- Imoto exhunyiwe incike ekuxhumekeni kwe-inthanethi kanye nokuxhumana kwe-V2X, kuyilapho imoto ezimele ingeza amakhono okulawula ukushayela athuthukile.
- Amapulatifomu e-5G, IoT, kanye ne-C-ITS ayizinsika ezibalulekile zokwandisa ukuhamba okuxhunyiwe kanye nokuvumela amazinga aphezulu okusebenza ngokuzenzakalela.
- Izinhlelo ze-ADAS kanye nokuzisebenzela okuzenzakalelayo okuqhubekela phambili kunamandla amakhulu okunciphisa izingozi, okwamanje ezibuswa amaphutha abantu.
- Ukuthunyelwa okukhulu kwezimoto ezizimele nezixhunyiwe kudinga izinhlaka ezintsha zomthetho, izinyathelo eziqinile zokuphepha kwe-inthanethi, kanye nokwamukelwa okubanzi komphakathi.
Namuhla, imoto ayiseyona nje indlela yokuhamba : isibe yidivayisi ehlakaniphile enamasondo, exhunywe kwi-inthanethi futhi izungezwe izinzwa ezikwazi "ukubona" nokuzwa" okwenzekayo nxazonke zayo. Lolu shintsho luveza umqondo wemoto ezimele nexhunyiwe , othembisa ukushintsha ngokuphelele indlela esihamba ngayo, esisebenza ngayo, nesiqonda ngayo ukuphepha emgwaqweni.
Kulesi simo, ukuhamba, ukuxhumana, ukuzenzekela, kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa kuxhumene nemithethonqubo, ingqalasizinda, kanye nezinguquko zomphakathi. Umphumela uba uhlelo olusha lokuhamba lapho imoto ingakwazi ukuxhumana nezinye izimoto, umgwaqo, ifu, ngisho nefoni yakho ephathekayo, ngenkathi iqhubeka nokwenza imisebenzi yokushayela. Ake sihlaziye ngokuthula yonke le ndlela yokusebenza ukuze siqonde ukuthi iyini ngempela imoto exhunyiwe, ukuthi iguqukela kanjani ekuzimeleni okugcwele, nokuthi yiziphi izinselele ezisazovela.
Iyini imoto exhunyiwe futhi yini ehlukanisa nemoto ezimele?
Uma sikhuluma ngemoto exhunyiwe, sibhekisela emotweni efakwe ukufinyelela kwe-inthanethi kanye nekhono lokushintshanisa idatha ngesikhathi sangempela nendawo yayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inamaseva amafu , ezinye izimoto, noma ingqalasizinda efana nezibani zomgwaqo namaphaneli olwazi.
Ingxenye eyinhloko ivame ukuba yiyunithi ye-telematics esebhodini , ehlanganiswe efektri noma engezwe ngedivayisi encane, eqoqa idatha yemoto (indawo, isivinini, isimo senjini, ibhethri, imicimbi yokushayela, njll.) bese iyithumela epulatifomu yamafu lapho icutshungulwa futhi yenziwe itholakale kubakhiqizi, abaphathi bezimoto, noma abasebenzisi.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imoto ezimele yileyo elawula ukuqondisa kwayo, ukusheshisa, kanye nokubhuleka ngaphandle kokungenela komuntu ezimweni ezithile, noma ngisho nakuzo zonke izimo uma sikhuluma ngokuzenzakalela okugcwele. Lokhu kuthuthuka kuncike ekuthuthukisweni kwezinzwa, isofthiwe, kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa obusetshenziswayo obuvumela izinhlelo zokushayela ezikwaziyo ukukhula.
Kalula nje: imoto exhunyiwe igxile ekuxhumaneni (i-V2X, i-IoT, idatha yamafu), kuyilapho imoto ezimele igxile ekulawuleni ukushayela okuzenzakalelayo . Esikhathini esizayo, zombili lezi zici zizohlangana kuze kube yilapho cishe zonke izimoto ezisanda kubhaliswa zizoxhunywa futhi zihlonyiswe ngezici ezithuthukisiwe zokwenza okuzenzakalelayo.
Izici ezibalulekile zezimoto ezixhunyiwe
Imisebenzi yemoto exhunyiwe ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezahlukene, konke kusekelwe ekugelezeni kwedatha okuqhubekayo phakathi kwemoto, abasebenzisi, kanye nendawo ezungezile . Ake sibheke ebaluleke kakhulu.
