Inkinga ye-IT: umlando, ukucima okukhulu kwe-infrastructure kanye nemiphumela yamanje

Informatec Digital » Izinsiza » Inkinga ye-IT: umlando, ukucima okukhulu kwe-infrastructure kanye nemiphumela yamanje

Izinkinga zekhompyutha bezilokhu ziwumngane ohlala njalo izinguquko zedijithaliNakuba ngezinye izikhathi sizikhumbula kuphela lapho i-WhatsApp iphahlazeka, isikhumulo sezindiza singasebenzi, noma isikrini esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka se-Windows sivela ezigidini zamakhompyutha ngesikhathi esisodwa. Kusukela kumakhompyutha okuqala ezentengiselwano kuya ekuqhumeni kobuhlakani bokwenziwa, umlando wakamuva ugcwele amaphutha, ukucima kogesi emhlabeni wonke, amabhamuza obuchwepheshe, kanye nokwesaba kwezezimali okubonisa ukuthi uhlelo lonke lungaba buthakathaka kangakanani.

Ukuqonda umlando kanye nemiphumela yamanje yalezi zinkinga ze-cyber kubalulekile ukuqonda izinga lokuthembela kwethu kubuchwepheshe, ukuhlola indima yalokhu ukuphepha kwe-cyber futhi ulindele ukuthi yini engase ifike ngemuva kokuchuma kwe-AI, amabhamuza emakethe yamasheya, kanye nokwehluleka okukhulu kwesofthiwe okukhubaza izindiza, amabhange, izibhedlela kanye nohulumeni emhlabeni jikelele.

Kusukela ku-Y2000K bug kuya ekwesabeni ukuwa kwedijithali emhlabeni jikelele

Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, iplanethi yonke yalungiselela imbubhiso yedijithali okuthiwa iwukuphela kwayo.Iphutha elidumile le-Y2K, elaziwa nangokuthi iphutha le-millennium, laliyinkolelo-mbono elula kodwa ephazamisayo: ngoba izinhlelo eziningi zazigcina izinsuku zisebenzisa izinombolo ezimbili kuphela zonyaka ("dd/mm/yy"), lapho zishintsha kusukela ngo-1999 kuya ku-2000, u-01/01/00 wawungahunyushwa njengo-1900. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi izinhlelo zazo zonke izinhlobo "zazingakholelwa" ukuthi zibuyele emuva ekhulwini leminyaka futhi zaqala ukungasebenzi kahle ngezindlela ezingalindelekile.

Umsuka wale nkinga uqala ngawo-50 no-60.Emuva lapho inkumbulo kanye nesitoreji kwakubiza kakhulu futhi kulinganiselwe, abahleli bezinhlelo babesika noma kuphi lapho babengakwazi khona ukuze bonge isikhala. Enye yezindlela eziwusizo kakhulu zokwenza lokhu kwakuwukufushanisa izinsuku ngokususa ikhulu leminyaka. Ngakho-ke, uJanuwari 1900 wagcinwa njengo-01/00 kanti uDisemba 1999 wagcinwa njengo-12/99—uhlelo esisalubona nanamuhla, isibonelo, kumakhadi amaningi esikweletu.

Kwaphela amashumi eminyaka kungekho muntu owayenaka kakhulu iqhinga lamadijithi amabiliNgoba konke kwakwenzeka ngaphakathi kwekhulu leminyaka elifanayo futhi kwakubonakala kungekho ngxabano. Kodwa-ke, kancane kancane, izimpawu ezingavamile zaqala ukuvela: amarekhodi abantu abaneminyaka eyikhulu abalwe kudathabheyisi njengamantombazane aneminyaka emine ubudala, amaqoqo emikhiqizo aphelelwa yisikhathi "eminyakeni engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili" ngaphambi kosuku lwawo lwangempela, kanye nezinhlelo zokukhokha ezazibala izikhathi ezingenakwenzeka. Lezi kwakuyizinkomba zokuthi, lapho iminyaka eyinkulungwane iphenduka, isiphithiphithi singaba sikhulu kakhulu.

Ekuqaleni kwawo-90, izixwayiso zaqala ukucatshangelwa ngokungathi sína.Ochwepheshe be-IT kanye nabaphathi bezinhlelo baxwayise ngokuthi cishe yonke imikhakha ithintekile: amabhange, izinkampani zomshuwalense, ukuphathwa komphakathi, izinkampani zokwakha, opharetha bezokuxhumana, izinkampani zamandla, ezokuthutha, izibhedlela kanye nezinhlelo zokuvikela. Noma iyiphi isofthiwe ephethe izinsuku ezinamadijithi amabili yayiyisinqumo esiyinhloko sokuwa njengoba unyaka ka-2000 usondela.

Ohulumeni nezinkampani ezinkulu basabela ngokutshalwa kwezimali okuyizigidi eziningi zamaRandiKwakudingeka ukuthi kufakwe izinhlelo zokugcina impahla, izizindalwazi, amafayela, kanye nezinqubo, kutholakale wonke amaphuzu lapho kwaphathwa khona izinsuku, futhi kubhalwe kabusha inani elikhulu lekhodi. Amathuluzi athile athuthukiswe ukuskena izinhlelo zokusebenza, kwachazwa izinhlelo zokuhlola eziningi, futhi kwahlanganiswa amaqembu asebenza ngesikhathi socingo ukuze achithe ubusuku boNyaka Omusha buka-1999 phambi kwama-consoles namaseva, elungele... ukusabela ezigamekweni ezibucayi.

