- Umthombo ovulekile ikuvumela ukuthi ubuke, uguqule, futhi wabelane ngekhodi namalayisense acacile.
- Isiko layo lisekelwe obala, ukusebenzisana, kanye ne-prototyping esheshayo.
- Kunamalayisensi avumelayo, e-copyleft, e-LGPL nawesizinda somphakathi.
- Izinkampani nezisekelo (isb., i-OSI, i-AWS) ziqhuba amazinga nokutholwa.
Izwe ledijithali esilisebenzisa nsuku zonke lichuma ngomthombo ovulekile : kusukela kumaseva aphatha amawebhusayithi kuya kumafoni eselula, iziphequluli, kanye nengxenye ekhulayo yobuhlakani bokwenziwa. Nakuba ngezinye izikhathi kudidaniswa "nesofthiwe yamahhala," umongo womthombo ovulekile akuyona intengo, kodwa inkululeko yokubuka , ukufunda, ukuguqula, nokwabelana ngekhodi.
Asikhulumi nje ngefilosofi: futhi kuyindlela yokusebenza nokukhiqiza ubuchwepheshe, lapho umphakathi womhlaba wonke unikela khona ngentuthuko, ulungisa amaphutha, futhi usheshise ukusungula izinto ezintsha. Futhi yebo, izinkampani ziya ngokuya zihlanganyela ngoba zithola ukuthi ukubambisana okuvulekile kuvame ukuphumela emikhiqizweni ethembekile, ephephile , nengabizi kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Uyini umthombo ovulekile?
Uma sithi isofthiwe iwumthombo ovulekile, kusho ukuthi ikhodi yayo yomthombo iyatholakala kunoma ubani ofuna ukuyihlola, ukuyivumelanisa, noma ukuyinweba. Unjiniyela angangeza izici, alungise amaphutha, noma aklame kabusha izingxenye zohlelo, futhi, kuye ngelayisensi, aphinde asabalalise lezo zithuthukisi. Izibonelo ziningi: kusukela ku -Linux (uhlelo lokusebenza) kuya ku -Mozilla Firefox (isiphequluli), futhi kufaka phakathi izizindalwazi , amathuluzi e-cloud computing, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zokufunda komshini.
Lo modeli udlulela ngale kokuletha ikhodi nje kuphela: usungula imithetho ecacile yokubamba iqhaza, ukubuyekezwa koshintsho, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwezinguqulo eziguquliwe. Lokhu kuvumela umphakathi nezinhlangano ukuthi zakhele esisekelweni esifanayo futhi zinciphise ukuncika kwabathengisi.
Umlando nokuziphendukela kwemvelo: kusuka kusofthiwe yamahhala kuya kumthombo ovulekile
Ngawo-80, uRichard Stallman wahola ukunyakaza kwesofthiwe yamahhala nge-GNU Project ngokugxila okucacile: inkululeko yomsebenzisi yokuqhuba, ukutadisha, ukuguqula, nokwabelana ngezinhlelo. Isingathekiso sakhe esidumile sigcizelela ukuthi elithi "ukukhululeka" lisho inkululeko , hhayi "mahhala" ngempela.
Ngokukhula kwesofthiwe eyimfihlo, ikhodi yaba yimpahla evikelwe, futhi abasebenzisi balahlekelwa ikhono lokwenza ngokwezifiso noma ukuhlola izinhlelo. Ngo-1997, u-Eric S. Raymond washicilela i-"The Cathedral and the Bazaar," indatshana ebalulekile eyayiqhathanisa intuthuko evaliwe ("isonto elikhulu") nenqubo evulekile neyokubambisana ("ibhizinisi elikhulu") kwi-inthanethi.
Ngo-1998, kwafinyelelwa esicongweni: I-Netscape yakhipha ikhodi yomthombo yesiphequluli sayo (i-Project Mozilla), okwagcina kuholele ku- Firefox kanye ne -Thunderbird . Ngawo lowo nyaka, kwavela i- Open Source Initiative (OSI) , yasungula igama elithi "umthombo ovulekile" kanye nencazelo yalo. Umqondo kwakuwukugqamisa izinzuzo zendlela kanye nezebhizinisi zentuthuko evulekile, ihlukanise ingxenye yefilosofi "yesofthiwe yamahhala."
