Umehluko phakathi kwe-router, i-modem, i-switch kanye ne-hub uchazwe kalula

Informatec Digital » Izinsiza » Umehluko phakathi kwe-router, i-modem, i-switch kanye ne-hub uchazwe kalula

Uma usetha inethiwekhi ekhaya noma ehhovisi, ngokuzumayo uqala ukuzwa amagama afana ne -modem, i-router, i-switch, ngisho ne-hub . Wonke abukeka njengamadivayisi afanayo, agcwele ama-port e-Ethernet nezibani ezincane, kodwa imisebenzi yawo ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi ihluke kakhulu. Ukuqonda lo mehluko kukusiza ukuthi ukhethe imishini efanele futhi ugweme izinkinga zokuphepha.

Kuyo yonke le ndatshana, sizobheka ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi iyiphi idivayisi ngayinye eyenzayo nokuthi ihluke kanjani , sisebenzisa izibonelo zansuku zonke futhi senze kube lula ukusebenzisa amagama anzima. Uzobona ukuthi i-router ye-ISP yakho yanele nini, uma ukwengeza iswishi kungase kube nomqondo, indima yemodemu kukho konke lokhu, nokuthi kungani ihabhu elidala selisetshenziswe ngendlela ethile.

Iyini imodemu futhi iyidlala yiphi indima kunethiwekhi

Imodemu iyidivayisi exhumanisa inethiwekhi yakho nengqalasizinda yomhlinzeki wesevisi yakho ye-inthanethi . Ngokwesiko, yayiguqula futhi ihlukanise isignali (yingakho igama layo libizwa), futhi yize ubuchwepheshe bushintshile (i-ADSL, ikhebula, ifayibha), umsebenzi wayo oyisisekelo usafana: ukukhuluma "ulimi" olufanayo nenethiwekhi ye-ISP yakho.

Emakhaya amaningi, i-modem inikezwa ngqo ngumhlinzeki wesevisi ye-inthanethi . Ngokuvamile ifakwa ku-router abayifakayo, kodwa kwezinye izimo iyidivayisi ehlukile exhuma ku-router nge-Ethernet noma i-coaxial port.

Kuye ngemodeli, i-modem ingabela amakheli e-IP kumadivayisi axhunyiwe , isebenza njenge-router eyisisekelo kakhulu, noma imane inikeze ikheli elilodwa le-IP ku-router eyinhloko. Kumasethingi alula, ama-game consoles, amakhompyutha, noma amadivayisi eselula angaxhuma ngqo ku-modem (ikakhulukazi uma i-ISP inikeza i-router ye-modem ehlanganisiwe).

Imininingwane ebalulekile ukuthi, njengoba imishini iphathwa ngumhlinzeki, izinketho zokucushwa zivame ukulinganiselwa kakhulu . Ezimweni eziningi, ngeke ukwazi ukushintsha okuningi ngale kwephasiwedi ye-Wi-Fi noma izilungiselelo ezimbalwa eziyisisekelo, futhi kunezilungiselelo ezithuthukisiwe ezivinjwa yi-opharetha ngenxa yokusekelwa noma izizathu zokuphepha.

Iyini i-router futhi isetshenziselwani ngempela?

I-router ingubuchopho benethiwekhi yakho yasekhaya noma yehhovisi elincane, enesibopho sokudlulisa amaphakethe edatha phakathi kwamanethiwekhi ahlukene . Ngokuvamile ixhuma inethiwekhi yakho yendawo (i-LAN) kunethiwekhi yangaphandle: inethiwekhi yomhlinzeki wesevisi yakho ye-inthanethi noma enye inethiwekhi ekude nge-port ye-WAN.

Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukunquma umzila ongcono kakhulu wephakethe ngalinye ledatha ukuze lifike lapho liya khona . Ukuze yenze lokhu, isebenzisa iphrothokholi yokuqondisa kanye namathebula okuqondisa, okuyivumela ukuthi inqume ukuthi iyiphi i-interface okufanele isetshenziswe kuphakethe ngalinye ngokusekelwe ekhelini le-IP lapho iya khona. Nakuba lokhu kuzwakala kunobuchwepheshe kakhulu, empeleni yilokho okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthi uvule iwebhusayithi, udlale imidlalo eku-inthanethi, noma ufinyelele i-VPN yenkampani yakho.

