- Ukwabiwa kwezinsiza kubalulekile empumelelweni yephrojekthi, ukwandisa isikhathi, izindleko, nemiphumela yokugcina.
- Kubandakanya izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinsiza: abantu, impahla, ezezimali kanye nezobuchwepheshe.
- Ukunqoba izinselele ezivamile ezifana ne-avarelocation kanye nokuhlela izingxabano kubalulekile ekuphatheni okuphumelelayo.
- Ukusebenzisa amathuluzi afanelekile kusiza ukuqapha kanye nokwenza kahle ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza.
Kuyini ukwabiwa kwezinsiza kuphrojekthi?
Ngaphambi kokuba singene ekugcineni ekujuleni, masisuse amanzi. Ukwabiwa kwezinsiza kuphrojekthi kuwuhlelo lokusabalalisa ngokugcwele kanye nokusebenzisa izakhi ezahlukene ezidingekayo ukuze kwenziwe imisebenzi nokufeza izinhloso ezimisiwe. Kufana nokuba umqhubi we-orchestra: kufanele uqinisekise ukuthi umculi ngamunye (insiza) udlala indima yakhe ngesikhathi esifanele ukuze udale i-symphony ephelele (iphrojekthi ephumelelayo).
Kodwa kungani ibaluleke kangaka? Zicabange upheka isidlo sakusihlwa esimnandi. Uma ungazibeki kahle izithako zakho, ungase uphelelwe usawoti ngesikhathi nje uwudinga noma ube nopelepele omningi esitsheni. Okufanayo kuyiqiniso kumaphrojekthi: ukwabiwa okungekuhle kungaholela ekubambezelekeni, ukweqiwa kwezindleko, futhi esimweni esibi kakhulu, ukwehluleka kwephrojekthi.
Izinhlobo zezinsiza ekuphathweni kwephrojekthi
Uma sikhuluma ngezinsiza, asigcini nje ngokukhuluma ngemali (yize, masikhulume iqiniso, ihlale ibalulekile!). Emhlabeni wokuphathwa kwephrojekthi, siphatha izinsiza ezahlukahlukene ezifana nezithako kuresiphi yethu yempumelelo. Ake sibone ukuthi ziyini:
Imithombo yabantu
Isisetshenziswa esiyigugu nesiyinkimbinkimbi kunazo zonke. Bangabantu abenza yonke into isebenze. Kusukela kumholi wephrojekthi kuya kwilungu leqembu lokugcina, wonke umuntu uletha amakhono akhe, ulwazi futhi ngezinye izikhathi ama-quirks abo.
Isibonelo esiwusizo: Kuphrojekthi yokuthuthukisa isofthiwe, ungase ube nabathuthukisi be-front-end, abathuthukisi be-back-end, abaklami be-UX/UI, abahloli, kanye nomholi wephrojekthi. Ngamunye unendima ethile namakhono ahlukile okumele asetshenziswe ngesikhathi esifanele.
Izinsiza ezibonakalayo
Lezi yizinto ezibonakalayo ozidingayo ukuze wenze iphrojekthi. Angakwazi ukusuka ephepheni elilula kuye emishinini esindayo, kuye ngohlobo lwephrojekthi yakho.
Icebiso: Bhala phansi izinto zakho ezibonakalayo ngaphambi kokuqala iphrojekthi. Akukho okubi njengokuqaphela ukuthi phakathi nendawo ulahlekelwe yileyo widget ebalulekile obucabanga ukuthi unayo.
