I-Mullvad Public DNS: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele ngesiSpanishi

Informatec Digital » Izinsiza » I-Mullvad Public DNS: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele ngesiSpanishi

Uma ufike lapha uzibuza ukuthi ukufaka iphrofayela ye-Mullvad DNS efonini yakho noma kwi-Mac kuyamshintsha ngempela yini umhlinzeki wakho we-DNS , awuwedwa. Abantu abaningi bayaqaphela ukuthi ngemva kokufaka iphrofayela, izilungiselelo zabo zenethiwekhi zisabonisa amaseva afana ne-1.1.1.1 noma amaseva e-DNS e-ISP yabo, okubenza bakholelwe ukuthi kukhona okungahambi kahle. Eqinisweni, kukhona okubambekayo: i-iOS, i-macOS, kanye neziphequluli eziningi ziphatha i-DNS emazingeni amaningi, futhi isikhombimsebenzisi se-"System DNS" esivamile asibonisi njalo ngokunembile okwenzekayo ngemuva kwezigcawu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iMullvad ayinikezi noma iyiphi i-DNS, kodwa isevisi ye-DNS ebethelwe umphakathi (i-DoH ne-DoT) enezihlungi zobumfihlo ezingasetshenziswa noma ngabe awusiwo ikhasimende le-VPN yabo. Lokhu kuphakamisa imibuzo eminingi enengqondo: Bangakwazi yini ukunikeza i-DNS nge-HTTPS besebenzisa amaseva e-DNS enye inkampani? Kwenzekani uma ngixhunywe ku-VPN? Ingabe ngizolahlekelwa isivinini? Ngingaqiniseka kanjani ukuthi empeleni ngisebenzisa amaseva abo hhayi ama-ISP ami?

Iyini i-DNS yomphakathi ebethelwe kaMullvad futhi isetshenziselwani?

Isevisi kaMullvad ye-DNS yomphakathi iyisisombululo se-DNS esitholakala nge-DNS nge-HTTPS (DoH) kanye ne-DNS nge-TLS (DoT) . Esikhundleni sokuthumela izicelo ze-DNS ezingenalutho ngombhalo ocacile nge-UDP/TCP 53, idivayisi isungula uxhumano olubethelwe (HTTPS noma i-TLS) namaseva kaMullvad, futhi yonke imibuzo ihlanganiswe ngaphakathi kwalolo xhumano.

Umgomo oyinhloko ukuvimbela abantu besithathu (ama-ISP, amanethiwekhi e-Wi-Fi omphakathi, njll.) ukuthi bangahloli ukuthi yiziphi izizinda ozivakashelayo uma ungaxhumekile ku-VPN kaMullvad. Njengoba i-VPN isebenza, imibuzo yakho ye-DNS isivele idlula emhubheni obethelwe iye ku-resolver ngaphakathi kweseva ye-VPN uqobo, futhi inzuzo eyengeziwe yokusebenzisa i-DoH/DoT ivame ukuba ncane futhi ingabi namphumela maqondana nokubambezeleka.

Imininingwane ethakazelisayo ukuthi le nsizakalo iwumphakathi futhi imahhala, futhi ayidingi i-akhawunti ye-Mullvad VPN . Ungayisebenzisa kuziphequluli, kumadivayisi eselula, kumakhompyutha, noma ngisho nasezingeni lesistimu, inqobo nje uma idivayisi isekela i-DoH noma i-DoT.

Ukuze kusizwe ngesisombululo sokuqala, iMullvad igcina isixazululi se-DNS esilinganiselwe kakhulu ku-port 53 (UDP/TCP) esixazulula kuphela amagama afana ne-dns.mullvad.net, adblock.dns.mullvad.net, namagama afanayo. Umqondo uwukuthi iklayenti lingathola ikheli le-IP lesixazululi esibethelwe ngaphambi kokusebenzisa i-DoH/DoT; eminye imibuzo ayinikezwa ingabethelwe kulesi siteshi.