Ezingeni lemodeli ye-OSI, i-router isebenza ngokuyinhloko kungqimba yenethiwekhi (ingqimba 3) , kodwa ama-router anamuhla ahlanganisa imisebenzi ethinta futhi izendlalelo zesixhumanisi esingokoqobo nesedatha, ikakhulukazi njengoba ngokuvamile efaka amachweba amaningana e-Ethernet kanye nokuxhumeka kwe-WiFi.

Ekusethweni kwekhaya okuvamile, i-router iqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amadivayisi akho angaxhuma kwi-inthanethi, hhayi kunethiwekhi yendawo kuphela . Omakhalekhukhwini, omabonakude, amakhompyutha, ama-game consoles, namakhamera e-IP athola ikheli le-IP langaphakathi ku-router futhi afinyelela i-inthanethi ngoxhumano olulodwa lwangaphandle olwabiwe.

Ngaphezu kokusebenzisa i-routing, lawa madivayisi afaka izici ezengeziwe njenge -NAT, iseva ye-DHCP, iseva ye-DNS eyisisekelo, kanye ne-firewall . I-NAT ivumela amadivayisi amaningi angaphakathi ukuthi abelane ngekheli elilodwa le-IP lomphakathi, i-DHCP yabela ngokuzenzakalelayo amakheli e-IP ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yendawo, kanye ne-firewall esekelwe kwihadiwe ehlunga ithrafikhi ukuze ivikele ekuhlaselweni kwangaphandle njengemizamo yokungena noma izinhlobo ezithile zokuhlaselwa kwe-DDoS.

Kumanethiwekhi athuthukile kakhulu, i-router ingasebenzisa i-adaptive routing noma i-static routing . I-Adaptive routing ibuyekeza amathebula ayo e-routing ngokusekelwe ezimweni zenethiwekhi (ukwehluleka kwezixhumanisi, ukuminyana, njll.), kuyilapho i-static routing ilandela imizila echazwe ngesandla ngumphathi wenethiwekhi.

Iyini iswishi futhi isebenza kanjani?

Iswishi inesibopho sokwakha nokuhlela inethiwekhi yendawo ngokuxhuma amadivayisi amaningi . Ngokungafani ne-router, ayiphathi ukuxhumana namanye amanethiwekhi (njenge-inthanethi), kodwa kunalokho iqinisekisa ukuthi imishini engaphakathi kwe-LAN efanayo ingakwazi ukuxhumana ngokushesha nangokusebenza kahle.

Iswishi isebenza kakhulu ku- Layer 2 yemodeli ye-OSI , yize amamodeli amaningi esimanje angasebenza naku-Layer 3 ukuze anikeze izici ezithuthukisiwe (lezi zibizwa ngokuthi amaswishi e-Layer 3). Umsebenzi wayo ukwamukela ozimele, ukuzihlaziya, nokuzithumela kuphela echwebeni elihambisana nedivayisi oya kuyo.

Ukuze kufezwe lokhu, iswishi isebenzisa amakheli e-MAC amadivayisi axhunyiwe . Njengoba ithola ithrafikhi, ifunda ukuthi yiliphi ikheli le-MAC eliku-port ngayinye bese yakha ithebula elibonisa lobu budlelwano. Uma uhlaka lufika luhloselwe ikheli le-MAC elithile, liyazi kahle ukuthi yiliphi i-port okufanele liyithumele ngalo, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa amanye amadivayisi.

Ngenxa yalokhu kuziphatha, amaphakethe edatha athunyelwa yikhompyutha yomthombo awakopishwa kuwo wonke amakhompyutha akunethiwekhi , kodwa kunalokho afinyelela idivayisi efanele kuphela. Lokhu kunciphisa ithrafikhi engadingekile, kugwema ukushayisana, futhi kuvumela amadivayisi amaningi ukuxhumana ngesikhathi esisodwa ngendlela ephumelela kakhulu kunobuchwepheshe obudala njengezindawo zokuxhuma.