Izinsiza zezimali
Ah, imali. Uphethiloli owenza yonke into inyakaze. Faka isabelomali sephrojekthi, izimali ezibekiwe, nanoma iyiphi enye imali ongase uyidinge.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Ngokusho kocwaningo olwenziwe yi-Project Management Institute, u-11.4% wezinsiza zokutshalwa kwezimali ziyachithwa ngenxa yokusebenza kabi kwephrojekthi. Cabanga ukuthi ungenzani ngaleyo mali uma ungayibeka ngendlela efanele!
izinsiza zobuchwepheshe
Esikhathini sedijithali, asikwazi ukukhohlwa ngobuchwepheshe. Isofthiwe, ihadiwe, izinkundla zamafu, amathuluzi okubambisana... zonke lezi zici zingenza noma ziphule iphrojekthi yakho.
Umbuzo okufanele ucatshangelwe ngawo: Ingabe usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obufanele iphrojekthi yakho noma usebenzisa nje lokho obekulokhu ukukusebenzisa?
Inqubo yokwabiwa kwezinsiza
Manje njengoba sesizazi izithako, sekuyisikhathi sokufunda ukupheka. Inqubo yokwabiwa kwezinsiza ifana nokulandela iresiphi, kodwa ngokuthinta ukuthuthukiswa. Ake sibone izinyathelo:
Ukuhlonzwa kwezidingo
Ngaphambi kokuthi uqale ukunikeza izinsiza ezifana noswidi ku-Halloween, udinga ukwazi kahle ukuthi iphrojekthi yakho idinga ini. Kufana nokwenza uhlu lokuthenga ngaphambi kokuya esitolo.
Icebiso eliwusizo: Hlangana nethimba lakho nibe neseshini yokucabanga. Ngezinye izikhathi, izidingo ezibaluleke kakhulu yilezo ezingabonakali ekuqaleni.
Isilinganiso sensiza
Uma usuwazi ukuthi yini oyidingayo, yisikhathi sokuthola ukuthi ingakanani into ngayinye. Le ngxenye ingase ifane nokuqagela ukuthi ingakanani i-pasta ongayipheka ngesidlo sakusihlwa: kuhlala kungcono ukuba nokungeziwe kancane kunokuba nokuncane kakhulu.
Ithuluzi eliwusizo: Sebenzisa indlela yokulinganisa enamaphuzu amathathu: bala izimo ezinhle kakhulu, ezimbi kakhulu, nezingenzeka kakhulu. Lokhu kuzokunikeza ububanzi obungokoqobo ongasebenza nabo.
Ukubeka phambili umsebenzi
Akuyona yonke imisebenzi eyenziwa ngokulingana. Ezinye zibaluleke kakhulu kunezinye, kanti ezinye zincike ekutheni ezinye ziqedwe kuqala. Kufana nokunquma ukuthi ufake amasokisi akho noma izicathulo zakho kuqala (i-spoiler: amasokisi aya kuqala).
Indlela enconyiwe: Zama i-Eisenhower Matrix ukuze uhlele imisebenzi yakho ngokwesimo sayo esiphuthumayo kanye nokubaluleka kwayo. Uzomangala ukuthi ishintsha kanjani umbono wakho.
Ukusabalalisa okusebenzayo
Yilapho kwenzeka khona umlingo. Uthatha zonke izinsiza zakho futhi unikeze imisebenzi ngendlela ephumelela kakhulu ngangokunokwenzeka. Kufana nokudlala iTetris, kodwa ngabantu, imali namaqembu esikhundleni samabhulokhi.
Umbuzo obalulekile: Ingabe wabelana ngezinsiza zakho ngokusekelwe kumakhono namandla omuntu ngamunye, noma umane ugcwalisa izikhala?
Amathuluzi okunikezwa kwezinsiza
Ezweni lanamuhla, akudingeki wenze konke lokhu ngephepha nepensela (ngaphandle uma kuyiphrojekthi ye-origami, kunjalo). Kunamathuluzi ahlukahlukene angenza impilo yakho ibe lula kakhulu:
Isoftware yokuphatha iphrojekthi
Amapulatifomu afana ne-Asana, i-Trello, noma i-Microsoft Project afana nokuba nomsizi obonakalayo okusiza ukuthi ugcine yonke into ihlelekile futhi ibonakala.
