Izifundo zokusetha iseva: umhlahlandlela ophelele nosebenzayo

Informatec Digital » Izinsiza » Izifundo zokusetha iseva: umhlahlandlela ophelele nosebenzayo

Isetha iseva Kungaba yinto eyesabekayo uma uqala: kukhona ihadiwe, izinhlelo zokusebenza, amanethiwekhi, ezokuphepha, ama-backup… futhi kubonakala sengathi konke kungaphuka ngokuthinta okuncane. Kodwa nge izifundo ezinhle Ngomhlahlandlela ocacile, ukusetha nokuphatha amaseva akusabi yisizinda sochwepheshe kuphela futhi kuba yinto elawulekayo isinyathelo ngesinyathelo.

Emigqeni elandelayo uzothola uhambo oluphelele lomhlaba wamasevaLokho eziyikho nokuthi zisetshenziselwani kuma-SME, indlela yokukhetha ihadiwe kanye uhlelo lokusebenzaYiziphi izinketho onazo (eziphathekayo, isikhungo sedatha noma ifu), indlela yokufaka nokulungisa iseva ye-Linux kusukela ekuqaleni, yiziphi izinyathelo zokuphepha okufanele uzisebenzise, ​​indlela yokuyigcina ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nokuthi yiziphi izitayela ezizayo ezinamandla (ifu elihlanganisiwe, i-edge computing, ubuhlakani bokwenziwa, ukuzenzekela...).

Iyini iseva futhi kungani ibalulekile ku-SME?

Iseva empeleni iyikhompyutha ekhethekile ekuhlinzekeni ngezinsizakalo kwamanye amadivayisi axhunywe kunethiwekhi: ukugcina amafayela, ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza, amakhasi ewebhu abambayoIphatha izizindalwazi, ama-imeyili, ama-backup, nokunye okuningi. Umqondo uwukuba isebenze "njengomtapo wolwazi wedijithali" ohlela futhi alethe ulwazi ngokushesha nangokuphephile kubasebenzisi abaningi ngasikhathi sinye.

Uma kukhulunywa ngebhizinisi elincane noma eliphakathi nendawo, Ukuba neseva yakho kukuvumela ukuthi uhlanganise ulwazi ndawonye. endaweni eyodwa, okwenza kube lula kakhulu ukuphathwa kwamadokhumenti, izimvume, kanye nokuphepha. Esikhundleni sokuba namafayela angahlelekile kukhompyutha ngayinye, konke kugcinwa kuseva futhi kwabelwane ngendlela ehlelekile.

Ngenxa yalokho kuhlanganiswa kwezindawo, kuthuthukisa ukubambisana kwangaphakathiAbasebenzi abaningana bangasebenza kumaphrojekthi afanayo, kungaba ehhovisi noma ukude, ngokufinyelela okulawulwayo kumafolda nezinhlelo zokusebenza abazidingayo.

Elinye iphuzu elinamandla yi ikhono lokukhulisa izinsizaNjengoba inkampani ikhula, iseva eklanywe kahle ivumela ukwanda kwesitoreji, inkumbulo, iprosesa, noma izinsizakalo ngaphandle kokudinga ukuvuselela yonke ingqalasizinda kusukela ekuqaleni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iseva evikelwe kahle inikeza inzuzo eyengeziwe ebaluleke kakhulu yokuphepha nokuqhubeka kwebhizinisiIzinqubomgomo zingachazwa amakhophi wokulondolozaukululama kwenhlekelele, ukuvinjelwa kokufinyelela, kanye nokubhaliswa komsebenzi wesistimu ukuze kusabele ngokushesha kunoma yiziphi izinkinga.

Izinzuzo zokuba neseva yakho uma kuqhathaniswa nokuncika kubantu besithathu

Setha iseva yakho Kuhilela ukutshalwa kwezimali okuthile kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo, kodwa futhi kunikeza ukulawula okukhulu phezu kwengqalasizinda. Inkampani inquma ukuthi idatha ihlelwe kanjani, yiziphi izinsizakalo ezinikezwayo, yiziphi izinqubomgomo ezisetshenziswayo, kanye nokuthi imithetho yokuphepha kanye nobumfihlo ihlangatshezwana kanjani.