Isici sokuqala ukuxhumana kwe-inthanethi okuhlanganisiwe emotweni , ngokuvamile ngekhadi le-SIM noma imodemu ye-4G/5G. Lokhu kuvumela imoto ukuthi ilande amamephu abuyekeziwe, ithole ulwazi lwethrafikhi ngesikhathi sangempela, ihlole isimo sezulu, ithumele idatha yokuxilonga eshabhu, noma ithole izibuyekezo zesofthiwe ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuvakashela indawo yokuthengisa.
Okunye okuphawulekayo yizinhlelo zokuzijabulisa ezixhunyiwe , ezihlinzeka ngokufinyelela kumasevisi okusakaza umculo namavidiyo, izinhlelo zokusebenza zezinkampani zangaphandle, abasizi bezwi, kanye nezici zokuzulazula ezithuthukisiwe. Izikrini ziya ngokuya zikhula, ngamaphaneli okuthinta abonakalayo ahlinzeka ngolwazi kumshayeli kanye nokuzijabulisa kubagibeli.
Esinye isici esibalulekile ukuzulazula ngesikhathi sangempela, okuqhutshwa idatha . Imoto ithola ulwazi oluqhubekayo mayelana nokuminyana kwezimoto, izingozi, imisebenzi yomgwaqo, noma izimo zezulu ezimbi futhi ibala kabusha umzila ukuze ithuthukise isikhathi sokuhamba, ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli, kanye nenduduzo. Esikhathini esizayo, lokhu kuzulazula kuzohlanganiswa ne-augmented reality, okuveza imicibisholo kanye nezixwayiso emgwaqweni uqobo nge-windshield noma izikrini.
Okubaluleke ngokufanayo ukuhlanganiswa namadivayisi eselula . Izimoto eziningi namuhla zikuvumela ukuthi ukhiye futhi uvule iminyango, usebenzise ukulawula isimo sezulu, ubeke imoto endaweni yokupaka, noma uhlole izinga likaphethiloli kanye nesimo sebhethri kusuka ku-smartphone yakho. Kwamanye amamodeli, ifoni ephathekayo ngokwayo isebenza njengokhiye wedijithali, ithatha indawo yokhiye ojwayelekile.
Okokugcina, ukuxhumana kuvula umnyango wokuthola ulwazi olukude kanye nokuvuselelwa kwesofthiwe emoyeni (i-OTA) . Imoto ingathumela idatha yobuchwepheshe kumenzi noma eshabhu, okwenza kube lula ukulungiswa kokuvimbela kanye nokutholwa kwamaphutha kusenesikhathi, kuyilapho umenzi engathuthukisa ukusebenza, ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli, kanye nokuphepha ngezibuyekezo ezilandiwe ngokuzenzakalelayo kanye nezinsizakalo zamafu .
Izinhlobo zokuxhumeka: kusukela ku-telematics kuya emotweni kuya kukho konke (V2X)
Ngaphakathi kwesistimu yemoto exhunyiwe, akuzona zonke izindlela zokuxhumana ezifanayo; uhlobo ngalunye lokuxhumana luhlanganisa isethi yezimo ezithile zokusetshenziswa zokuphepha, ukuphathwa, kanye nokulula.
Ukuxhumana kwe-telematics okuvamile kugxila ekulandeleleni indawo, umsebenzi wemoto, kanye nokuziphatha kokushayela . Kubalulekile ezinqoleni zezokuthutha, lapho umphathi angaqapha khona amakhulu noma izinkulungwane zezimoto kusuka epulatifomu eku-inthanethi, ehlola ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli, imizila, amahora okushayela, izehlakalo, kanye nokulungiswa.
Ngaphandle kwe-telematics, i-paradigm ye-V2X (Imoto-kuya-Konke) iyasebenza, ihlanganisa konke ukuxhumana kwezimoto nendawo ezikuyo : i-V2V (imoto-kuya-emotweni), i-V2I (imoto-kuya-ingqalasizinda), i-V2P (imoto-kuya-abahamba ngezinyawo), kanye ne-V2N (imoto-kuya-kunethiwekhi). Ngenxa yalokhu kuxhumana, imoto ingazi ukuthi enye imoto ivele yahamba ngamamitha amaningana ngaphambili, ukuthi umuntu ohamba ngezinyawo usezowela ecashe ngemuva kwesithiyo, noma ukuthi isibani sethrafikhi sesizoshintsha.