Izici Zobumfihlo Nokuphepha ze-Mullvad DNS

Ngaphezu kokubethela ngokwako, isevisi kaMullvad ye-DNS yomphakathi ifaka izindlela eziningana ezengeziwe zobumfihlo bomsebenzisi ezifanele ukuqondwa uma ufuna okungaphezu nje kokushintsha iseva ye-DNS elula.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kufaka phakathi ukuvimba okuqukethwe okulungisekayo ngamaphrofayili ahlukene . Kuye ngegama lomethuleli le-DNS olisebenzisayo, ungavimba izikhangiso, ama-tracker, izizinda ezinonya, amawebhusayithi abantu abadala, amasayithi okugembula, kanye nezinkundla zokuxhumana. Kuyindlela enolaka yokuhlunga ezingeni le-DNS ngaphandle kokufaka uhlu ngesandla kudivayisi ngayinye.

Basebenzisa futhi i-QNAME minification , inqubo lapho iseva kaMullvad inciphisa khona ulwazi eyabelana ngalo namanye amaseva e-DNS ngesikhathi senqubo yokuxazulula. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amaseva anegunya ahilelekile kulolu chungechunge abona idatha encane mayelana nombuzo wokuqala, okunciphisa ukuvezwa komsebenzi wakho wokuphequlula.

Ngokuphathelene nokutholakala, i-Mullvad isebenzisa isevisi ye-anycast : imishini eminingi esakazeke ezindaweni ezahlukene ikhangisa ikheli elifanayo le-IP le-DNS, futhi umzila we-inthanethi kufanele uthwale izicelo zakho ziye kuseva "eseduze" ngokwe-topology yenethiwekhi. Uma iseva eseduze yehla, ithrafikhi iqondiswa kabusha kwelandelayo ngaphandle kokuthi ushintshe noma yini ekucushweni kwakho.

Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi abasebenzisi i-ECS (EDNS Client Subnet) futhi abanazo amaseva e-DNS eSpain . Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngezinsizakalo ezithembele kakhulu endaweni (njenge-CDN), ezinye izinqumo zingakuqondisa ezindaweni eziseduze neseva ye-DNS kaMullvad esikhundleni se-node yaseSpain. Empeleni, lokhu kungabangela ama-millisecond ambalwa okubambezeleka okwengeziwe ezimweni ezithile.

Ukuvimba amaphrofayili namagama okusingatha atholakala ku-Mullvad DNS

Indlela yokukhetha uhlobo lokuhlunga olufunayo iwukushintsha igama le -DNS lokusingatha olilungisa ku-DoH noma ku-DoT . Igama ngalinye likhomba iphrofayili ehlukile, enamazinga ahlukahlukene okuvimba:

• dns.mullvad.netIsixazululo esihlanzekile, ngaphandle kokuvimba izikhangiso, ama-tracker, noma yini enye. I-DNS engahlungiwe.
• adblock.dns.mullvad.net: ivimba izikhangiso kanye nokulandelela okuyisisekelo.
• base.dns.mullvad.net: ukukhangisa + izilandeli + izizinda ze-malware.
• extended.dns.mullvad.net: konke okungenhla kanye nokuvinjelwa kwezokuxhumana.
• umndeni.dns.mullvad.net: ukukhangisa, ama-tracker, i-malware nokuqukethwe kwabantu abadala, kanye nezinye izigaba ezihloselwe ukusetshenziswa ngumndeni.
• all.dns.mullvad.netIphakheji ephelele, kufaka phakathi izithiyo zezikhangiso, ukuvikelwa kokulandelela, ukuvikelwa kwe-malware, ukuvikelwa kokuqukethwe kwabantu abadala, ukuvikelwa kokugembula, kanye nokuvikelwa kwezokuxhumana.

Ngokuphathelene namakheli e-IP kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwe-DoH/DoT , i-Mullvad ishicilela amabhangqa e-IPv4/IPv6 kunketho ngayinye, kanye nama-port ahambisanayo (443 ye-DoH, 853 ye-DoT). Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lawa ma-IP awakwazi ukusetshenziswa njengamaseva e-DNS ajwayelekile ngaphezu kwe-UDP/TCP port 53; ahloselwe abaxazululi abaqonda amaphrothokholi abethelwe.

Isibonelo, ngenketho "yesisekelo" (ukuvimba izikhangiso, ama-tracker, kanye ne-malware), ungathola amakheli ahlobene njenge-194.242.2.4 (IPv4) kanye ne-2a07:e340::4 (IPv6), kanye ne-URL yombuzo we-DoH https://base.dns.mullvad.net/dns-query kanye ne-TLS port 853 ye-DoT.