Ngokuphatha iseva ngaphakathi, kukhona ukuguquguquka okukhulu: ukucushwa kungenziwa ngezifiso, izinqubo zingenziwa ngokuzenzakalela ukuze zivumelane nezidingo zenhlangano, futhi indawo yokusebenza ingashintshwa ukuze ivumelane nezidingo zangempela zenhlangano, kusukela ku-imeyili yenkampani kuya kuzicelo zokuphatha.

Enye inzuzo yi ukusetshenziswa kahle kwezinsizakusebenzaEsikhundleni sokuthembela kumasevisi amaningi angaphandle, imisebenzi eminingana (amafayela, izizindalwazi, iwebhu, ama-backup, njll.) igxile epulatifomu eyodwa, enobukhulu obuhle.

Nawe uyawina ukuzimela kwezobuchwephesheUma konke kusezandleni zomuntu wesithathu, noma yiluphi ushintsho lwamanani, imigomo, noma ukwehluleka kwalowo mhlinzeki kungashiya inkampani isengozini. Ngeseva yakho, okungenani unokulawula indawo eyisisekelo.

Yiqiniso, lokhu akusho ukuthi ifu liyayeka ukuba mnandi. Umkhuba ojwayelekile kulezi zinsuku ukuhlanganisa izinsiza zangaphakathi nezinsizakalo zamafu, ukusizakala ngezinto ezinhle kakhulu kuye ngohlobo lomsebenzi.

Ukuvela kwamaseva kanye nokukhuphuka kwefu

Amaseva ashintshe kakhulu Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, sisuke kuleyo mishini emikhulu, enomsindo, edla amandla amaningi saya emishinini emincane, esebenza kahle, futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, enamandla amakhulu. okwenziwe nge-virtual.

La i-virtualization Lokhu kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuqhubekela phambili okubalulekile: iseva eyodwa ebonakalayo ingabamba imishini eminingi ebonakalayo, ngayinye inesistimu yayo yokusebenza kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza, ezihlukanisiwe. Lokhu kuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwehadiwe futhi kwenza kube lula ukuphathwa futhi kuqinisekisa ukutholakala okuphezulu.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngaleyo ndlela, I-Cloud ComputingAbahlinzeki bamafu omphakathi banikeza amaseva abonakalayo "aqashisayo" ongawavula, uwavale, noma uwashintshe ngokushesha, ukhokha kuphela lokho okusebenzisayo.

Izinkampani ezidinga ukulawulwa okukhulu zikhethe ifu langasese: ingqalasizinda yakho noma igcinwe ezikhungweni zedatha, kodwa iphathwa ngobuchwepheshe obufanayo bokuhlela njengefu lomphakathi, igcina idatha isendaweni elawulwa kakhulu.

Ezimweni eziningi, inketho engcono kakhulu igcina iyi- ukwakheka kwe-hybrid noma ngisho namafu amaningilapho ezinye izinsizakalo ziqhutshwa khona engqalasizinda yangaphakathi kanti ezinye zinikezwa ngaphandle komunye noma ngaphezulu abahlinzeki bamafu omphakathi, okuthuthukisa izindleko, ukusebenza kanye nokuqina.

Imiqondo eyisisekelo ngaphambi kokuthi uqale ukusetha iseva

Uma lokhu kungokokuqala uhlangana nesevaKuvamile ukuzizwa ulahlekile kancane. Ukuze ugweme ukukhungatheka, kuyasiza ukuqonda izindawo ezintathu ezibalulekile: ihadiwe, isofthiwe, kanye amanethiwekhi.

Engxenyeni ye hardware Izingxenye zifaka phakathi iprosesa (i-CPU), i-RAM, ama-hard drive (i-HDD noma i-SSD), amakhadi enethiwekhi, nezinye izingxenye. Ingxenye ngayinye inegalelo ekusebenzeni okuphelele futhi kumele ihlangabezane nezidingo zenkampani.

El isofthiwe Uhlelo lokusebenza lweseva (isibonelo, iWindows Server noma ukusatshalaliswa kweLinux njenge-Ubuntu Server, iDebian, i-AlmaLinux, njll.) luyisici esiyinhloko. Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidingekayo zifakiwe phezu kwayo: iseva yewebhu, izizindalwazi, i-imeyili, amathuluzi okusekelayo, njll.