Ubuchwepheshe be-V2X buthembele kokubili kumanethiwekhi eselula (4G kanye, ikakhulukazi, i-5G) kanye namayunithi athile okuxhumana afakwe ezimotweni nasemigwaqweni . Ngaphandle kwalolu hlelo lokusebenza oluhlangene, ikhono lezimoto ezizenzakalelayo lokubikezela okungabonakali ngqo beliyoncishiswa kakhulu.
Ngokuphathelene nolwazi olusemotweni, olunye uhlobo lokuxhumana olufanele ukuzijabulisa ngokuhlanganyela . Abahlali bangafinyelela okuqukethwe okwenziwe ngezifiso, izingcingo zevidiyo, imidlalo yevidiyo, noma izinsizakalo zehhovisi leselula, besebenzisa ukuxhumana okuqhubekayo. Lolu hlobo lokusetshenziswa luzoba lubaluleke kakhulu lapho izimoto zifinyelela amazinga aphezulu okuzimela futhi abagibeli bengasadingi ukugxila ekushayeleni.
I-5G, i-IoT kanye nendima yezokuxhumana
Lonke lolu hlelo lokusebenza belungenakwenzeka ngaphandle kwengqalasizinda yokuxhumana ngocingo eqinile, ebambezeleka kancane . Yilapho i-5G kanye ne-Internet of Things (IoT) zisebenza khona.
Inethiwekhi ye-5G ingasebenza ngokushesha okufika ku-100 kune-4G , ngokubambezeleka kwama-milliseconds nje. Lokhu kuvumela izimoto ezixhunyiwe ukuthi zithumele futhi zamukele izigidi zamaphoyinti edatha ngosuku ngesikhathi sangempela, okubalulekile ezinhlelweni zokusiza abashayeli ezithuthukisiwe kanye nezimo zokushayela ngokubambisana.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imoto ihlanganiswe ne-ecosystem ye-IoT njengenzwa enamandla yeselula . Imoto ngayinye inikeza ulwazi mayelana nezimo zomgwaqo, ithrafikhi, isimo sezulu, kanye nokuba khona kwezithiyo, ezihlanganiswa efwini futhi zenziwe zitholakale kwabanye abasebenzisi kanye nezinsizakalo. Ngale ndlela, umgwaqo uba yipulatifomu yesevisi ehlakaniphile.
Abaqhubi bezokuxhumana nabakhiqizi bathuthukisa amapulatifomu athile okuhamba okuxhunyiwe nokuzenzekelayo , kanye namaphrojekthi emigwaqo ehlakaniphile (i-C-ITS) anamayunithi aseceleni komgwaqo axhumana ngqo nezimoto. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izindlela zokuxhumana ezifana ne -Starlink ziyavela , zandisa izinketho zokumboza ezindaweni ezikude. ISpain, isibonelo, iqhubekela phambili ngezinhlelo ezifana nepulatifomu ye-DGT 3.0, ehlose ukushintshanisa idatha ngesikhathi sangempela phakathi kwezimoto, ingqalasizinda, kanye nabasebenzisi.
Ukwethulwa okukhulu kwe-5G kuzobaluleka hhayi nje kuphela ekunwetshweni kwemoto exhunyiwe, kodwa futhi nasekuvumeleni amazinga aphezulu okushayela ngokuzimela ngokuphephile , lapho noma yikuphi ukubambezeleka kokuxhumana kungasho umehluko phakathi kokugwema ingozi noma cha.
Kusukela ekusizeni kuya ekuzimeleni: amazinga e-SAE okushayela okuzenzakalelayo
Ukuze kulinganiswe izinga lokuzenzakalela, i-Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) ichaza isikali esinezinga eziyisithupha esisukela ku-0 kuya ku-5 , ngokusekelwe ekutheni izinhlelo zingenelela kangakanani nokuthi umshayeli ongumuntu wenza okungakanani.
Ezingeni 0 akukho okuzenzakalelayo: umsebenzi wokushayela uwela ngokuphelele kumuntu oshayelayo. Imoto ingase ifake izexwayiso noma izaziso, kodwa ayilawuli ukuqondisa, ukubhuleka, noma ukusheshisa.