Indaba yaseSpain ibonisa ubukhulu bomzamo.Uhulumeni waseSpain kuphela wabela imali engaba yizigidi ezingama-€420 ukuze kulungiswe izinhlelo nemishini yokushintsha kwenkulungwane yeminyaka, kuyilapho emhlabeni wonke kulinganiselwa ukuthi kwasetshenziswa cishe ama-€214.000 billion. Izinhlangano eziningi zasebenzisa leli thuba lomsebenzi ophoqelekile ukuze zethule nezinye izithuthukisi zamasu, njengokulungiselela izinhlelo zazo ukwethulwa kwe-euro.

Ukuqala ngempumelelo konyaka ka-2000 kwaba yisikhathi sokuxineka okuqinile.Amaqembu obuchwepheshe ayeqapha ngokucophelela intuthuko emazweni afana neNew Zealand, i-Australia, neJapane, adlule umkhawulo wesikhathi ngaphambi kweYurophu noma iMelika. Izindaba ezivela empumalanga zaziqinisekisa: izibani zazisakhanya, izindiza zazingashayi, futhi iziteshi zikagesi zazisasebenza.

Ekugcineni, ukuwa kwekhompyutha yomhlaba wonke okwesatshwayo akwenzekangaKube nezigameko, yebo, kodwa ikakhulukazi zazizincane: ama-invoyisi akhiqizwe ngezinsuku ezingalungile, ama-terminal esevisi angaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi, amanye amadivayisi ayeka ukusebenza, noma amaphutha ahlukene ezitshalweni zamandla enuzi noma kwezinye izinhlelo ezibalulekile axazululwa ngaphandle kwemiphumela emibi kakhulu. ESpain, isibonelo, kwatholakala amaphutha amancane ezitshalweni zamandla enuzi ezimbalwa, kwezinye iziteshi zikaphethiloli, kanye nakwezinye izinhlelo zokuqoqa idatha yethrafikhi ezenzakalelayo.

Iqiniso lokuthi inhlekelele ayizange yenzeke lenza abanye bakhulume ngenganekwane noma ihaba.Kodwa-ke, ochwepheshe bayavuma ukuthi ingozi yayingokoqobo kakhulu nokuthi isizathu sokuthi akwenzekanga lutho olungathi sína kwakuwumzamo wokuvimbela. Ukube lezo zinhlelo azizange zibuyekezwe futhi zilungiswe ngesikhathi, ukweqa kusuka ku-'99 kuya ku-'00 ngabe kubangele isiphithiphithi sokusebenza emabhange, emabhizinisini, kanye nasezinkonzweni zomphakathi, kube nomthelela oqondile emnothweni nasekuphepheni komphakathi.

Iphutha le-Y2000K lishiye isifundo esisabalulekile nanamuhla.Siphila sinamathele kubuchwepheshe, futhi lapho sithembela kakhulu kubo, kulapho umthelela omkhulu wokwehluleka okukhulu ungaba khona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubonise ukuthi ngisho nalapho sibhekene nenkinga ebikezelwe kusenesikhathi, ukuhlanganisa izimpendulo zomhlaba wonke, ukubandakanya bonke abathintekayo, kanye nokuqoqa izinsiza ezanele ngesikhathi kunzima kakhulu.

Kusukela kumaphutha kuya ekucinyweni okukhulu kogesi: ukwehluleka komhlaba wonke okuletha umhlaba esimweni esibi

Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili ngemva kwaleyo nkulungwane yeminyaka yokwethuka, usongo lokuma kobuchwepheshe bomhlaba wonke selubonakala kakhulu.Lokhu akuseyona isibikezelo esisekelwe ekutheni izinsuku zigcinwa kanjani, kodwa ukucinywa kwamakhompyutha kwangempela okuye kwaphazamisa izindiza, kwavimba ama-ATM, futhi kwaqeda izinsizakalo eziphuthumayo emazweni amaningi ngasikhathi sinye.

Isibonelo esiphawuleka kakhulu ukucima kwekhompyutha kwakamuva okubangelwe yisibuyekezo se-CrowdStrike esinamaphuthaInkampani yokuphepha kwe-inthanethi evikela izinhlelo ezisebenzisa i-Microsoft Windows, phakathi kwezinye, yayinesibopho sokubuyekeza okuqukethwe okulula ku-ejenti yayo yokuphepha ye-Windows 10, okwabangela uchungechunge lwamaphutha abucayi kumadivayisi athintekile afinyelela ezigidini ezingu-8,5, okubonisa "isikrini sokufa esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka" esidumile kumakhompyutha emhlabeni jikelele.

Ubukhulu besigameko babubukhulu kangangokuthi ochwepheshe abaningi sebesibeke esigabeni sokuba yi-computer closed enkulu kunazo zonke emlandweni.Yilokhu kanye okwakusatshwa ngephutha le-Y2000K, kodwa okungazange kwenzeke ngaleso sikhathi. Kulokhu, ezokuthutha emoyeni, izinhlelo zezimali, ezokuxhumana, ngisho nezinsizakalo eziphuthumayo zaphazamiseka ngokuzumayo, okugqamisa ubuthakathaka bengqalasizinda yedijithali yomhlaba wonke lapho ithembele kakhulu kubanikezeli abambalwa ababalulekile.