Icebiso: Ungakhangwa yizo zonke izici ezikhazimulayo. Khetha isofthiwe efanelana nezidingo ezithile zephrojekthi yakho kanye nethimba lakho.
Amashadi e-Gantt
Le midwebo ifana nemephu yengcebo yephrojekthi yakho. Bakukhombisa ukuthi yimuphi umsebenzi oncike ekutheni imuphi futhi isikhathi esingakanani ngamunye kufanele athathe.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Amashadi eGantt asungulwa nguHenry Gantt ngawo-1910. Ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu, sisawasebenzisa!
Ama-matrics wesabelo somthwalo wemfanelo
Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-RACI (Onesibopho, Umgunyazi, Othintwe, Onolwazi), lawa mathuluzi akusiza ukuthi uchaze ukuthi ubani owenza ini kuphrojekthi yakho.
Umbuzo wethimba lakho: Ingabe wonke umuntu uyayiqonda kahle indima yakhe kanye nemithwalo yemfanelo yakhe kule phrojekthi? Uma kungenjalo, sekuyisikhathi sokukhipha i-RACI matrix.
Izinselelo ezijwayelekile ekwabiweni kwezinsiza
Akuyona yonke into emnandi emhlabeni wokwabiwa kwezinsiza. Kukhona izithiyo okungenzeka uhlangane nazo endleleni yakho:
Ukwabiwa okuphelele kanye nokuqashwa kancane
Kuyinkinga yakudala yokuba nabapheki abaningi ekhishini... noma abambalwa kakhulu. Ukwabiwa okuphelele kwenzeka lapho unikeza umuntu noma insiza imisebenzi eminingi kakhulu, kuyilapho ukungasebenzi kulapho ungawasebenzisi amandla aphelele ezisetshenziswa zakho.
Isixazululo: Qaphela umthwalo womsebenzi wethimba lakho. Sebenzisa amathuluzi okulandelela isikhathi ukuze ubone ukuthi obani abathwele kakhulu futhi abangathatha imithwalo yemfanelo eyengeziwe.
Ukuhlela ukungqubuzana
Ngezinye izikhathi kubonakala sengathi udinga ukuba sendaweni ezimbili ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ukungqubuzana kokuhlela kwenzeka lapho imisebenzi emibili idinga insiza efanayo ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Icebiso Elihle: Sebenzisa uhlelo lokubhukha izinsiza ukuze ugweme ukwabiwa kabili. Futhi khumbula, ukuxhumana kubalulekile ekuxazululeni lezi zingxabano.
Izinguquko kububanzi bephrojekthi
I-"scope creep" edumile. Kufana nokuthi wakha indlu futhi iklayenti linquma ukuthi lifuna ichibi phakathi nendawo yephrojekthi.
Icebiso: Hlela inqubo ecacile yokuphatha izinguquko zobubanzi. Ungesabi ukuthi "cha" noma ulungise izinsiza kanye nezikhathi uma kudingeka.
Amasu okuthuthukisa ukwabiwa kwezinsiza
Manje njengoba sesizazi izinselele, singazinqoba kanjani? Nawa amasu ongawasebenzisa:
Ukulinganisa insiza
Kufana nokulinganisa isikali. Ulungisa ukuhlela umsebenzi ukuze ugweme iziqongo nezigodi ekusetshenzisweni kwensiza.
Isibonelo esisebenzayo: Uma unemisebenzi emibili edinga insiza ekhethekile efanayo, esikhundleni sokuyihlela ngesikhathi esisodwa, ungayishintshashintsha ukuze isebenzise kangcono leyo nsiza ngaphandle kokuyilayisha ngokweqile.
Ukulinganisa umsebenzi
Qiniseka ukuthi umsebenzi usatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo phakathi kwethimba lakho. Awufuni abanye abantu basebenze isikhathi esengeziwe kuyilapho abanye bedlala i-solitaire etafuleni labo.