Kepha amanethiwekhiSidinga ukubhekana nezinkinga ezifana nokuthi I-Static IPUkucushwa kwesixhumi esibonakalayo, ukusetshenziswa kwezinqubo ze-TCP/IP, i-DNS ukuxazulula amagama esizinda, i-DHCP ukusabalalisa amakheli, kanye nezinye izinsizakalo ezivumela amakhompyutha enhlangano ukuthi axhumane kahle.

Ukuhlela kokuqala kumele futhi kucatshangelwe ukutshalwa kwezimali kwezomnotho: izindleko zehadiwe, amalayisense esofthiwe uma ekhona, izimali zochwepheshe noma ithimba elenza ukufakwa nokucushwa, kanye nokugcinwa kwesikhathi esiphakathi neside.

Ihadiwe: inhliziyo yeseva yakho

Ukukhetha ihadiwe efanele Lokhu kubalulekile ukuthi iseva isabele kahle futhi ingabi yinto enganele ngemva kwesikhathi esifushane. Akukhona nje ukuthenga izingxenye "ezibiza kakhulu", kodwa futhi nokuzifanisa nomsebenzi wangempela.

La CPU Isebenza njengobuchopho: uma ama-core amaningi futhi ijubane lewashi liba ngcono, kulapho izicelo eziningi ingazicubungula ngasikhathi sinye. Kumaseva ane-virtualization, izizindalwazi, noma ukuxhumana okuningi ngasikhathi sinye, kuyalulekwa ukuthi isekele ubuchwepheshe obufana ne-VT-x noma i-AMD-V.

La Imemori ye-RAM Lena yindawo yokusebenza yezinhlelo zokusebenza. Uma inganele, uhlelo luzoqala ukusebenzisa isikhala sediski njengememori yokusekelayo, futhi ukusebenza kuzokwehla. Kumasevisi anezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi noma imishini ebonakalayo, kungcono ukuba ne-RAM eningi kunokuba nencane kakhulu.

Ngokuphathelene nendawo yokugcina izinto, kufanele unqume phakathi ama-hard drive omshini (i-HDD) noma ama-SSD driveAma-HDD anikeza amandla amaningi ngemali encane, kodwa ama-SSD ashesha kakhulu futhi athuthukisa isikhathi sokuqalisa kanye nokuphendula kwezinhlelo zokusebenza kanye nezizindalwazi.

Kubuye kube nendaba ifomethi yesevaImishini efana nombhoshongo (efanele amahhovisi amancane anamaseva ambalwa) noma ifomethi ye-rack yokufaka eziningana kwikhabhinethi yezokuxhumana, ewusizo kakhulu kumakhabhinethi esikhungo sedatha noma ezinkampanini ezinezibikezelo zokukhula.

Izindlela zokulinganisa kahle ihadiwe

Ngaphambi kokuthenga noma yiniKubalulekile ukucabangela ukuthi iseva izosetshenziselwa ini: Ingabe izosingatha iwebhusayithi yenkampani elula? Ingabe izosebenzisa izizindalwazi eziningana? Ingabe izoba yiseva yefayela yehhovisi lonke? Ingabe izoba nemishini ebonakalayo?

La umthwalo womsebenzi olindelwe Inquma ubuncane bezidingo ze-CPU, i-RAM, kanye nesitoreji. Iseva eyenzelwe amafayela angaphakathi kuphela ayidingi izinsiza ezifanayo nalezo ezizokhonza amakhasi ewebhu ezinkulungwaneni zabasebenzisi bangaphandle.

Kumelwe futhi sicabangele inani labasebenzisi ngesikhathi esisodwa lokho kuzoxhunywa. Uma ziningi, kuzodingeka inkumbulo kanye nezinsizakusebenza eziningi ukuze kugcinwe impendulo ibushelelezi.

Esinye isici esibalulekile yi- ukukhula kwenkampani esikhathini esizayoUma uhlela ukwandisa abasebenzi, izinsizakalo, noma ivolumu yedatha, kungcono ukutshala imali kuseva enesikhala sokwandiswa kunokuba ulahlekelwe yithuba bese kudingeka uyishintshe ngokushesha.