Umsuka wangempela wenkinga "kwakuyiphutha" ekubuyekezweni kokuqukethwe okusatshalaliswe ezinhlelweni ze-Windows ezivikelwe yi-CrowdStrike.I-CEO yenkampani uqobo lwayo kwadingeka ukuthi ize izochaza, igcizelela ukuthi kwakungeyona i-cyberattack, kodwa kwakuyiphutha langaphakathi lesofthiwe. Nakuba ukulungiswa kwaqala ngokushesha, umonakalo wawusuvele wenziwe: izigidi zamakhompyutha zaphelelwa amandla kwaze kwaba yilapho ifayela eliyinkinga lisuswa futhi izinhlelo ziqalwe kabusha kwimodi ephephile, ngayinye ngayinye, ezinhlanganweni ezinamakhompyutha ayizinkulungwane.

Njengoba ukuphela kwezindiza kwanda, izindiza emhlabeni wonke zaqala ukuzwa umthelelaIzikhumulo zezindiza ezimatasa njengeSydney, Gatwick, kanye neStansted zaphoqeleka ukuba zilibazise noma zikhansele izindiza ngenxa yokuwa kwezinhlelo zokungena, ukulawula ukugibela, kanye nokuphatha imithwalo. Ezinye izindiza zamemezela "ukumiswa komhlaba wonke," zamisa yonke imisebenzi kuze kube yilapho isimo sizinza, okwabangela imigqa, ukudideka, kanye nomthelela we-domino owahlala izinsuku eziningi.

Umkhakha wezempilo nawo awuzange usebenze kahle kulokhu kucinywa kwamakhompyuthaIzibhedlela kanye nemitholampilo bazithola bengenawo amarekhodi ezempilo kagesi, amashejuli okuqokwa, noma izinhlelo zokuhlola izifo ezisebenzisa ikhompyutha. Ezimweni eziningi, kwakudingeka basebenzise izindlela ezenziwe ngesandla, baqophe idatha ephepheni futhi babeke phambili iziguli ezigula kakhulu kuphela ngenkathi besakha kabusha izinhlelo zabo.

Imikhakha yezinsizakalo zamabhange nezezimali nayo ibhekane nezikhathi ezinzima.Kube nokuphazamiseka ekucutshungulweni kokuthengiselana, izinkinga ngama-ATM, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula ezingasebenzi, okudala umuzwa owengeziwe wokuba sengozini ngesikhathi lapho izinkokhelo eziningi kanye nokuthengiselana kuncike ezinkundleni zedijithali. Ezinye izikhungo zokushintshisana ngamasheya kanye nezinhlelo zolwazi lwezezimali, njengepulatifomu ye-Workspace ye-London Stock Exchange Group, nazo zithintekile.

Okwamanje, izinsizakalo eziningi zansuku zonke zibhekane nokwehluleka ngezikhathi ezithile noma ukuvalwa ngokuphelele: izitolo ezinkulu kanye nezitolo zokudla okusheshayo ezinezindawo zokukhokha ezivaliwe, iziteshi zemidiya ezinezinhlelo zokusakaza ezithintekile, amabhodi amakhulu adumile njengalawo aseTimes Square avaliwe ngenxa yokwehluleka kwezinhlelo zawo zokulawula, noma amabhange amakhulu kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi ezibhekene nezicelo ezibalulekile ezingasasebenzi.

Nakuba i-CrowdStrike yasheshe yathola futhi yalungisa iphutha, ukululama akuzange kusheshe.Isixazululo sasidinga ukuqala kabusha amakhompyutha kwimodi ephephile, ukuthola ifayela eliyinkinga, nokulisusa ngaphambi kokuqala kabusha kwimodi evamile—inqubo enzima kakhulu lapho kukhulunywa ngamanethiwekhi amakhulu ezinkampani. I-Microsoft yaze yancoma imijikelezo yamandla efinyelela ku-15 kwamanye amadivayisi, okubonisa ubunzima bokuguqula ubuthakathaka obusabalele lapho busatshalaliswa ngokuzenzakalelayo kuma-endpoint ayizigidi.

Lokhu kucinywa kwe-IT kube nomthelela ocacile edumeleni nakwezomnotho.Amasheya e-CrowdStrike ehle kakhulu emakethe yamasheya kanti i-Microsoft nayo yehla, kuyilapho wonke umkhakha wezobuchwepheshe ubona ukungathembani okudalwe ukwehluleka okukhulu kangaka engxenyeni eyenzelwe ngokwemfundiso ukuqinisa ukuphepha nokuqina kwezinhlelo ezibonakala ezimakethe.

Ipulatifomu enkulu iyawa: lapho impilo yansuku zonke ima

Ngaphandle kokucima kogesi okuhlobene nabahlinzeki bezokuphepha kwe-inthanethi, umlando wakamuva ugcwele ukucima okukhulu kwezinsizakalo zedijithali okushiye ingxenye yomhlaba ingaxhunyiwe.Ukuhlasela okuyinkimbinkimbi akudingeki: ngezinye izikhathi iphutha elilula lokucushwa noma isibuyekezo esingahlolwanga kahle sanele ukususa amanethiwekhi omphakathi, izinhlelo zokusebenza zemiyalezo, i-imeyili, noma ngisho nezindawo zokushintshana zamasheya.

Amapulatifomu e-Meta (i-Facebook, i-Instagram, i-WhatsApp, kanye ne-Messenger) ayisibonelo esihle salokhu kuntengantenga e- amanethiwekhi omphakathiNgoNovemba 2017, i-WhatsApp yaphazamiseka emhlabeni wonke cishe ihora elilodwa, okwashiya izigidi zabasebenzisi zingenakho ukuxhumana. NgoMashi 2019, esinye sezehlakalo ezinde kakhulu ezaqoshwa yi-Facebook senzeka: ukungasebenzi okuyingxenye kwamahora afinyelela kwangu-22 okwathinta ne-Instagram ne-WhatsApp, okubangelwa ngokusemthethweni ushintsho lokucushwa kweseva.