Ngokukhula kwamapulatifomu afana neGitHub, ukubambisana kwaba umhlaba wonke futhi kwasakazeka kabanzi. Lokho okwaqala “njengokuvukela” ngokumelene nokuvalwa kwesofthiwe eyimfihlo kwagcina sekuyindlela ejwayelekile embonini , lapho izinkampani ezifana ne-IBM ne-Microsoft zisekela ngenkuthalo amaphrojekthi omphakathi.
Ikhodi Yomthombo vs. Binaries: Kungani Ukubona Amathumbu Kubalulekile
Ikhompyutha ayiqondi imiyalelo esezingeni eliphezulu: isebenzisa ama-binary (bytecode noma ama-opcode) akhiqizwa abahlanganisi nabahumushi. Ama-executable aklanyelwe uhlelo lokusebenza futhi, ngokuklama, awafundeki kalula ngabantu. Ngakho-ke, lapho kusatshalaliswa ama-binary kuphela, ukuhlola noma ukusebenzisa kabusha umsebenzi kuyinkimbinkimbi ngaphandle kwamathuluzi obunjiniyela obuphambili obuphambili.
Umthombo ovulekile uphula lowo mgoqo ngokushicilela ikhodi yomthombo. Nakuba lokhu akusho ukuthi ungasetshenziswa ngaphandle kwemingcele, kuvumela noma ubani ukuthi afunde, aphakamise izinguquko, noma ahlanganise iphrojekthi yokuhlola imibono emisha. Ukubambisana okuvulekile kukhuthaza ukubhekisela okuhlangene, ukutholwa kwamaphutha, kanye nokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo.
Izimiso zamasiko emiphakathi evulekile
Imiphakathi yomthombo ovulekile yabelana ngezindinganiso nemigomo eqondisa ukwenziwa kwezinqumo. Empeleni, ibeka phambili ukucaca : lonke ulwazi olufanele lokufaka isandla (ikhodi, izingxoxo, izinhlelo) luyatholakala, okuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yezinqumo futhi kwenza kube lula kunoma ubani ukujoyina.
Ukubambisana okuvulekile kungenye isimiso esibalulekile. Amaphrojekthi akhiwa njengomzamo wokubambisana: ukuthuthukiswa komsebenzi wabanye kuyamukelekile, futhi imithetho ecacile ichazwa ukuze kulondolozwe ukuvumelana kobuchwepheshe nokuvumela abanye ukuthi bavumelanise ikhambi esikhathini esizayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwenziwa kwemifanekiso okusheshayo kukhuthazwa ngemijikelezo ephindaphindayo. Imibono iyahlolwa, izifundo zifundwa kokuhlangenwe nakho, kanti leyo engasebenzi iyalahlwa ngaphandle kwedrama, okuqinisa isiko lokuhlola.
Njengendlela yokubusa, imiphakathi eminingi ifuna ubukhosi obuhlanganisa wonke umuntu : wonke amazwi angezwakali futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, imibono efakazela ukubaluleka kwayo ithola ukwesekwa okwengeziwe kanye nomzamo wokubambisana.
Izici Zesoftware Yomthombo Ovulekile: Ukusuka Kumklamo Kuya Ekuthuthukisweni
Ukuze kubhekwe ukuthi ivulekile ngempela, iphrojekthi kumele ikhishwe ngaphansi kwelayisensi yomthombo ovulekile ehlangabezana nezindinganiso ezifana nokuvumela ukusatshalaliswa kwekhodi yomthombo, ukuguqulwa kanye nemisebenzi esuselwe kokunye, ngaphandle kokubandlulula abantu noma ukusetshenziswa, futhi ngaphandle kwemingcele yokuhweba engadingekile.