Ngamafuphi, singasho ukuthi iswishi idala isiteshi sokuxhumana esizinikele phakathi komthumeli nomemukeli sokudlulisela ngakunye, okwenza kube ngcono ukusetshenziswa komkhawulokudonsa futhi kuthuthukiswe ukuzinza kwenethiwekhi, ikakhulukazi lapho inani elikhulu lamadivayisi lixhunyiwe.

Ihabhu elidala: liyini nokuthi kungani lingasetshenziswa kakhulu

Ngaphambi kokuba amaswishi abe ashibhile, idivayisi evamile yokusetha inethiwekhi elula kwakuyi- hub ( i-network concentrator ), umshini oyisisekelo kakhulu osebenza njengendawo yokuxhuma ephakathi . Ukusebenza kwawo kulula kakhulu: konke akutholayo nge-port eyodwa kuyakopishwa futhi kuthunyelwe ngazo zonke ezinye, ngaphandle kokuhlukanisa phakathi kwabamukeli.

Uma ikhompyutha exhunywe ku-hub ithumela idatha, i-hub ikopisha lolo lwazi bese iyithumela kuwo wonke amakhompyutha akunethiwekhi . Ayikwazi ukuqondisa idatha kumamukeli oyedwa; empeleni, ayazi nokuthi iyiphi ikhompyutha ehloselwe umamukeli. Yimakhompyutha okugcina anquma ukuthi ithrafikhi yenzelwe wona noma ayilahle.

Le ndlela yokusebenza inezinkinga ezithile ezicacile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukusetshenziswa kwe-bandwidth kuphakeme kakhulu ngoba yonke into ofuna ukuyithumela kudivayisi igcina ijikeleza kuzo zonke izimbobo zehabhu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngenkathi kudluliswa, amanye amadivayisi kumele alinde ukuthi kuqede ngaphambi kokuba athumele idatha, okudala izithiyo ngokushesha nje lapho inethiwekhi igcwala ngokweqile.

Naphezu kwakho konke, ama-hub abe nokusetshenziswa kwawo, ikakhulukazi ekuhlaziyweni kwenethiwekhi kanye nokuqapha ithrafikhi . Njengoba edlulisela konke kuwo wonke umuntu, kulula kakhulu ukuxhuma ithuluzi lokuxilonga bese ubona ukuthi yini ejikeleza kunethiwekhi, ukuthola amaphutha, noma ukufunda ukuziphatha kwamadivayisi athile.

Ngokufika kwamaswishi angabizi, ihabhu seliphelelwe yisikhathi kumanethiwekhi anamuhla, njengoba linikeza ukusebenza okuncane, ukusebenza kahle okuncane kanye nobuhlakani obungekho uma kuqhathaniswa nezinzuzo ezinikezwa yiswishi esimweni esifanayo.

Umehluko phakathi kweswishi ne-router

Umehluko wokuqala oyisisekelo umsebenzi oyinhloko wedivayisi ngayinye ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi . Iswishi inesibopho sokuxhuma amadivayisi ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi efanayo yendawo, kuyilapho i-router ixhuma amanethiwekhi ahlukene komunye nomunye (isibonelo, i-LAN yakho kwi-inthanethi noma kwenye i-LAN ekude).

Okwesibili, kumele sibheke ungqimba lwemodeli ye-OSI lapho zisebenza khona . Iswishi isebenza ngokuyinhloko kungqimba lwesixhumanisi sedatha (ungqimba 2) futhi, kwamanye amamodeli athuthukile, isebenza nakungqimba 3, kuyilapho i-router isebenza kungqimba lwenethiwekhi (ungqimba 3) futhi, ngokuhlanganisa amachweba angokoqobo nemisebenzi eyengeziwe, ithinta futhi izendlalelo zesixhumanisi sedatha nesomzimba.