Kwakungesona isikhathi kuphela lapho izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Meta zahluleka khona ngendlela ehlelekile.Ngo-Ephreli 2019, izinkinga zaphinde zavela amahora amaningana, kwathi ngoJulayi walowo nyaka ofanayo, kwaba nokunqamuka kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ngasikhathi sinye okuthinta i-Facebook, i-Instagram, i-WhatsApp, kanye ne-Messenger, kwaba nomthelela omkhulu eNtshonalanga Yurophu, e-United States, eMexico, ePhilippines, nakwamanye amazwe aseNingizimu Melika. Ngo-Okthoba 2021, kwaba nokunqamuka kwezinhlelo zokusebenza okwandile, kulokhu kwathatha amahora angaphezu kwamahlanu, kwaba nemiphumela yomhlaba wonke.

I-WhatsApp, ikakhulukazi, iqhubekile nokubhekana nokuphazamiseka kwesevisi okubonakalayo.Ngo-Okthoba 2022, izigidi zabasebenzisi azikwazanga ukuthumela noma ukwamukela imiyalezo cishe amahora amabili, kwathi ngoJulayi 2023, kwaba nokuphazamiseka okufanayo emhlabeni wonke, okwathatha cishe ihora elilodwa. Lezi ziqephu, nakuba zimfushane, zinemiphumela emikhulu kwezokuxhumana kanye nakwezokuxhumana ngoba zithinta ithuluzi elisetshenziselwa ukuxhumana komuntu siqu kanye nobungcweti.

Amanye amapulatifomu amakhulu nawo awavikelekile ekuhlulekeni.NgoJulayi 2019, i-Twitter yabhekana nokuphazamiseka komhlaba wonke okungaba yimizuzu engama-90, okwabangelwa noshintsho lokucushwa kwangaphakathi. Ngo-Agasti 2020, i-Gmail, i-Drive, i-Meet, kanye nezinye izinsizakalo ezibalulekile ze-Google zabhekana nokuphazamiseka ngezikhathi ezithile amahora amaningana emazweni amaningi, okuthinta i-imeyili yezinkampani, izingcingo zevidiyo, kanye nokusebenzisana ku-inthanethi ngesikhathi sokukhula komsebenzi okude.

Akuzona zonke izehlakalo ezithinta amapulatifomu abathengi kuphelaNgo-Okthoba 2020, iTokyo Stock Exchange kwadingeka imise konke ukuhweba usuku lonke ngenxa yenkinga ngohlelo lwayo oluyinhloko lwekhompyutha, kulokho okwakubhekwa njengokuphazamiseka okukhulu emlandweni wemakethe yesitoko yesithathu ngobukhulu emhlabeni. Futhi ngoJuni 2021, ukwehluleka kumhlinzeki wezinsizakalo ze-CDN kanye nefu i-Fastly kwashiya amawebhusayithi amaningi emidiya kanye nezinye izinsizakalo emhlabeni wonke zingasebenzi ngokwengxenye noma ngokuphelele.

La macala abonisa ukuthi ngisho nengqalasizinda ebucayi noma elawulwa kakhulu isengozini yamaphutha kwezobuchwepheshe.Ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinhlelo, ukuncika kubahlinzeki bamafu kanye namanethiwekhi okulethwa kokuqukethwe, kanye nokusesha okuqhubekayo kokusebenza kahle kanye nokwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela kusho ukuthi ukwehluleka okukodwa kungasakazeka ngezinga elikhulu ngesivinini ebesingacatshangwa eminyakeni embalwa edlule.

Ukucima kukagesi, ukuphepha kwe-inthanethi, kanye nokuba sengozini kwamafu

Ukuphepha kwe-inthanethi kwanamuhla sekuyinto ebalulekile ekuvikeleni izinhlelo ezibalulekileKodwa-ke, icala lokucinywa kogesi okubangelwe isibuyekezo sesofthiwe yokuphepha esinephutha libonisa ukuthi la mathuluzi afanayo angaba yiphuzu elilodwa lokwehluleka. Uma i-ejenti yokuphepha isetshenziswa ngezinga elikhulu, noma yiliphi iphutha ekubuyekezweni kwayo lingabangela ngqo lokho eyenzelwe ukukuvimbela: ukucima kogesi okukhulu.

Namuhla, izinhlangano zabo bonke osayizi, kusukela kuma-SME kuya ezinkampanini ezinkulu, zithembele ezingqimbeni eziningi zokuzivikela kwedijithali.I-antivirus, ama-firewall, izinhlelo zokuthola nokuphendula (i-EDR/XDR), ukuqapha okuqhubekayo, ama-backups, izibuyekezo eziqhubekayo, kanye nezixazululo ezisekelwe ku- ukuhlakanipha okufakelwayo kanye nokufunda komshini ukuthola ukuziphatha okungajwayelekile. Umqondo uwukuqinisa ukuphepha kusukela ekuqaleni kuya ekugcineni, kodwa ubunzima balezi zinhlelo zemvelo buletha nezingozi ezintsha.