Izinga 1 lifaka izici zokusiza umshayeli ezifana nokulawula ukuhamba ngesikebhe okuguquguqukayo kanye nokusiza ukugcina umzila. Kuleli zinga, uhlelo lulawula i-axis eyodwa kuphela (eceleni noma ende), futhi umshayeli kumele aqaphe imoto ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Izinga lesi-2 lihilela ukuzenzekela okungaphelele: imoto ingalawula ngesikhathi esisodwa ukuqondisa kanye nokusheshisa/ukubhuleka ezimweni ezithile (isibonelo, emgwaqweni omkhulu), kodwa umshayeli uhlala enesibopho, kumele aqaphe indawo ezungezile futhi alungele ukungenelela nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.
Ezingeni lesi-3 sikhuluma ngokuzenzakalela okunemibandela: uhlelo luyakwazi ukuphatha ngokugcwele ukushayela ezimweni ezithile (izingxenye zomgwaqo omkhulu, ukuminyana kwezimoto…), futhi umshayeli angayeka okwesikhashana, yize kumele alungele ukuqhubeka nokulawula lapho imoto ikufuna ngesilinganiso esifanele.
Izinga lesi-4 limelela ukuzenzekela okuphezulu, lapho imoto ingenza yonke imisebenzi yokushayela ezimweni ezithile zokusetshenziswa (isb., indawo yasemadolobheni enqunyelwe noma indawo yokupaka), ngaphandle kwesidingo sokungenelela komshayeli phakathi nalezo zimo ezithile.
Okokugcina, izinga lesi-5 lisho ukuzenzekela okuphelele: imoto ayidingi umshayeli womuntu nganoma yisiphi isikhathi noma ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo ; ingahamba kunoma yimuphi umgwaqo nakunoma yisiphi isimo ngaphandle kokungenela komuntu. Lesi simo asikasabalali kangako, kodwa izinhlobo eziningi zeprototypes kanye namaphrojekthi okuhlola athuthukile akhomba kulowo mgomo.
Indlela imoto ezimele futhi exhunyiwe "ebona" futhi inqume ngayo
Ukuze imoto izishayele ngokwayo, idinga ukuphinda, futhi ithuthukise ngisho namakhono abantu okuzwa nokuqonda ngokuthembela kuma -elekthronikhi athuthukile, izinzwa, kanye nama-algorithms obuhlakani bokwenziwa.
Ukwenza izinqumo kuncike kuma-algorithm ayinkimbinkimbi, amaningi awo ukufunda komshini kanye namanethiwekhi ajulile e-neural . Lawa ma-algorithm acubungula inani elikhulu ledatha ngesikhathi sangempela kusuka kumakhamera, i-radar, i-LiDAR, amamephu anencazelo ephezulu, kanye nokuxhumana kwe-V2X, ukufunda amaphethini ajwayelekile ethrafikhi, ukulindela ukuziphatha kwabanye abasebenzisi, kanye nokuthola izimo ezingavamile.
Inkumbulo yemoto ezimele incike kumamephu e-HD anokunemba okungamasentimitha ayi-10 , kuhlanganiswe ne-GPS ehlukile nezinye izinzwa zokubeka. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kuvumela uhlelo ukwazi kahle ukuthi imoto ikuyiphi indlela, i-geometry yomgwaqo, indawo yezimpawu nezinye izinto ezifanele, nokuvuselela lolu lwazi ngesikhathi sangempela ngemininingwane mayelana nethrafikhi kanye nemisebenzi yomgwaqo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuchwepheshe obufana namawele edijithali busiza ukuphindaphindwa nokuvuselelwa kwezindawo zasemadolobheni efwini.
"Amehlo" alolu hlelo amakhamera, i-radar, i-ultrasound, kanye nezinzwa ze-LIDAR, ezinikeza umbono ongama-degree angu-360 wendawo ezungezile . Ikhwalithi yedatha kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwayo kubalulekile: imoto kumele ikwazi ukubona ngokuthembekile abahamba ngezinyawo, abagibeli bamabhayisikili, ezinye izimoto, izimpawu, izimpawu zomgwaqo, kanye nezithiyo, ngisho nasezimweni ezimbi.