Omunye umehluko obalulekile usekutheni benza izinqumo mayelana nokudluliswa kwedatha . Iswishi isebenzisa amakheli e-MAC ukunquma ukuthi iyiphi imbobo yokudlulisela uhlaka ngalunye, idala amasekethe anengqondo phakathi komthumeli nomemukeli. I-router, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ithembele kumakheli e-IP kanye namathebula ayo okuqondisa ukuze inqume ukuthi iyiphi indlela iphakethe ngalinye okufanele liyithathe ukuze lifinyelele kwenye inethiwekhi.

Uhlobo lwethrafikhi oluphathwa yidivayisi ngayinye nalo luyahluka. Iswishi igxila kuthrafikhi yangaphakathi ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yendawo , ixhumanisa amakhompyutha, amaphrinta, namaseva ukuze babelane ngezinsiza. I-router, ngakolunye uhlangothi, iphatha ithrafikhi phakathi kwamanethiwekhi ahlukene, ixhumana namanye ama-router, futhi ikhetha umzila osebenza kahle kakhulu wedatha ukufinyelela amanethiwekhi angaphandle.

Okokugcina, kunomehluko obalulekile maqondana nokuphepha kanye nezici ezengeziwe . Amaswishi, ngaphandle kwamamodeli aphethwe anezinketho ezithuthukisiwe, anendima engathathi hlangothi: anqunyelwe ekushintsheni ozimele ngaphakathi kwe-LAN. Ama-router, ngakolunye uhlangothi, avame ukuhlanganisa ama-firewall, i-NAT, ukuhlunga amaphakethe, ukulawulwa kokubaluleka kwethrafikhi, kanye nezinye izindlela ezivikela inethiwekhi futhi zithuthukise ukuxhumana nomhlaba wangaphandle.

Umehluko phakathi kwe-router ne-switch maqondana namathuba okuxhumeka

Uma ubheka i-router yasekhaya evamile, uzobona ukuthi ifaka amachweba amaningana e-Ethernet LAN. Lokhu kusho ukuthi, ngaphezu kokusebenzisa i-routing, ingasebenza futhi njengeswishi encane ehlanganisiwe , ekuvumela ukuthi uxhume amadivayisi amaningi anezintambo ngaphandle kokudinga noma yimiphi imishini eyengeziwe.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iswishi isetshenziswa kakhulu ukwandisa inani lamachweba atholakalayo ku-router noma i-modem . Ngamanye amazwi, uma amachweba e-LAN e-router enganele, uxhuma iswishi kwenye yawo bese uthola isethi eyengeziwe yamachweba okuxhuma amakhompyutha engeziwe, amaphrinta enethiwekhi, amakhamera e-IP, njll.

Nakuba ukushintsha kukhawulelwe kunethiwekhi yendawo, ama-router anekhono lokudala amanethiwekhi endawo futhi asungule ukuxhumana namanethiwekhi angaphandle . Anesibopho sokuvumela inethiwekhi yakho yangasese ukuthi ixhumane ne-inthanethi, futhi angaxhumanisa nama-subnet amaningi angaphakathi uma indawo yakho idinga lokho.

Emakhaya nasemahhovisi amancane, ukusethwa okuvamile kuqukethe i-router eyodwa esebenza njengesango futhi, uma kudingeka, iswishi eyodwa noma ngaphezulu yokwandisa amandla e-LAN. I-router ihlala iyindawo ephakathi yokufinyelela kwi-inthanethi , kuyilapho amaswishi esakaza ukuxhumana phakathi kwezindawo zokusebenza ezahlukene.

Ezindaweni ezinkulu zebhizinisi, ukwakheka kungaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngamaswishi amaningi okufinyelela, amaswishi okusabalalisa, kanye ne-router eyodwa noma ngaphezulu exhumanisa konke lokho kwamanye amasayithi noma kunethiwekhi yomthengisi, kodwa umqondo wemisebenzi uhlala ufana: amaswishi ayashintsha ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi; ama-router adlulisela umzila phakathi kwamanethiwekhi.

