isimo esiphuthumayo. Ukwehluleka ukuhambisana nale misebenzi yokuhlolisisa kuzoba yinto ebalulekile ezivivinyweni ezizayo ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi ubani okufanele akhokhele umonakalo.
Ukuthuthuka kwemakethe eyodwa yedijithali kudinga ukuthi imithetho ifane kuwo wonke umuntu eYurophu, kuvimbele ezinye izinkampani ukuthi ziphephele ezindaweni zomthetho ezinezidingo eziqinile. Umkhuba ucacile: umthwalo omncane wobufakazi kubantu kanye umthwalo wemfanelo owengeziwe kumqhubi kanye nomkhiqizi, okuyibo abazuza ngempela ngokwezomnotho ekusetshenzisweni kwalezi zobuchwepheshe.
Isimo sezomthetho siya ekuhambisaneni lapho ukuphepha nokuziphatha kungeyona into ongayikhetha, kodwa kunalokho kuyizidingo zokungena emakethe. Ukuhlanganiswa kwesibopho esiqinile sezinhlelo eziyingozi kakhulu, kanye nomshuwalense ophoqelekile kanye nokuqapha okuqinile kwabantu, kuhlose ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukusungula izinto ezintsha kuyaqhubeka ngenkathi kuvimbela izindleko zentuthuko ukuthi zingaweli emahlombe abasebenzisi abasengozini kakhulu.