Isici "sokuzwa" sibonakala ekuxhumaneni nefu kanye nezinye izimoto kanye nengqalasizinda . Ngenxa yokubala amafu kanye nobuchwepheshe obufana ne-Floating Car Data, imoto ithola ulwazi mayelana nemicimbi engakwazi ukuyibona ngqo ngezinzwa zayo: ingozi engaphambili, iqhwa emgwaqweni, imoto ephukile ngemuva kokujika okungaqondile, njll.
Okokugcina, "ukusabela" kwemoto kusekelwe kuma-actuator athuthukile kanye nama-algorithms okulawula okubikezela, njenge- steer-by-wire kanye nama-MPC controllers , asebenza ekuqondiseni, ekusheshiseni, kanye nasebhuleki ukuze enze ukuhamba ngokushesha, ngokushelela, nangokuphepha, ehlonipha imikhawulo yomzimba yemoto kanye nenduduzo yabagibeli.
Umlando kanye nokuvela kwemoto exhunyiwe nezenzakalelayo
Indaba yemoto ezimele nexhunyiwe ayizange ivele ezeni; isekelwe emashumini eminyaka yentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe, ekubaleni nasekuphepheni embonini yezimoto.
Ngawo-80, i-Formula 1 yaqala ukusebenzisa amakhompyutha angaphakathi ukuze ithole idatha yesikhathi sangempela ngokusebenza kwemoto, okwaphawula ingqophamlando yokuqala emcabangweni wemoto exhunyiwe. Ngemva nje kwalokho, ngo-1996, i-General Motors yathengisa izimoto zokuqala ngezinhlelo zokushaya ucingo oluphuthumayo oluzenzakalelayo, olukwazi ukubona ingozi nokuxhumana nezinsizakalo eziphuthumayo.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-GPS kwabantu abavamile kusukela ngo-2000 kuqhubeke kwanikeza ugqozi olukhulu ezinhlelweni zokuzulazula ezisemotweni , ezashintsha zaba yinto yokunethezeka zaya ekubeni yinto ejwayelekile. Ngo-2001, kwafika izinhlelo zokuqala zokuxilonga nokubikezela kude, okuvumela abakhiqizi nabaphathi bezimoto ukuthi baqaphe isimo sezimoto kude.
Kusukela ngo-2008, izindawo zokufinyelela i-inthanethi emotweni kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula zokuqala ezizinikele zezimoto zaqala ukuthandwa , zinikeza izici ezifana nokukhiya nokuvula iminyango kanye nokufumana imoto. Ngo-2014, imikhiqizo efana ne-Audi kanye ne-GM yahlanganisa kakhulu ukuxhumana kwe-4G LTE kumamodeli ayo, kwathi ngo-2016 iToyota yethula izimoto zokuqala zokuxhumana okuhlanganisiwe kwe-V2X eJapane.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuzenzekela kokushayela kuye kwathuthuka kusukela ezinhlelweni zokulawula ukuhamba ngesikebhe zakuqala kuya ezinsizeni eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu njengokupaka okusizayo, usizo lokugcina imizila esebenzayo, kanye nokubhuleka okuphuthumayo okuzenzakalelayo. Namuhla, kulinganiselwa ukuthi izigidi zezimoto ezintsha sezivele zinezinhlobo ezithile zokuxhumeka okuthuthukisiwe kanye nezinhlelo ze-ADAS, okumelela isinyathelo esiphakathi sokushayela okuzenzakalelayo ngokugcwele.
Izinselele zomthetho, ezobuchwepheshe kanye nezokuphepha
Ukwamukelwa kabanzi kwezimoto ezizimele nezixhunyiwe akuyona nje inselele yobuchwepheshe; kuhilela izinguquko ezinkulu emithethweni, ukuphepha kwe-inthanethi, kanye nokwamukelwa komphakathi . Zonke lezi zici zithonya ijubane lokuthunyelwa.
Ngokombono wokulawula, imithetho yamanje yenzelwe izimoto ezilawulwa abantu, lapho umshayeli enesibopho ngqo sezenzo zakhe ngemuva kokushayela . Ngezinhlelo ezizenzakalelayo, kuvela impikiswano mayelana nesibopho sobugebengu, sezomthetho, kanye nesokuphatha uma kwenzeka ingozi: ingabe umshayeli, umenzi, umhlinzeki wesofthiwe, umphathi wengqalasizinda, noma inhlanganisela yazo banesibopho?
Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke kanye neziphathimandla zikazwelonke sezivele zisebenza ezinhlakeni zomthetho ezintsha kanye nezinqubo zokuhlanganisa . Ngamazinga aphansi okuzenzakalelayo, izinhlelo zokusiza abashayeli ziqinisekisiwe njenganoma yiluphi olunye uhlelo lwezimoto, kodwa njengoba kuthuthukiswa amazinga 4 no-5, kuzodingeka kuchazwe izindlela eziqinile mayelana nokuphepha kokusebenza, ukuphepha kwe-inthanethi, ubumfihlo bedatha, kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzisi.
Ngokombono wezobuchwepheshe, enye yezinselelo ezinkulu ukukhombisa ukuthi imoto ezimele iphephile ngokwanele . Kuxoxwa ngamazinga okuhluleka aphansi kakhulu (isibonelo, ngokulandelana kokuhluleka okungu-10^-8 ngehora kwamazinga obuqotho be-ASIL D ngokusho kwe-ISO 26262). Ukuhlola ngokubonakalayo leli zinga lokuthembeka ngaphezu kwamamayela angempela ngeke kwenzeke: kuzodinga izigidigidi zamakhilomitha okuhlolwa, into ebiza kakhulu futhi edla isikhathi.
Ngakho-ke, imboni itshala imali ezindleleni ezintsha zokuhlola nokuqinisekisa ezisekelwe ekulingiseni okukhulu, amabhentshi okuhlola e-Software-in-the-Loop kanye ne-Hardware-in-the-Loop, kanye nezindlela ezihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezihlanganisa izindawo ezingokoqobo, amalabhorethri, imizila evaliwe, futhi ekugcineni, imigwaqo evulekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakhiwa amaqembu athile okusebenza ukuze kuchazwe amazinga omhlaba wonke azovumela isitifiketi esiqhubekayo salezi zimoto.
Ukuphepha kwe-inthanethi kungenye inkinga ebalulekile: imoto exhunyiwe, empeleni, ikhompyutha enokufinyelela kwe-inthanethi ehamba ngesivinini esikhulu . Ukuyivikela ekuhlaselweni, ukufinyelela okungagunyaziwe, noma ukushintshwa kwesofthiwe kuyinto eza kuqala kubakhiqizi, abaqhubi, kanye nabalawuli, ikakhulukazi esimweni sokwanda kokuhlaselwa kwe-inthanethi engqalasizinda exhunyiwe namadivayisi.
Umthelela ezingozini zomgwaqo kanye nokuphepha komgwaqo
Izingozi zomgwaqo zisalokhu zingenye yezimbangela eziphambili zokufa nokulimala okukhulu emhlabeni jikelele , futhi inani elikhulu lihlobene namaphutha abantu: iziphazamiso, isivinini esingafanele, ukusetshenziswa kotshwala nezidakamizwa, ukukhathala, izinqumo eziyingozi, njll.
Izifundo ezenziwe yiziphathimandla zethrafikhi kanye nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke zilinganisela ukuthi cishe ama-90% ezingozi abangelwa amaphutha abantu , kuyilapho ukwehluleka kwemishini kumelela iphesenti elincane kakhulu. Leli qiniso liye laqhuba ukutshalwa kwezimali ezinhlelweni zokuphepha ezisebenzayo nezingasebenzi eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kanye nokwenza imisebenzi ethile yokushayela ngokuzenzakalela.
Izinhlelo Zokusiza Abashayeli Ezithuthukisiwe (i-ADAS)—njengokubhuleka okuphuthumayo okuzenzakalelayo, usizo lokugcina umzila, ukulawula ukuhamba ngesikebhe okuguquguqukayo, kanye nokutholwa kokukhathala komshayeli—zinomthelela oqondile ekunciphiseni okungenzeka kwezingozi . Imibiko yobuchwepheshe ikhombisa ukuthi iphesenti elikhulu lezingozi ezirekhodiwe lingagwenywa noma lincishiswe uma zonke izimoto zihlonyiswe ngalezi zinhlelo njengemishini ejwayelekile.