Into eyodwa okufanele uyikhumbule ukuthi iMullvad ayinikezi iphrofayili evimba i-malware kuphela . Uhlelo oluncane, oluhlanganisa ukuvikelwa ezizindeni ezinonya, luhlanganisa nokuvimba izikhangiso kanye ne-tracker. Uma ufuna izihlungi ze-malware ezikhethekile, kuzodingeka ufune enye isevisi noma uthuthukise ukuhlunga kwakho ngokusebenzisa i-resolver yakho.

Ngokuphathelene nokucaca, iMullvad ichaza imininingwane endaweni yayo yokugcina ye-GitHub lapho uhlu lokuvimba luhlanganisa khona iphrofayili ngayinye . Basebenzisa imithombo eyaziwa kabanzi njenge-OISD, i-AdGuard, i-Hagezi, ne-UrlHaus ye-malware, kanye nohlu oluthile lwezindawo ezithile zemvelo (i-Alexa, i-Apple, i-Windows, i-Samsung, njll.) lapho bevimba abalandeleli. Ifilosofi yabo icacile: uhlu olumbalwa, olukhethwe kahle ukugwema ukugcwala kwemiphumela engamanga.

Ukusebenza, noma yikuphi ukusakaza, kanye nokuziphatha kuye ngokuthi inkampani yakho yenethiwekhi ikuphi

Ngokombono ongokoqobo, isevisi ye-DNS kaMullvad ayinayo inethiwekhi yeseva ebanzi njengabanye abahlinzeki abakhulu , kodwa isasebenza kahle kakhulu ngokuxhumana okuningi kwaseYurophu. Kodwa-ke, ulwazi lwangempela luzoncika kakhulu kumhlinzeki wakho wesevisi ye-inthanethi.

Njengoba isevisi i-anycast futhi ingenayo i-ECS, umqhubi usebenzisa i-BGP ukunquma ukuthi iyiphi i-Mullvad instance okufanele ayithumelele ithrafikhi yakho ku- . Ekuhlolweni okuvela eSpain, isibonelo, amanye ama-ISP abonwe ehambisa izicelo kumaseva aseYurophu (ama-latencies azungeze ama-30-40 ms), kanti amanye agcina edlula kuma-node e-United States, okwandisa ukubambezeleka kube ngaphezu kwe-100 ms.

Ezimweni ezinjengalezi, ungacindezela amakheli e-IP e-Mullvad DNS ukuze uhlole ukuthi akunikeza yini kusuka eYurophu noma e-USA . Uma ubona njalo izikhathi zokuphendula ezingaphezu kuka-100 ms, kungenzeka ukuthi i-ISP yakho ihambisa izicelo ngaphandle kwezwekazi. Ekusetshenzisweni okuningi, lokhu ngeke kube yinkinga enkulu, kodwa kuyinto okufanele uyicabangele uma uhlose ukubambezeleka okuphansi kakhulu.

Lokhu kuziphatha kusho ukuthi akuwona wonke ama-ISP afaneleka ngokulinganayo ukusebenzisa i-Mullvad DNS . Abanye abahlinzeki bayiqondisa kahle kakhulu eYurophu, kanti abanye bagcina bethumela imibuzo ngaphesheya kwe-Atlantic. Lokhu akuyona inkinga yesevisi ngokwayo, kodwa kunalokho umphumela we-anycast routing kanye nezinqubomgomo zokuxhumanisa zenkampani ngayinye.

Nakuba kungase kuzwakale njengomkhawulo omkhulu, ngokuphequlula iwebhu okuvamile, ukusakaza, kanye nemisebenzi yehhovisi eku-inthanethi, lokhu kubambezeleka akuvamile ukuba yinkinga enkulu. Uzobona umthelela omkhulu uma uzwela kakhulu ekubambezelekeni (imidlalo eku-inthanethi encintisana kakhulu, isibonelo) noma uma uxhumano lwakho lwe-inthanethi seluvele luhamba kancane.