Ukuklama okuvulekile kuhilela ukuhlela nokubeka phambili izinto ngezinqubo ezisobala, okuvumela umphakathi ukuthi uthonye imephu yomgwaqo. Nakuba ukufinyelela esivumelwaneni kuthatha isikhathi, kuvame ukuholela ezixazululweni ezifanela kangcono izidingo zangempela zabasebenzisi.
Intuthuko evulekile isebenzisa izinqubo ezibandakanyayo nezibonakalayo (isb., izindawo zokugcina impahla zomphakathi namathuluzi, izindlela ezicacile zokwamukela iminikelo), ukuze intuthuko ihlolwe ngekhwalithi yayo, hhayi ngobudala bomuntu oyithumelayo.
Umphakathi ovulekile ufuna indawo yokwamukela lapho noma ubani angathuthukela khona ezindimeni zobuholi, elinganisela izintshisekelo zabathuthukisi nabasebenzisi ngemigomo efanayo.
Umthombo ovulekile uma uqhathaniswa nesofthiwe yokuphathelene: ukwethembeka, ukuphepha, nokunikezwa kwelayisensi
Kusofthiwe eyimfihlo, ukugcinwa kuncike enhlanganweni eyodwa elawula ikhodi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, amaphrojekthi amaningi avulekile anezinkulungwane zabanikeli abasatshalaliswayo, okuvame ukuholela ekuthembekeni okukhulu ngenxa yokubuyekezwa okuqhubekayo kanye nokuhlolwa okuphambene.
Ekuphepheni, yonke ikhodi ingaba namaphutha; umehluko usejubaneni lokuphendula . Amaphrojekthi avulekile avame ukukhipha izilungiso ngokushesha lapho umphakathi ubika ubuthakathaka. Ukubonakala kudala ukuphuthuma kokulungisa futhi kuvame ukuthuthukisa isofthiwe yokuqala. Icala le-Heartbleed liqokomise kokubili ingozi kanye nekhono le-ecosystem lokusabela.
Amalayisense nawo ayahluka. Isofthiwe yobunini isatshalaliswa ngaphansi kwemigomo evimbela ukubuka, ukuhlela, noma ukusabalalisa kabusha ikhodi. Amalayisense avulekile, ngakolunye uhlangothi, avumela ukusetshenziswa, ukuguqulwa, kanye nokwabelana (ngemibandela ethile kuye ngohlobo) futhi anciphise ukukhiya komthengisi.
Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zamalayisense omthombo ovulekile
Isizinda Somphakathi : sivumela ukuguqulwa, ukusetshenziswa, kanye nokuthengiswa okungavinjelwe. Ngokuvamile, ababhali bayeka ngamabomu ilungelo lobunikazi noma umsebenzi wabo usungene esizindeni somphakathi.
Imvume (isb., i-Apache, i-BSD): ibeka izidingo ezincane kakhulu. Izinguqulo eziguquliwe zingadalwa futhi zisatshalaliswe kabusha, zihlanganiswe ngisho nasemikhiqizweni yezentengiselwano, kuyilapho kugcinwa izaziso ze-copyright kanye nemigomo nemibandela eyisisekelo.
I-LGPL (i-Lesser GPL): yenzelwe amalabhulali. Ivumela ukuxhumanisa amamojula e-LGPL kusuka kuzinhlelo zokusebenza (ngisho nalezo zentengiso). Uma umtapo ngokwawo uguqulwa, izinguquko kumele zisatshalaliswe kabusha ngaphansi kwelayisensi efanayo.
I-Copyleft (isb., i-GPL): idinga ukuthi imisebenzi esuselwe kokunye ishicilelwe ngaphansi kwemigomo efanayo uma isatshalaliswa. Ungathengisa isofthiwe, kodwa umthengi ugcina inkululeko yokuyisabalalisa kabusha . Ngaphezu kwalokho, ababhali bokuqala kumele banikezwe udumo.