Ukufuduka okukhulu efwini kuye kwanda izinzuzo, kodwa futhi nobuso bokuhlaselaIzinkampani eziningi manje zijabulela ukusabalala okukhulu, isitoreji esingenamkhawulo, kanye nokufinyelela kubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe njengokuhlaziywa kwedatha, i-AI, kanye ne-Inthanethi Yezinto. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuhlanganiswa okufanayo kumapulatifomu amafu kusho ukuthi iphutha lomhlinzeki, ukulungiswa okungalungile, noma ukwehluleka kuchungechunge lokubuyekeza kungathinta izinkulungwane zamakhasimende ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Emazweni afana neChile, isibonelo, ama-SME angaphezu kuka-60% abika ukuthi asebenzisa izixazululo zokubala ngamafu kanye nesitoreji.Lokhu kubonisa izinga lo modeli osube yizinga elijwayelekile ngalo ngisho nangaphandle kwezinkampani ezinkulu zamazwe ngamazwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, cishe ama-76% ezinkampani abika ukuthi asebenzisa izinhlelo ezithile zokuphepha kwe-inthanethi kanye nokuphathwa kolwazi, azi ukuthi isigameko esisodwa esiphumelelayo singaba nemiphumela emibi ekusebenzeni nasekudumeni kwazo.

Ukuphazamiseka kwe-IT kwakamuva kuqinise umqondo obalulekile: ukuthembela kumhlinzeki oyedwa akwanele.Izinkampani ezithintekile, ezazinengqalasizinda yazo yonke yezokuphepha kanye nengxenye yemisebenzi yazo ethembele kusevisi efanayo, zazithola zingenazo ezinye izindlela lapho yehluleka. Yingakho indlela ye-multicloud kanye nokuhlukahluka kwabahlinzeki kuthola ukubaluleka, ngenhloso yokugwema ukuthembela endaweni eyodwa yokwehluleka kanye nokuba nezinhlelo ezingokoqobo zesimo esiphuthumayo endaweni.

Phakathi kwezifundo zobuchwepheshe ezifundwe kulesi sigameko, kunezici ezintathu ezivelele.Okokuqala isidingo sokuhlola ngokuphelele noma yikuphi ukuvuselelwa ezindaweni ezihlukanisiwe nezilawulwayo ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa okukhulu. Okwesibili ukubaluleka kokuba nezinhlelo zokuphendula ezicacile neziqinisekisiwe ezivumela isinyathelo esisheshayo sokunciphisa umonakalo. Okwesithathu ukucaca: ukuvuma amaphutha, ukuchaza okwenzekile kanye nokuthi yini eyenziwayo ukuze kulungiswe futhi kuvinjelwe ukuphindaphinda kwakho kubalulekile ekubuyiseleni ukwethenjwa kwamakhasimende kanye nemakethe.

Izinkampani kunoma yimuphi umkhakha, hhayi nje lezo ezizinikele ekuphepheni kwe-inthanethi, kufanele zifunde lezi zifundo ngaphakathi.Ukuklama izinqubomgomo namasu okuphepha kwe-inthanethi aqinile, ukutshala imali ekuqeqeshweni, ukugcina izinhlelo ezisezingeni eliphezulu, kanye nokuchaza izinqubo ezicacile zezehlakalo ezinkulu akusadingeki, kodwa kuyisimo esiyisisekelo sokusebenza ezweni elixhumene kakhulu lapho ukwehluleka kwekhompyutha kungaholela ekulahlekelweni kwezomnotho, izinkinga zomthetho, kanye nezinkinga zesithombe emahoreni ambalwa nje.

Ukwanda kobuhlakani bokwenziwa njengomthombo omusha wenkinga

Nakuba ukucima kogesi kanye nokwehluleka okukhulu kuyanda, elinye ithonya lishintsha ngokuphelele isimo sezobuchwepheshe: ubuhlakani bokwenziwa.Eminyakeni embalwa nje, i-AI ekhiqizayo, amamodeli olimi, kanye nama-ejenti azimele asuke ekubeni yisithembiso esikude aya ekubeni injini yezomnotho nezobuchwepheshe ethinta cishe yonke into, kusukela ekuthuthukisweni kwesofthiwe kuya kwesevisi yamakhasimende, ukumaketha, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezezimali.

Amamodeli nezinsizakalo ezifana neze-OpenAI, i-DeepSeek kanye nabanye abancintisana nabo ziye zaphawula inguquko.Lokho okwaqala njengohlobo lwe-mirage, ngokukhula okumangalisayo kwezinkampani zehadiwe njenge-NVIDIA, kuye kwaqina kwaba ukukhula okuqhubekayo okuqhubeka nokukhuthaza isidingo samandla ekhompyutha, amandla, kanye nethalente elikhethekile. I-AI ithengiswe njengohlobo lwe-panacea, futhi namuhla ifunwa ngabasebenzisi bansuku zonke kanye nezinkampani ezinkulu.

Lokhu kuchuma kudala ngisho nokwesaba mayelana nebhamuza le-AI elingase libe khona.Ngokufana okucacile ne-dot-com bubble yasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-90. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakuyi-inthanethi eyayibonakala ikwazi ukuthethelela noma yikuphi ukulinganisa okuphezulu; manje ubuhlakani bokwenziwa obuvuse intshiseko yabatshalizimali, izikhwama ze-venture capital kanye nezinkampani ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe, okukhuthaza ukukhula kokulinganisa okuthi ezimweni eziningi kungahambisani nokukhiqizwa kwemali engenayo kwangempela.

Ebhamuzeni elidlule, izinkampani ezifana neLycos, Terra, kanye neBoo.com zagcina zinyamalele.Ngenkathi abanye abafana ne-Amazon bebhekene nalesi siphepho futhi baphuma benamandla ngemva kwenqubo enzima yokuhlanza imakethe, ukuguquguquka okufanayo kuyabonakala namuhla: Izinkampani ezintsha ze-AI ziyanda zifuna imali esheshayo, ngokuvamile ziqhutshwa yizimali ezinkulu kanye nengcindezi eqhubekayo yabezindaba, kuyilapho amaphrojekthi amakhulu njenge-Google, i-Microsoft, kanye ne-Elon Musk encintisana kakhulu ukuze alawule lo mngcele omusha wezobuchwepheshe.