Ukucushwa kwe-Mullvad DNS kuziphequluli zewebhu

Kuye ngesiphequluli osisebenzisayo, ungalungiselela i-DNS nge-HTTPS ngqo kuklayenti uqobo , ngaphandle kokuthinta izilungiselelo ze-DNS zesistimu yokusebenza. Lokhu kuyisihluthulelo sokuqonda ukuthi kungani usabona i-1.1.1.1 noma amaseva e-DNS e-router kuzilungiselelo zenethiwekhi: isiphequluli singase sithumele yonke imibuzo ye-DoH ku-Mullvad yize uhlelo lusabonisa amanye amaseva.

I-Mullvad Browser , esekelwe ku-Firefox futhi igxile kubumfihlo, isebenzisa i-DNS kaMullvad ngaphandle kwezihlungi ngokuzenzakalelayo. Isincomo esisemthethweni ukusebenzisa le DNS ebethelwe kuphela uma ungaxhumekile ku-Mullvad VPN, njengoba ne-tunnel esebenzayo, izicelo ze-DNS zixazululwa kuseva ye-VPN, futhi ukusebenzisa i-DoH (DoH) kuvame ukwengeza ukubambezeleka.

Ku-Mullvad Browser uqobo (naku-desktop Firefox), ungaya kuzilungiselelo ze- "Privacy and Security" bese uvumela i-"Secure DNS" ngokuvikelwa okuphezulu . Bese, kunketho yomhlinzeki, khetha i-"Custom" bese unamathisela enye yama-URL e-DoH anikezwa yi-Mullvad, njenge:

• https://dns.mullvad.net/dns-query
• https://adblock.dns.mullvad.net/dns-query
• https://base.dns.mullvad.net/dns-query
• https://extended.dns.mullvad.net/dns-query
• https://family.dns.mullvad.net/dns-query
• https://all.dns.mullvad.net/dns-query

Ku -Chrome, Brave, kanye ne-Edge, inqubo iyafana: kusukela esigabeni sobumfihlo/ukuphepha, vumela ukusetshenziswa kwe-"Secure DNS," khetha umhlinzeki wangokwezifiso, bese ufaka enye yama-URL ashiwo ngenhla. Ngezinye izikhathi isiphequluli sithatha isikhashana ukuqinisekisa iseva entsha, ngakho-ke ungase ubone umlayezo othi "qinisekisa ukuthi lo mhlinzeki uyasebenza"; linda isikhashana bese uzama futhi.

Iphuzu elibalulekile: uma isiphequluli sakho sisebenzisa iklayenti laso le-Domain Honor (DoH), singayishaya indiva i-DNS yesistimu yokusebenza . Lokhu kusho ukuthi noma ngabe izintandokazi zenethiwekhi yekhompyutha yakho zibonisa i-Cloudflare, i-Google DNS, noma i-DNS ye-router yakho, ithrafikhi yesiphequluli sakho kungenzeka ukuthi idlula ku-Mullvad. Yilokhu kanye okungenzeka uma ufaka iphrofayela ye-Mullvad DNS ku-macOS/iOS kodwa futhi une-DoH yangaphakathi yesiphequluli evuliwe futhi ikhomba iseva ehlukile.

Ukusebenzisa i-Mullvad DNS ku-Android, iOS, Windows, macOS, kanye ne-Linux

Uma ukhetha ukusebenzisa i-DNS kaMullvad ohlelweni lonke (hhayi isiphequluli kuphela), ungasebenzisa izinketho ze-DNS eziyimfihlo noma amaphrofayili okucushwa anikezwa amapulatifomu ahlukahlukene esimanje.

Ku -Android 9 nakamuva , unenketho ethi "Private DNS" kuzilungiselelo zakho zenethiwekhi. Ngokukhetha "umhlinzeki we-Private DNS" bese ufaka elinye lamagama e-hostname kaMullvad (dns.mullvad.net, adblock.dns.mullvad.net, base.dns.mullvad.net, njll.), yonke ithrafikhi yesistimu ye-DNS izozama ukuxazulula nge-DoT kuleyo seva. Uma i-Android ithola ukubambezeleka okweqile noma yehluleka ukuxhuma, izokhubaza le DNS eyimfihlo, okungase kuholele emaphutheni kumanethiwekhi ayinkimbinkimbi.