Amazinga avulekile: imithetho, hhayi ikhodi
Izindinganiso ezivulekile ziyizincazelo zobuchwepheshe zomphakathi ezikhuthaza ukusebenzisana kanye nokufana. Ziyatholakala ukuze zisetshenziswe futhi zibuyekezwe ngaphandle kwezithiyo ezingadingekile, okwenza impilo ibe lula: kusukela ekuxhumeni i-laptop yakho kunoma iyiphi i-router kuya ekusebenziseni amafomethi ahambisanayo namapulatifomu ahlukahlukene.
Qaphela: Izindinganiso kanye nomthombo ovulekile azifani. Izindinganiso zichaza ukuthi uhlobo oluthile lwesofthiwe kufanele lubhalwe noma luziphathe kanjani, hhayi ikhodi ngokwayo. Ukuze zibhekwe njenge "ezivulekile," akumelwe zidinga ubuchwepheshe obuzimele ukuze zisetshenziswe.
Ubani obuka umthombo ovulekile?
I -Open Source Initiative (OSI) yinhlangano engenzi nzuzo egcina i-Open Source Definition kanye nohlu lwamalayisense avunyiwe. Ukulandela iziqondiso zayo kuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwelebula ethi "OSI Approved", okwakha ukwethembana futhi kusiza ukubambisana phakathi kwamaphrojekthi nezinkampani.
Amamodeli ebhizinisi nezinguqulo zokuhweba
Umthombo ovulekile nawo usetshenziswa ngendlela yawo. Isu elivamile ukunikeza izinsizakalo nokusekelwa kwezindawo zamabhizinisi. Icala le-Red Hat (elatholwa yi-IBM kwesinye sezivumelwano ezinkulu kakhulu kulo mkhakha) libonise ukuthi kunethuba lebhizinisi ekukhetheni, ekuqinisekiseni, nasekulondolozeni amapulatifomu okukhiqiza.
Enye indlela iwuhlobo lwe-SaaS : isofthiwe yomthombo ovulekile ngaphansi, izinsizakalo eziphethwe phezulu. I-WordPress, isibonelo, ihlanganisa umthombo ovulekile nezinhlelo zokubamba, ukwesekwa, kanye nezici ezithuthukisiwe ezikhokhelwa ngokubhalisa.
Kukhona amamodeli amabili okunikeza amalayisense , ajwayelekile kudathabheyisi kanye nama-ERP : inguqulo evulekile (isb., i-GPL) kanye nenguqulo eyimfihlo enezinye izinto ezengeziwe (eziphethwe ngokugcwele, izipele ezingeni lebhizinisi, ukubethela okwengeziwe) kokusetshenziswa okuthile kwezentengiselwano.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izimiso zemvelo zenza imali ngethrafikhi , ukubambisana, noma izimakethe . Iziphequluli ezifana neFirefox zixhase ingxenye yentuthuko yazo ngezivumelwano nezinjini zokusesha; futhi amapulatifomu okubambisana ahlanganisa okunikezwayo kwamahhala nezinhlelo nezinsizakalo zeprimiyamu.
Ukuhlanganyela Kwebhizinisi: Kusukela ku-AWS kuya ezisekelweni
Izinkampani ezinkulu zinikela ngekhodi, uxhaso, kanye nabasebenzi kumaphrojekthi abalulekile. I-AWS , isibonelo, inikela njalo ezinkulungwaneni zemiphakathi (i-GitHub, i-Apache, i-Linux Foundation, njll.) futhi isebenza ekuthuthukiseni ukuphepha, ukukhulisa, ukusebenza, kanye nezici ezintsha, okuvumela amakhasimende ayo ukuthi asebenzise ubuchwepheshe obuvulekile efwini kalula.
Lolu hlobo lokubambisana komphakathi kanye nokwangasese luhlanganise umthombo ovulekile njengesisekelo sengqalasizinda yesimanje , kuyilapho izinkampani kanye nabathuthukisi abazimele benikela ngamapheshi, imibhalo, kanye namathuluzi.