Umehluko manje ukuthi i-AI isivele inokusetshenziswa okuzinzile nokunenzuzo.Izinsizakalo zamafu, ukuzenzekela kwenqubo, ama-semiconductor akhethekile, amathuluzi okukhiqiza, kanye nezixazululo zokuhlaziya ezithuthukisiwe kukhiqiza imali engenayo ebonakalayo yezinkampani ezisunguliwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimakethe zezimali zinamathuluzi okuhlaziya ubungozi ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunangeminyaka yo-2000, futhi ingqalasizinda yedijithali yomhlaba wonke isivuthiwe kakhulu, okuyinto, ngokombono, engakhuthaza ukukhula okusimeme kancane.

Noma kunjalo, ukuncika ku-AI kwezomnotho njenge-US kuphezulu kakhuluEzinye izilinganiso zilinganisela ukuthi cishe u-40% wokukhula komnotho kwakamuva e-US kuxhumene, ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile, nalobu buchwepheshe. Futhi akuyona nje into yezomnotho: amagama amakhulu embonini—u-Elon Musk, uMark Zuckerberg, uJeff Bezos, nabanye—manje banethonya elikhulu kwezepolitiki futhi abanasithakazelo sokuvumela i-bubble iqhume ngokungalawuleki, yize ukususwa kweminye imisebenzi engathandeki cishe kungenakugwenywa.

Ihadiwe icindezelwe kuze kube semkhawulweni wayo: I-GPU, i-RAM, i-SSD kanye ne-HDD ngaphansi kwengcindezi

Ukwanda kobuhlakani bokwenziwa akubonakali nje kuphela kuma-balance sheet nasezihlokweni zezindaba, kodwa futhi nasezintweni ezibonakalayo ezisekela yonke imboni. ukuguqulwa kwama-chipIzikhungo zedatha ezizinikele ekuqeqeshweni nasekusebenziseni amamodeli e-AI akhiqizayo seziphenduke izinsiza zangempela: zidinga ukusebenza kahle kwekhompyutha, inani elikhulu lememori kanye nesitoreji, kanye namanethiwekhi e-bandwidth ephezulu kakhulu.

Enhliziyweni yale ngqalasizinda kukhona ama-GPU kanye nezinye izisheshisi ezikhethekileAmakhadi ezithombe afana ne-NVIDIA H100, ukwakheka kwe-Blackwell, izixazululo ze-AMD Instinct, kanye nama-Google TPU abeke ama-CPU ajwayelekile eceleni kwemisebenzi eminingi ye-AI ngoba avumela ukucutshungulwa okukhulu kwemisebenzi eminingi, yize kungacacile kangako. Lolu shintsho luye lwabangela isidingo sama-GPU ezikhungweni zedatha, okwenza ingxenye yesabelo sabathengi kanye nemakethe yemidlalo isuswe.

Umphumela uba yinkinga yangempela emakethe ye-GPU yabathengiNgokubeka phambili ukukhiqizwa nokwabiwa kwesitoko samamodeli agxile ku-AI kanye nasezingeni lobuchwepheshe, abakhiqizi abaningi banciphise ukugxila kwabo engxenyeni yabathengi. Kunamakhadi ehluzo ambalwa atholakalayo kubadlali begeyimu kanye nabadali bokuqukethwe, futhi amayunithi ambalwa afinyelela ezitolo anentengo ephakanyisiwe, okwenza ukuthuthukiswa kungafinyeleleki engxenyeni enkulu yabasebenzisi.

Inkumbulo nayo ithinteka kakhulu, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni we-DRAM.Ama-GPU anamuhla kanye nama-accelerator awadingi nje kuphela i-RAM evamile ye-CPU, kodwa futhi nama-chip e-high-bandwidth memory (HBM) e-VRAM yawo, okwandisa isidingo somhlaba wonke. Abakhiqizi abanjengoSamsung Electronics, SK Hynix, kanye neMicron bebelokhu beshintsha amandla okukhiqiza baye e-HBM kanye ne-DRAM esezingeni lebhizinisi, benciphisa ukunikezwa kwezimakethe ze-PC, zeselula, kanye nezinye izimakethe zamadivayisi abathengi.

Lokhu kuguqulwa komkhiqizo, kanye nokuguquguquka okuvamile kwemakethe ye-DRAM, kudale isiphepho esipheleleNgemva kwesikhathi sokukhiqiza ngokweqile kanye nokwehla kwamanani, abakhiqizi abaningi banciphisa umthamo. Ngaleso sikhathi, isidingo esixhumene ne-AI saqhuma, okwabangela ukulungiswa okukhulu kokunikezwa. Umphumela: ukushoda kanye nokwenyuka kwentengo okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili kwamamojula e-DDR5 kanye nemikhiqizo efanayo, kwaze kwaba yilapho amanye ama-memory kit esefinyelele amanani ezinkulungwane zama-euro.

Umthelela ube namandla kangangokuthi imikhiqizo yasendulo esigabeni sabathengi ivaliwe.Lokhu kunjalo nge-Crucial, uhlobo lwe-Micron lwe-RAM yasekhaya nama-SSD, okwamenyezelwa ukunyamalala kwayo kwezentengiselwano ngoFebhuwari 2026, okufanekisela ukushiywa okuqhubekayo komsebenzisi wokugcina ngabakhiqizi abakhulu abakhetha ukugxila emabhizinisini anenzuzo kakhulu axhumene nezikhungo zedatha kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zamabhizinisi.