Ku-Apple ecosystem (i-iOS yakamuva, i-iPadOS, kanye ne-macOS), i-Mullvad inikeza amaphrofayili athile okucushwa kwe-DoH kanye ne-DoT . Lawa alandwa kusuka endaweni yawo yokugcina ye-GitHub, afakwe nge-Settings/System, bese lonke uhlelo selulungele ukusebenzisa lawa maseva e-DNS abethelwe. Yilapho kuvela khona ukudideka: iphaneli ye-DNS yakudala esigabeni "seNethiwekhi" ingase isabonisa amaseva endabuko (njenge-1.1.1.1), kodwa ithrafikhi yangempela idluliselwa kuphrofayela.

Kunemikhawulo emibili okufanele uyikhumbule nge-Apple:

• Uma uvula Ukudluliswa kwangasese kwe-iCloudEminye noma yonke imibuzo yakho ye-DNS ingaya kumaseva e-Apple, noma ngabe ufake iphrofayili ye-Mullvad.
• Ku-macOS 13 nangaphambilini, Kungcono ukungafaki amaphrofayili amaningi e-DNS ngesikhathi esisodwanjengoba ukuphatha amaphrofayela amaningi kungaba yinkinga.

Ku -Windows 11 , uhlelo luhlanganisa ukwesekwa kwezinga lesistimu kwe-DNS esekelwe kwi-Domain (DoH). Ungahlela izilungiselelo ze-DNS ze-interface yakho yenethiwekhi (i-Wi-Fi noma i-Ethernet), wabele amakheli e-IPv4/IPv6 ka-Mullvad kuphrofayela oyifunayo, bese ukhetha inketho ethi "DNS over HTTPS (manual template)", ucacise i-URL ehambisanayo (isibonelo, https://base.dns.mullvad.net/dns-query). Uma usebenzisa i-Wi-Fi ne-Ethernet kukhompyutha efanayo, kuyalulekwa ukuthi ulungiselele womabili ama-adaptha noma uqinisekise ukuthi ayikho ephazamisa enye.

Ku -Linux (Ubuntu, Fedora, kanye nama-derivatives) , indlela ehlanzekile kakhulu ukusebenzisa i-systemd-resolved. Lungiselela ifayela le-resolved.conf ukuze lisebenzise ama-IP kaMullvad njengeseva ye-DNS yomhlaba wonke, vumela i-DNSOverTLS=yes (noma i-opportunistic uma unezinkinga), bese ukhomba i-/etc/resolv.conf ku-stub ye-systemd-resolved. Ngemuva kokuqala kabusha amasevisi, umyalo we-resolvectl status kufanele ubonise i-Mullvad njengeseva ye-DNS yamanje.

Ungahlola kanjani ukuthi usebenzisa i-DNS kaMullvad ngempela

Uma isevisi isisethiwe, kuvamile ukufuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho ukuvuza kwe-DNS noma imibuzo edlula kwamanye amaseva . I-Mullvad inikeza ikhasi elilula kakhulu lalokhu kuwebhusayithi yayo esemthethweni.

Ukusuka kusiphequluli sakho, ungaya ku- https://mullvad.net/check . Uma ukucushwa kulungile, isigaba se-DNS sizobonisa "Akukho ukuvuza kwe-DNS," futhi uma wandisa imininingwane, uzobona ukuthi iseva esetshenziswayo ifaka phakathi "i-dns" egameni layo lomethuleli, isibonelo, into efana ne-se-mma-dns-001.mullvad.net. Lokhu kuwubufakazi bokuthi imibuzo ifinyelela ingqalasizinda ye-Mullvad.

Uma izixazululo zenkampani yakho yenethiwekhi, i-Google, i-Cloudflare, noma abanye abahlinzeki zivela kulelo khasi elifanayo, kusho ukuthi idivayisi noma isiphequluli sakho sisathumela eminye noma yonke imibuzo yakho ngaphandle kwe-Mullvad . Uma kunjalo, hlola ukuthi une-Domain Overhead (DoH) evuliwe kusiphequluli sakho ekhomba kwenye isevisi, i-proxy ye-SOCKS 5 enenketho ethi "Proxy DNS uma usebenzisa i-SOCKS v5" evuliwe (ngokuvamile ku-Firefox nge-proxy ye-Mullvad), noma ezinye izendlalelo eziphakathi.