Umthombo ovulekile osebenzayo: idatha, i-AI, i-blockchain, nokuningi
Umthelela uyabonakala. I-Linux ibusa amaseva, futhi ngokusho kwezilinganiso ezihamba phambili, iphesenti elikhulu kakhulu lokusingathwa kwewebhu emhlabeni wonke lithembele kukho. I-Android, eyakhelwe phezu kwe-kernel ye-Linux, ivumela abakhiqizi abaningi ukuthi benze ngezifiso uhlelo futhi balulethe kuzo zonke izinhlobo zamadivayisi, okwenza ama-smartphone athuthukile abe yintando yeningi.
Efwini, i-Kubernetes yaba yindinganiso yangempela yokuhlela ama-container. Yakhishwa ngo-2014, isetshenziswa yizinkampani zabo bonke osayizi futhi idale uhlelo lwe-ecosystem olubiza izigidigidi zamaRandi, olunezici ezifana nokuzikala ngokuzenzakalela kanye nokuziphilisa esizithatha kalula manje.
Ubuhlakani bokwenziwa besimanje buthembele kuzinhlaka ezivulekile ezifana ne -TensorFlow ne -PyTorch , ezisetshenziswe kumaphrojekthi ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi futhi zamukelwa kabanzi yizinkampani emhlabeni jikelele. Lokhu kuvuleleka kusheshisa ukuhlola, ukuphindaphindwa, kanye nokubuyekezwa kontanga.
Ku -blockchain , amaphrojekthi afana ne-Ethereum ne-Solana angumthombo ovulekile ongu-100%, okuvumela noma ubani ukuthi abukeze izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile futhi adale ama-dApps. Izingxoxo zomthetho (njengohlaka lwe-MiCA lwe-EU lwama-stablecoins) kanye nokuvela kwendalo ye-DeFi kubonisa ukuthi isofthiwe yomthombo ovulekile iqhuba kanjani ukusungula izinto ezintsha kwezezimali, kanye nezinqubo ezifana ne -Raydium ne -Meteora ezikhula futhi zisabela ezimweni zemakethe kanye nenqubomgomo.
Imibiko yezimboni ikhombisa ukuthi iningi lezinkampani lifaka umthombo ovulekile esigxotsheni sazo sobuchwepheshe, nokuthi umphakathi wabathuthukisi uhlanganyela ngenkuthalo kumaphrojekthi omphakathi. Izifundo zezemfundo zikhombisile nokuthi amaphrojekthi avulekile avuselelwa ngokushesha ngenxa yokwehlukahlukana kanye nobuningi beminikelo.
Isebenza kanjani ekusebenzeni
Amaphrojekthi ahlelwe ezindaweni zokugcina umphakathi (i-GitHub iyona ethandwa kakhulu), kanye nemisebenzi yokusebenza esekelwe ku -Git , izinkinga, ama-IDE , kanye nokubuyekezwa kontanga. Ukubonakala kwamagatsha, izivivinyo, kanye nezingxoxo zobuchwepheshe kwenza kube lula kunoma ubani ukuqonda isimo sephrojekthi futhi aphakamise ukuthuthukiswa.
Abanakekeli bachaza iziqondiso zomnikelo, amazinga ekhwalithi, i-CI/CD, kanye nezinqubomgomo zokuphepha. Izinqumo zibhalwe phansi obala; futhi amafoloko asebenza ukuzama ngaphandle kokwephula umugqa oyinhloko noma ukukhuthaza ezinye izindlela uma ukubusa kwehlukana.
Iphuzu elibalulekile: ukushicilela endaweni yokugcina imininingwane yomphakathi akwanele. Kumelwe ukhethe futhi umemezele ilayisensi ehambisana ne-Open Source Definition, ukuze amalungelo nezibopho mayelana nokusetshenziswa, ukuguqulwa, kanye nokusabalalisa kucace.