Umbuzo okufanele ucabange ngawo: Ingabe uyawazi ngempela amakhono kanye nokulinganiselwa kwelungu ngalinye leqembu lakho? Umholi omuhle uyazi ukuthi kufanele acindezele nini nokuthi kufanele amnike nini ikhefu.
Ukuphathwa kwamandla
Kufana nokudlala i-Tetris ngekhalenda lakho. Qiniseka ukuthi unamakhono afanele okuphatha umsebenzi wamanje nowesikhathi esizayo.
Icebiso elithuthukisiwe: Cabanga ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lokuphatha amandla olukuvumela ukuthi ubone ukutholakala kwezinsiza zesikhathi eside. Lokhu kuzokusiza ukuthi uhlele amaphrojekthi esikhathi esizayo ngempumelelo enkulu.
Izibonelo ezisebenzayo zokwabiwa kwezinsiza kumaphrojekthi
Ake sibheke ezinye izibonelo eziphathekayo zokuthi ukwabiwa kwezinsiza kusebenza kanjani ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zamaphrojekthi:
- Iphrojekthi yokwakha:
- Izinsiza zabantu: Abadwebi bezakhiwo, onjiniyela, abasebenzi, abasebenza ngogesi, njll.
- Izinto ezibonakalayo: Usimende, insimbi, ukhuni, amathuluzi.
- Izinsiza zezimali: Isabelomali sezinto zokwakha, abasebenzi kanye nezimo eziphuthumayo.
- Izinsiza zobuchwepheshe: Isoftware yokuklama i-CAD, ama-drones okugadwa.
Isu Lokwabiwa: Sebenzisa ishadi le-Gantt ukuhlela izigaba ezahlukene zokwakha nokwaba izinsiza ezidingekayo esigabeni ngasinye. Isibonelo, abakhi bezakhiwo bazosebenza ikakhulukazi ezigabeni zokuqala, kuyilapho abasebenzi bokwakha bezojoyina kamuva.
- Ukuthuthukiswa kwesoftware:
- Izinsiza zabantu: Onjiniyela, abaklami be-UX/UI, abahloli, umphathi wephrojekthi.
- Izinsiza ezibonakalayo: Amakhompyutha, amaseva.
- Izinsiza zezimali: Isabelomali samaholo, amalayisensi esofthiwe.
- Izinsiza zobuchwepheshe: Ama-IDE, amathuluzi okulawula inguqulo, izinkundla zokusebenzisana.
Isu Lokwaba: Sebenzisa izindlela zokusebenzisa i-agile njenge-Scrum, ukwaba izinsiza ngesivinini samaviki ama-2-4. Sebenzisa ithuluzi lokuphatha iphrojekthi njenge-Jira ukuze wabe imisebenzi futhi ulandelele inqubekela phambili.
- Umkhankaso wokumaketha wedijithali:
- Izinsiza zabantu: Ochwepheshe bezentengiso bedijithali, abaklami bezithombe, abakopishi.
- Izinsiza ezibonakalayo: Imishini yezithombe nevidiyo.
- Izinsiza zezimali: Isabelomali sokukhangisa kwenkundla yezokuxhumana, ukukhiqizwa kokuqukethwe.
- Izinsiza zobuchwepheshe: Amathuluzi okuhlaziya idatha, isofthiwe yokuhlela.
Isu Lokwaba: Dala ikhalenda lokuqukethwe bese wabela izinsiza ngokusekelwe ezigabeni ezahlukene zomkhankaso. Isibonelo, ababhali bekhophi bazosebenza ekudalweni kokuqukethwe ngaphambi kokuba abaklami bakubone ngeso lengqondo.
Ukulinganisa nokuqapha ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza
Akwanele ukumane unikeze izinsiza nethemba lokungcono kakhulu. Udinga ukuqapha njalo ukuthi zisetshenziswa kanjani ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi konke kuhamba ngohlelo.