I-router ene-modem ehlanganisiwe, i-router ezimele kanye ne-NAT ephindwe kabili

Amadivayisi amaningi afakwe ngumhlinzeki wakho we-inthanethi empeleni angamadivayisi ahlanganisiwe ahlanganisa i-modem ne-router kuyunithi eyodwa . Ngamanye amazwi, axhumana nenethiwekhi ye-ISP futhi ngasikhathi sinye adale futhi aphathe inethiwekhi yakho yendawo esebenzisa amachweba e-Wi-Fi ne-Ethernet.

Ezinye izilungiselelo zisebenzisa imodemu "emsulwa" exhunywe ku-router ehlukile, yomuntu wesithathu. Kulesi simo, imodemu inesibopho sokuhumusha isignali yenethiwekhi ye-ISP kanye nokunikeza uxhumano ku-router, ephatha ama-IP angaphakathi, i-firewall, i-Wi-Fi, njll. Le nketho ivame ukunikeza ukuguquguquka okwengeziwe kokucushwa kanye nokusebenza okungcono.

Uma ama-router amabili exhunywe ku-cascade ngaphandle kokucushwa okufanele, angadala lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi i-double NAT . Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-router ngayinye yenza i-NAT ngokuzimela, idala izendlalelo ezimbili zokuhumusha ikheli le-IP, enye phezu kwenye. Lokhu kungabangela izinkinga ngama-port avulekile, imidlalo eku-inthanethi, noma izinsizakalo ezidinga ukuxhumana okungenayo.

Amanye ama-router ekhebula afaka nomsebenzi we-inthanethi (i-router ye-modem yekhebula) , okuhlanganisa imishini ngokwengeziwe: aphatha ukuxhumana nomhlinzeki, asabalalise ama-IP angaphakathi, asebenze njengeswishi, futhi ahlinzeke nge-Wi-Fi, konke ngakunye. Ayasebenza, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi akhawulela umsebenzisi othuthukile ofuna ukulawula inethiwekhi okulungisiwe kahle.

Kunoma ikuphi, into ebalulekile okufanele uyiqonde ukuthi i-modem isebenzisana nenethiwekhi ye-ISP kanye nesendlalelo sokufinyelela esingokoqobo , kuyilapho i-router iphatha indlela idatha ehamba ngayo phakathi kwenethiwekhi yakho nomhlaba wonke. Ukukhetha i-router enhle noma ukumisa kahle leyo onayo kungenza umehluko omkhulu ekuzinzeni, ekuphepheni, nasekusebenzeni.

Umehluko phakathi kwehabhu, iswishi kanye ne-router

Uma sibeka ihabhu, iswishi, kanye ne-router eceleni, siyabona ukuthi, yize zingabelana ngezixhumi ezifanayo, imisebenzi yazo ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi ihlukile kakhulu . Ezokuqala ezimbili zigxile kumanethiwekhi endawo, kanti eyesithathu ixhuma amanethiwekhi ahlukene ndawonye futhi inikeza izinketho eziningi zokulawula.

Ihabhu lilula kakhulu: lithola ozimele bese libathumela kuwo wonke amachweba ngokungakhethi . Aliqondi amakheli e-MAC noma e-IP; limane liphinda lokho elikutholayo. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukukusebenzisa kodwa kungasebenzi kahle, kudala ithrafikhi engadingekile futhi kunciphise ukusebenza lapho amadivayisi amaningi exhumana.

Iswishi "i-smart sibling": ifunda ikheli le-MAC ku-port ngayinye futhi ithumela ozimele endaweni efanele kuphela . Ngenxa yalokhu kuhlakanipha okuyisisekelo, inciphisa ithrafikhi yokusakaza, ithuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-bandwidth, futhi ivumela izingxoxo eziningi ukuthi zenzeke ngesikhathi esisodwa ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi.