Ubudlelwano nesoftware yamahhala kanye negama elithi “mahhala”
Isofthiwe yamahhala iyinhlangano yomphakathi ekhuthaza inkululeko ethile yabasebenzisi. Kuyo kwavela igama elithi "umthombo ovulekile" njengelebula eligcizelela indlela kanye nezinzuzo ezisebenzayo. Ngolimi oluvamile, lingadidaniswa nelithi "i-freeware" (imikhiqizo yezentengiselwano yamahhala isikhathi esilinganiselwe noma enokusebenza okulinganiselwe), enganikezi amalungelo okuguqulwa noma okusabalalisa kabusha.
Igama elithi FOSS (Isofthiwe Yomthombo Wamahhala/Ovulekile) lisetshenziswa futhi lapho kuhlanganiswa ifilosofi nemikhuba. Kunoma ikuphi, kuyalulekwa ukuhlola ukuthi iphrojekthi idinga yini izingxenye ezizimele ukuze isebenze, njengoba lokhu kungqubuzana nezimiso zesofthiwe yamahhala, noma ngabe izingxenye eziyinhloko ziwumthombo ovulekile.
Amacala nomphakathi: I-Linux kernel, i-Red Hat nemicimbi
I -kernel ye-Linux iyisibonelo esihle: kusukela ngo-1991, izinkulungwane zabanikeli ziye zanezela, zalungisa, futhi zasusa izinkulungwane zemigqa nsuku zonke. Lesi sivinini besingenakwenzeka ngaphandle kwezinqubo ezivuthiwe, ukuhlolwa okuzenzakalelayo, kanye nomphakathi womhlaba wonke ohilelekile.
Emkhakheni webhizinisi, i-Red Hat yazisa imodeli esekelwe ekusekelweni, izitifiketi, kanye nezinsizakalo zezindawo ezibalulekile emsebenzini, okubonisa ukuthi ibhizinisi eliqinile lingakhiwa kubuchwepheshe bomthombo ovulekile. Amanye amaphrojekthi ahlanganisa umthombo ovulekile nezinsizakalo noma izivumelwano ezixhasa intuthuko yesikhathi eside.
Isiko liyagujwa futhi landiswa emicimbini efana neHacktoberfest (njalo ngo-Okthoba, izinkulungwane zabantu zinikela kumaphrojekthi azo zonke izinhlobo) noma i-FLISOL eLatin America, ngemisebenzi yokukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kanye nefilosofi yesofthiwe yamahhala.
Izinganekwane ezivamile namaqiniso
“Uma kumahhala, kumelwe ukuthi kubi”: amanga. Kukhona isofthiwe yomthombo ovulekile esezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu , evame ukuba ngcono kunezinye izindlela eziyimfihlo. “Akuphephile kangako ngoba ikhodi iyabonakala”: futhi kungamanga. Ukuhlolwa komphakathi kuvumela ukutholwa nokulungiswa kwamaphutha kusenesikhathi.
“Akukho ukwesekwa”: kuncike kuphrojekthi. Izixazululo eziningi zomthombo ovulekile zinikeza izinhlelo zobungcweti, futhi kunoma yikuphi, kunenethiwekhi enkulu yezinkampani nochwepheshe abakwaziyo ukunikeza ukwesekwa; ngaphezu kwemiphakathi ekhuthele kakhulu ephendula imibuzo futhi ibhale phansi imikhuba emihle kakhulu.
Umthombo ovulekile uhlanganisa inkululeko yobuchwepheshe nendlela yokukhiqiza ngokubambisana eye yashintsha ekubeni yinto engavamile kwezemfundo yaba yindlela ekhethwayo yokwakha ingqalasizinda, izinhlelo zokusebenza, kanye nezindinganiso; sibona lokhu kumaseva, kumadivayisi eselula, ku-AI, ku-blockchain, kanye nakumasevisi efu, lapho ukucaca, isivinini sokuphindaphinda, kanye nokubambisana okukhulu kwenza ukusungula izinto ezintsha kuhambe ngokushesha futhi kube nemiphumela eqinile kuwo wonke umuntu.