Izinkomba zokusebenza ezibalulekile (KPIs) okufanele zicatshangelwe:
- Izinga lokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza
- Ukuhluka kweshejuli
- Ukuhluka kwezindleko
- Ukukhiqizwa kweqembu
Ithuluzi elinconyiwe: Sebenzisa ideshibhodi ebonisa lawa ma-KPI ngesikhathi sangempela. Lokhu kuzokuvumela ukuthi ubone ngokushesha noma yikuphi ukuphambuka bese uthatha isinyathelo sokulungisa.
Umbuzo wethimba lakho: Singayithuthukisa kanjani inqubo yethu yokuqapha ukuze sithole izinkinga ngaphambi kokuba zibe yizinkinga?
Ukwabiwa kwensiza yephrojekthi: Ukhiye wempumelelo
Ukwaba izinsiza kuphrojekthi kungaphezu nje kokusabalalisa imisebenzi nezinto zokwakha. Ubuciko obudinga umbono, ukuhlela kanye nokuguquguquka. Uma kwenziwa ngendlela efanele, kungaba umehluko phakathi kwephrojekthi ephelelwa amandla kanye nekhanya.
Khumbula:
- Yazi izinsiza zakho njengengemuva lesandla sakho.
- Hlela ngokucophelela, kodwa hlala uvumelana nezimo.
- Xhumana njalo nethimba lakho.
- Sebenzisa amathuluzi afanele ephrojekthi yakho.
- Qhubeka uqaphe futhi ulungise.
Ukusebenzisa isu elisebenzayo lokwabiwa kwezinsiza ngeke kukusize nje ukuthi uqedele iphrojekthi yakho ngesikhathi nangaphakathi kwesabelomali, kodwa kuzophinde kukhulise ukusebenza kahle kweqembu lakho futhi kuthuthukise ikhwalithi yomphumela wokugcina.
Isiphetho Ngokwabiwa Kwezinsiza Kuphrojekthi
Ngemva kwalolu hambo ezweni elithakazelisayo lokwabiwa kwezinsiza kuphrojekthi, kuyacaca ukuthi lona akuwona umsebenzi okufanele uthathwe kalula. Kuyinqubo eguquguqukayo edinga ukunakwa njalo nokulungiswa lapho undiza. Kodwa ngamasu namathuluzi afanele, ungaba umpetha walobu buciko.
Hlala ukhumbula ukuthi izinsiza zakho ezibaluleke kakhulu abantu. Baphathe ngenhlonipho, banikeze imisebenzi esiza amandla abo, futhi ubanike isikhala sokukhula nokufunda. Iqembu eligqugquzelekile neliphethwe kahle linganqoba cishe noma yisiphi isithiyo.
Ungesabi ukuzama izindlela namathuluzi ahlukene. Okusebenzela iphrojekthi ethile kungase kungabi kuhle komunye. Okubalulekile wukuhlala uvumelana nezimo futhi uvulele imibono emisha.
Okokugcina, ungalokothi uwabukele phansi amandla okuhlela okuhle. Thatha isikhathi ekuqaleni kwephrojekthi ukuze udwebe izinsiza zakho futhi ulindele izinselele ezingaba khona. Lokhu kuzokusindisa inqwaba yezinhlungu zekhanda esikhathini esizayo.
Ukwaba izinsiza kuphrojekthi kungase kubonakale kunzima ekuqaleni, kodwa ngokuzijwayeza nokuzinikela, uzoba uchwepheshe. Futhi khumbula, yonke iphrojekthi iyithuba lokufunda nokuthuthukisa amakhono akho.
Ingabe usukulungele ukuthatha amakhono akho okwabiwa kwensiza yephrojekthi uwayise kwelinye izinga? Impumelelo yephrojekthi yakho elandelayo ikulindile!