Kubalulekile futhi ukukhumbula ukuthi uma uxhumeke ku-VPN kaMullvad , uhlelo lokusebenza ngokwalo luthumela i-DNS yakho kuzixazululo zeseva ye-VPN oxhumeke kuyo. Ukusebenzisa i-DNS yomphakathi ebethelwe ngesikhathi esisodwa kungaba yinto engadingekile noma ngisho nokuletha izinkinga zokubambezeleka noma zokuxazulula, ngakho-ke isincomo esisemthethweni ukubhukha i-DNS yomphakathi uma ungasebenzisi i-VPN.

Ukuvinjelwa kokuqukethwe: ukuthi kusebenza kanjani nokuthi yini ongayilindela

Indlela yokuvimba okuqukethwe ye-Mullvad DNS ilula kodwa iyasebenza. Uma ubuza isizinda esivela ohlwini olukhethiwe lwe-blocklists, i-resolver imane iphendule ngokuthi igama alikho (ibuyisela i-NXDOMAIN). Isiphequluli sichaza lokhu njengesizinda esingenalo ikheli le-IP, futhi okuqukethwe okuhlobene akulayishwanga.

Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi uvimbele inani elikhulu lezikhangiso, ama-tracker, izizinda ezinonya, amawebhusayithi abantu abadala, amasayithi okugembula, kanye nezinkundla zokuxhumana ngaphandle kokufaka izandiso kudivayisi ngayinye. Kodwa-ke, ukuvimba kwezinga le-DNS kunemikhawulo yesakhiwo: isibonelo, akukwazi ukuhlunga ngempumelelo izikhangiso ezivela ezinkundleni ezikhonza ukukhangisa kanye nokuqukethwe okuyinhloko okuvela esizindeni esifanayo (njengoba kuvame ukuba njalo nge-YouTube).

Yingakho iMullvad incoma ngisho nokuhlanganisa i-DNS yayo nezithiyo zokuvimba okuqukethwe kwesiphequluli njenge-uBlock Origin, empeleni efika ifakwe kusengaphambili ku-Mullvad Browser. I-DNS isebenza njengomugqa wokuqala wokuzivikela, inciphisa kakhulu umsindo ojwayelekile, futhi isandiso silungisa ukuhlunga ngaphakathi kwesiphequluli uqobo.

Indlela kaMullvad inenzuzo ngoba ukukhethwa kohlu lwayo kukhethwe ngokucophelela kakhulu . Abagcini nje ngokungeza inqwaba yezinhlu zokuvimba ngenxa yalokho, kodwa bakhetha imithombo ethembekile enciphisa imiphumela engamanga. Lokhu kwenza ibhalansi phakathi kokuvikelwa nokuhambisana kube yinto enengqondo kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwasekhaya noma ngisho nasemsebenzini.

Ngasohlangothini lobuchwepheshe, uma ufuna ukujula, indawo yokugcina i-GitHub kaMullvad ikhombisa ngqo ukuthi yiziphi izinhlu ezisetshenziswa kuphrofayela ngayinye (i-adblock, isisekelo, isandisiwe, umndeni, konke) , kanye nomthombo wokuqala wayo ngayinye. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi uhlole ukuthi noma yiluphi uhlu lungangqubuzana nezidingo zakho (isibonelo, uma usebenzisa izinsizakalo ezingavamile kakhulu ezivame ukutholakala zibhalwe ngephutha kwezinye izinhlelo zokuvimbela izikhangiso ezinolaka).

Ekugcineni, i-DNS yomphakathi kaMullvad isibe yindlela ekhangayo kakhulu kulabo abafuna ukuthuthukisa ubumfihlo babo nokunciphisa ugaxekile ngaphandle kokuthembela kuma-tech giants noma kumaseva e-DNS azenzakalelayo e-ISP yabo. Inezinkinga zayo—azikho amaseva e-DNS eSpain, ayisekeli i-ECS, ayinikezi amaphrofayili “e-malware kuphela”, futhi ukusebenza kwayo kuncike kakhulu endleleni i-ISP ngayinye eqondisa ngayo—kodwa ngokubuyisela, inikeza ukuhlunga okusobala, ukubethela imibuzo kusukela ekuqaleni kuya ekugcineni, kanye nendlela ehambisana nefilosofi yobumfihlo yomkhiqizo.