Isitoreji, kokubili ngesimo sama-SSD nama-HDD, asivikelekile ekucindezelweni okuvela ku-AI.Izikhungo zedatha eziqeqesha amamodeli amakhulu zidinga amandla amakhulu okugcina amasethi edatha, izindawo zokuhlola, kanye namalogi. Lokhu kukhulisa isidingo sama-NVMe SSD asebenza kahle kakhulu, afanelekela imithwalo yemisebenzi enzima kanye nokufinyelela okusheshayo, kanye nama-hard drive endabuko amakhulu, asetshenziswa ezindaweni eziseduze zokugcina okubandayo noma okudlule, lapho izindleko nge-terabyte zibaluleke kakhulu kunesivinini.

Abakhiqizi bememori ye-NAND, abaholwa yizinkampani ezifana ne-Samsung, i-SK Hynix kanye ne-Micron uqobo, kudingeke balungise umkhiqizo wabo, ngokuvumelana ne umthetho we-chip Ngemva kwesikhathi sokwanda ngokweqile, ukwehla komkhiqizo kuhambisane nokwanda kwe-AI, okudala izinkinga zokutholakala kanye nokwenyuka okukhulu kwamanani, ikakhulukazi kuma-SSD ebhizinisi anabantu abaningi. Emkhakheni we-HDD, izinkampani ezifana ne-Western Digital kanye ne-Seagate nazo zibone wonke amasheya azo ezibophezele ezinkontilekeni ezinkulu, okushiya isikhala esincane emakethe yokuthengisa.

Kumthengi wokugcina, konke lokhu kuye kwaholela ekushintsheni okubuhlungu kakhulu kwendlela yokuphilaNgo-2026, amanani e-hardware yama-PC—ikakhulukazi ama-GPU, i-RAM, kanye nama-drive okugcina—ayesekhuphuke kakhulu kangangokuthi ukuthuthukisa imishini yawo kwase kungenakwenzeka kubasebenzisi abaningi. Futhi inkinga ayigcini kumakhompyutha edeskithophu: omakhalekhukhwini, ama-router, ama-smart TV, namanye amadivayisi athembele ku-DRAM kanye ne-flash memory nawo ayesebiza kakhulu.

Njengoba bebhekene nalesi simo, abasebenzisi abaningi babheka emakethe esetshenzisiwe noma kubadlali abasha, ikakhulukazi abakhiqizi baseShayina.Izinkampani ezifana ne-CXMT, ezigxile ku-DRAM futhi ezikwazi ukukhiqiza amamojula e-DDR5-8000, noma i-YMTC, ezigxile ku-NAND Flash enobukhulu obuphezulu ngobuchwepheshe obufana ne-Xtacking 4.0 ukuze kufinyelelwe amandla afinyelela ku-8 TB, sezibe yizinketho ezithakazelisayo kubathengi, ezivame ukufakwa kumabhrendi afana ne-Netac, i-Asgard, i-KingBank noma i-Gloway.

Kukhona ngisho neziphakamiso eziqine kakhulu njengokukhiqiza amamojula e-RAM ngesandla.Kwavela izindaba ezivela eRussia zabantu ngabanye namaqembu acabanga ukuhlanganisa inkumbulo yawo ngenxa yamanani aphezulu kanye nokuntuleka kwesitoko, indaba echaza izinga imakethe yehadiwe yendabuko engalingani ngalo ngokubeka phambili umkhuba we-AI.

Isofthiwe, i-AI kanye nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "i-SaaSpocalypse"

Nakuba i-hardware icindezelwa kuze kube sezingeni layo futhi izikhungo zedatha zanda, umqondo wesofthiwe uqobo ushintsha kakhulu.Kusukela uMarc Andreessen aqamba inkulumo ethi "isofthiwe iyadla umhlaba" ngo-2011, ukuthuthukiswa nokusatshalaliswa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza kuye kwashintshela kumodeli ephethwe yi-SaaS (iSoftware njengeSevisi), lapho izinhlelo zokusebenza ziphela khona ukuba yimikhiqizo oyithenga kanye bese ziba yizinsizakalo zokubhalisa efwini.

Izinhlelo zakudala ezifana ne-Photoshop noma i-Office manje seziyizinsizakalo eziqhubekayoKutholakala ngesiphequluli noma izinhlelo zokusebenza ezixhunyiwe, ngemali yanyanga zonke noma yonyaka. Le modeli ivumele izinkampani zesofthiwe ukuthi zenze imali engenayo ephindaphindayo, kodwa futhi iholele ekuxhashazweni: ukwenyuka kwentengo okunamandla, izinkontileka eziqinile, kanye nomuzwa okhulayo wokuboshwa phakathi kwamakhasimende, azizwa eboshiwe yidatha yawo, ukuhlanganiswa kwawo, kanye nobunzima bokuthuthela kwesinye isisombululo.

Ukwanda kwe-AI kubeka lo modeli ngaphansi kwengcindeziAmathuluzi e-AI akhiqizayo kanye nama-ejenti ahlakaniphile avumela izinhlangano—ngisho nabasebenzisi ngabanye—ukudala izixazululo ezenziwe ngokwezifiso, ukwenza imisebenzi ngokuzenzakalela, futhi, kwezinye izimo, ukuqeda isidingo samalayisense abizayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, sibone ukulungiswa okunonya kwemakethe yesitoko ezinkampanini ze-SaaS ezifana ne-MongoDB, i-Salesforce, i-Shopify, ne-Atlassian, ezilahlekelwe phakathi kuka-15% no-20% wenani lazo emahoreni ambalwa, okwandisa indaba ye-"SaaSpocalypse" okuthiwa iyasebenza.