I-European Union iphakamise amaphakheji okuphepha adingekayo afaka phakathi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, amarekhodi edatha yemicimbi, usizo lwesivinini oluhlakaniphile, izinhlelo zokubona ukozela, amakhamera okubuka ngemuva, kanye nezinzwa zabasebenzisi bomgwaqo abasengozini . Umgomo ukusheshisa ukuvuselelwa kwezimoto zibe izimoto eziphephile ezihlonyiswe kangcono ukuxhumeka kanye nokwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela.
Esikhathini esimaphakathi neside, ukushayela okuzenzakalelayo okuphezulu noma okuphelele kulindeleke ukuthi kungabi negalelo ekunciphiseni izingozi nokufa kuphela, kodwa futhi nokunciphisa ukuminyana, ukukhishwa kwegesi, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla ngokuthuthukisa izitayela zokushayela nokugwema ukubhuleka okungadingekile kanye nokusheshisa. Kodwa-ke, umthelela wangempela uzoncika kakhulu esivinini sokusetshenziswa, ikhwalithi yengqalasizinda, kanye nokwamukelwa komphakathi.
Ukuhamba okuxhunyiwe, ukufakwa kukagesi kanye nezindlela ezintsha zokusebenzisa
Imoto ezimele nexhunyiwe ayifiki yodwa; iyingxenye yoshintsho olubanzi lapho ukuhamba okwabelanayo, ukufakwa kukagesi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwedijithali kuqinisana.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubunikazi bezimoto bendabuko bulahlekelwa yizindlela zokusebenzisa lapho kudingeka : ukwabelana ngezimoto, ukubhalisa, ukuhamba njengesevisi (i-MaaS) kanye nezimoto ezisetshenziswa ngokuhlanganyela, okungaphathwa kahle kakhulu ngenxa yokuxhumana kanye nedatha yesikhathi sangempela.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukufakwa kukagesi kuya ngokuya kugqama ngokwandiswa kwezimoto zikagesi nezihlanganisiwe. Imithethonqubo eqinile yokukhishwa komoya, izindleko zebhethri ezinciphayo, kanye nokufakwa kwezindawo zokushaja kuqhuba ukwamukelwa kwazo, futhi inhlanganisela yokushayela ngogesi kanye nokushayela okuzenzakalelayo kuvela njengenye yezindlela ezinkulu kulo mkhakha.
Izinkampani zokubonisana nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke zibikezela izimo lapho, emashumini eminyaka ezayo, ingxenye enkulu yezimoto ezisanda kubhaliswa izoba ngogesi, ezisebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo kakhulu, ezabiwe, futhi ezixhunyiwe . Kodwa-ke, balinganisela nokuthi izimoto zendabuko eziqhutshwa ngabantu zizohlala ndawonye nezimoto ezisebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo iminyaka eminingi, okuletha izinselele ezengeziwe zokuhlala ndawonye kanye nokulawula.
Amazwe afana neNetherlands, iJalimane, kanye nezinye izifunda zase-United States njengamanje ahamba phambili ekulungiseleleni izimoto ezizimele nezixhunyiwe, ngenxa yengqalasizinda enhle, izinga eliphezulu lokwenziwa kwedijithali, ukuminyana okukhulu kwezindawo zokushaja, kanye nokuvuleleka kokulawula kumaphrojekthi okuhlola . ISpain, nakuba isesimweni esiphakathi, iyathuthuka kumaphrojekthi e-C-ITS, ukuthuthukiswa kwamanethiwekhi eselula, kanye namapulatifomu edatha njenge-DGT 3.0 eshiwo ngenhla.
Uma sibheka ndawonye, imoto ezimele nexhunyiwe iyavela njengesisekelo semodeli entsha yokuhamba lapho ukuphepha emgwaqweni, ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, kanye nesipiliyoni sokuhamba kuthatha isinyathelo esibalulekile phambili , uma nje sikwazi ukuvumelanisa ubuchwepheshe, imithethonqubo, ingqalasizinda, kanye nokwamukelwa komphakathi. Indlela igcwele izinselelo—kusukela ekuphepheni kwe-inthanethi kanye nokuqinisekiswa kobuchwepheshe kuya ekwabeleni imithwalo yemfanelo kanye nokwakha ukwethenjwa kwabasebenzisi—kodwa futhi inikeza ithuba eliyingqophamlando lokunciphisa kakhulu izingozi, ukuguqula amadolobha, nokuguqula imoto ibe yipulatifomu ehlakaniphile yokukhonza abantu.