I-router ithatha izinto igxathu eliya phambili: yenza imisebenzi efana neswishi ngaphakathi kwe-LAN (ngoba ivame ukuhlanganisa eyodwa) futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, ithumela amaphakethe kwamanye amanethiwekhi, ikakhulukazi i-inthanethi. Ingeza izici zokuphepha, ukuphathwa kwe-IP, ukubeka phambili ithrafikhi, kanye namanye amathuluzi ayenza ibe yingxenye ebalulekile yenethiwekhi.

Ngokuphathelene nohlobo lwedatha abayiphathayo, ama-hub nama-switch asebenza nama -frame e-Layer 2 , kuyilapho ama-router ephatha amaphakethe e-IP e-Layer 3. Ama-Hub athumela lawa ma-frame kuwo wonke amadivayisi axhunyiwe, ashintshela kudivayisi ehlosiwe kuphela, futhi ama-router awaqondisa kabusha phakathi kwamanethiwekhi ahlukene kuye ngokuthi ikheli le-IP eliya kuphi.

Izimo ezijwayelekile zokusetshenziswa kwamamodemu, ama-router, amaswishi, nama-hubs

Kumanethiwekhi ajwayelekile asekhaya, i-router (ngokuvamile ene-modem ehlanganisiwe) iyisici esiyinhloko, esikuvumela ukuthi usebenze kunethiwekhi yendawo futhi ufinyelele i-inthanethi ngaphandle kwenkinga . Umhlinzeki wakho we-inthanethi uyayifaka futhi ayilungiselele, futhi ngaphandle kokushintsha iphasiwedi ye-Wi-Fi, awudingi ukwenza okunye okuningi.

Amaswishi aya ngokuya ebaluleka kumanethiwekhi aphakathi nendawo nasemahhovisi anezindawo eziningi zokusebenza . Asetshenziselwa ukuxhuma inani elikhulu lama-PC, amaphrinta, amafoni e-IP, namanye amadivayisi kumaseva noma ku-router eyinhloko. Kulezi zimo, ukusebenza kahle kweswishi kanye nekhono layo lokusingatha ithrafikhi ngesikhathi esisodwa kubalulekile.

Ama-router asetshenziswa kuzo zonke izikali: kusukela ku-router yakho yasekhaya kuya kuma-router ayisisekelo axhumanisa amanethiwekhi amakhulu asezingeni lomhlinzeki . Kumanethiwekhi angenantambo, anesibopho sokuxhumanisa izindawo zokufinyelela ze-Wi-Fi nezinye izingqalasizinda kanye nokuxhumeka kwe-inthanethi.

Ama-Hub, nakuba engajwayelekile kulezi zinsuku, asatholakala kumanethiwekhi amancane kakhulu, ezindaweni zezimboni ezindala, noma emalabhorethri lapho ukubamba nokuhlaziya yonke ithrafikhi kalula kuyinto efiselekayo. Noma kunjalo, ezimweni eziningi athathelwe indawo amaswishi, anikeza ukusebenza okungcono kakhulu ngentengo efanayo.

Uma ukhetha ukuthi iyiphi idivayisi oyidingayo, kubalulekile ukucabangela usayizi wenethiwekhi yakho, izidingo zakho zokusebenza, kanye nezici ozifunayo . Kunethiwekhi elula yasekhaya, i-router enhle (ngokuvamile leyo enikezwa umhlinzeki wakho wesevisi ye-inthanethi) ingaba yanele. Uma ufuna ama-port amaningi noma ukulawula okwengeziwe, ukwengeza iswishi ephethwe noma i-router ezimele kungaba yisinyathelo esihle kakhulu.

Ngamafuphi, ukuqonda ukuthi i-modem, i-router, i-switch, kanye ne-hub eseyicishe ibe yisizinda somlando zihlukanisa kanjani umsebenzi kukuvumela ukuthi usethe amanethiwekhi azinzile, aphephile, futhi anwebeka kalula , ugweme ukucushwa okuyinkinga njenge-NAT ephindwe kabili, futhi uthole okwengeziwe kuxhumo olukhokhelayo kumhlinzeki wakho we-inthanethi.