Ingxenye yalolu shintsho ihlobene nokuguquguquka kwezilinganiso ngokwazo ngemva kobhubhane.Lokhu kukhulise ukulindela mayelana nokukhula okungenamkhawulo kwe-SaaS. Kodwa futhi kukhombisa ukukhathala kwamakhasimende amaningi ngezinqubomgomo zezentengiselwano ezihlukumezayo, njengokwenyuka kwamanani kwe-Salesforce ngo-35% noma ukwenyuka kwe-Broadcom okufika ku-1.500% kumalayisense esofthiwe ye-virtualization eYurophu. I-AI ivela lapha njengohlobo lwesihluthulelo esivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi "baphunyuke" kulokhu kuncika.

Nokho, ukukhuluma ngokufa kwesofthiwe, cishe, kuyihaba.Amazwi anegunya afana nakaSteven Sinofsky, owayeyinhloko yeWindows kwaMicrosoft, akhomba ukuthi izinguquko ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe azivami ukubhubhisa ngokuphelele lokho okwakukhona ngaphambili. I-PC ayizange iyibulale i-mainframe, kodwa yayihlanganisa; i-e-commerce ayizange isuse isitolo esibonakalayo, kodwa kunalokho yabangela ama-omnichannel giants. Kuzokwenzeka okufanayo nge-AI: ngeke kube khona isofthiwe encane, kodwa okuningi kakhulu, ngoba kusasele izinqubo ezingenakubalwa ezizokwenziwa zibe yidijithali noma zilungiselelwe.

Okubonakala kusobala ukuthi indima yomthuthukisi ongumuntu izoshintsha.I-AI ithatha imisebenzi eminingi yokuhlela ejwayelekile, ikakhulukazi ngamathuluzi "okubhala ikhodi ye-vibe" noma "ubunjiniyela be-agent" avumela noma ubani ukuthi enze i-prototype futhi akhe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezincane ngokumane abhale imiyalelo ngolimi lwemvelo. Lokhu kwenza intuthuko ibe yentando yeningi, kodwa futhi kudala isikweletu esisha sobuchwepheshe: ubani ozogcina yonke leyo khodi ekhiqizwe ngomshini eminyakeni emithathu?

Abantu abanjengoLinus Torvalds bakuveze ngokungagwegwesiI-AI izoba ithuluzi elihle kakhulu lokuqala ngokuhlela nokwandisa umkhiqizo, kodwa ikhodi ekhiqizayo kuzoba nzima ukuyigcina ngaphandle kwesisekelo esiqinile solwazi. Abahleli bezinhlelo ngeke banyamalale; indima yabo izoguquka ibe ngabakhi bezinhlelo nabaphathi, abanomthwalo wokuqinisekisa ukuthi lokho okusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni kuqinile, kuphephile, futhi kuyasimeme ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ngaphezu kwakho konke lokhu kukhona udaba olubalulekile lokuzimela kwedatha kanye nokuphepha kwayo.Uma isofthiwe esiyisebenzisayo, noma izingxenye zayo, ikhiqizwa futhi isebenza kumapulatifomu ezinkampani zangaphandle njengalawo e-OpenAI, Anthropic, noma abanye abahlinzeki, kuvela ukukhathazeka okusemthethweni mayelana nempahla yengqondo, ubumfihlo bolwazi lwenkampani, kanye nokuthembela kumasu. Esimweni lapho ukungasebenzi kwe-IT sekuvele kubonise ukuthi ukwehluleka komhlinzeki oyedwa kungakhubaza ingxenye yomhlaba, ukubeka amandla amaningi ezandleni zabadlali abambalwa kudala izingozi ezisobala.

Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "i-SaaSpocalypse" kungase kungabi yimbubhiso, kodwa ukuguquka okujulile kwemakethe yesofthiwe.Ingqondo ikhomba ikusasa lapho abathuthukisi kanye nezinkampani zobuchwepheshe bengeke bathengise khona amalayisense noma imigqa yekhodi, kodwa imiphumela, ukuzimela kanye nezinsizakalo ezizilungisa ngesikhathi sangempela, njalo ngaphakathi kohlaka lokuqondisa okuqinile komuntu kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo ocacile ngalokho okwenzekayo kudatha.

Uma ngibheka emuva, kusukela enkingeni ye-Y2000K kuya ekucinyweni okukhulu kwamuva nje, ngenxa yokuthanda i-AI nezinkinga zehadiwe nesofthiwe, kuvela iphethini engakhululekile kodwa esobala.Igxathu ngalinye lobuchwepheshe landisa amathuba kanye nobuthakathaka. Siphila impilo exhumene kakhulu, ezenzakalelayo, nenamandla kunanini ngaphambili, kodwa futhi sibhekene nethuba lokuthi ukwehluleka okukodwa, isinqumo esibi sokuklama, noma isibuyekezo esilula esinephutha kungaba nemiphumela yomhlaba wonke. Isihluthulelo ukwamukela lobu buthakathaka njengengxenye yomdlalo futhi, ngokuthobeka okuncane, sakhe izinhlelo, izimakethe, kanye namamodeli ebhizinisi angeke awe ngesikhathi sokuqala kwenkinga enkulu.