Okokugcina, konke lokhu kumele kulinganiswe ne- isabelomali siyatholakalaUmgomo ukuthola indawo ephakathi kwezindleko ezinengqondo kanye nemishini enamandla futhi enwebekayo ngokwanele ukuba ihlale iminyaka eminingana.

Uhlelo lokusebenza: isisekelo sesofthiwe yeseva

Uhlelo lokusebenza lweseva Yileso sendlalelo esilawula ihadiwe futhi sinikeze indawo lapho izinhlelo zokusebenza zisebenza khona. Imindeni emibili eyinhloko yiWindows Server kanye neLinux (ngezinhlobo zayo eziningi).

Ngokubuyisela, Amalayisense e-Windows Server anezindleko okumele kwengezwe kwisabelomali futhi kungase kungabi lula kangako ukuguquguquka njenge-Linux uma kukhulunywa ngokuzenzakalelayo noma ukwenza ngezifiso izindawo ezithile kakhulu.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi kukhona i-Linux, enezinhlinzeko ezifana ne- Iseva ye-Ubuntu, i-Debian, i-CentOS/AlmaLinux/i-Rocky Linux noma i-openSUSE LeapZiyizinhlelo eziqinile, ezisebenza kahle kakhulu kanye nomphakathi omkhulu ohlinzeka ngemibhalo, amathuluzi kanye nokusekelwa okungakahleleki.

I-Linux inikeza inzuzo yokuba imahhala futhi ilungiseka kalulaKodwa-ke, ngokuphindisela kuvame ukudinga ijika lokufunda eliqinile, ikakhulukazi uma ungajwayele ukusebenza nokuphathwa kwe-terminal kanye nomugqa womyalo.

Indlela yokukhetha phakathi kweWindows Server neLinux

Isinqumo asikona nje kuphela ubuchwepheshe.Okuhlangenwe nakho kwethimba, uhlobo lwezicelo ezizosetshenziswa, kanye nesabelomali esitholakalayo samalayisense nakho kudlala indima.

Uma izicelo ezibalulekile zenkampani zenzelwe Imvelo yeWindows Uma kudingeka ukuhlanganiswa okujulile nezinsizakalo ze-Microsoft, ukukhetha okunengqondo ukukhetha i-Windows Server, usebenzisa i-ecosystem yayo.

Uma kunalokho ufuna nciphisa izindleko futhi ube nenkululeko enkulu yokucushwaI-Linux iyindlela ekhangayo kakhulu, ikakhulukazi kumaseva ewebhu, kuma-database omthombo ovulekile, noma ezindaweni zokuthuthukiswa.

Kubalulekile futhi ukubona lokho ithimba lobuchwepheshe eselikwazi kakade ukuthi lingakwenza kanjaniUma abantu abaphethe iseva bejwayelene kakhulu neWindows, kungaba ngcono ukunamathela kulokho. Uma benolwazi ngeLinux, bazokwazi ukusizakala kangcono ngezinzuzo zayo.

Ngesihloko se- ukuphephaKokubili iWindows Server neLinux kushintshe kakhulu. I-Linux ngokuvamile inomphakathi osebenzayo obona futhi ulungise ubuthakathaka ngokushesha, kuyilapho iMicrosoft ikhipha ama-patches njalo. Kuzo zombili izimo, isici esibalulekile ukugcina uhlelo lusesikhathini.

Ukwenziwa kwe-Virtualization: amaseva amaningi anengqondo emshinini owodwa

Ukwenziwa kwe-Virtualization kukuvumela ukuthi uthole okuningi ngehadiwe yakho. ukudala imishini eminingi ebonakalayo ezimele kuseva eyodwa ebonakalayo. Umshini ngamunye ebonakalayo unesistimu yawo yokusebenza, ukucushwa, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza.

Ngale ndlela, kungenzeka Hlanganisa amaseva angokwenyama amaningana akudala kwesimanje futhi enamandla kakhulu, kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukagesi, isikhala, ukulungiswa kanye nobunzima bengqalasizinda.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-virtualization ingasiza ukutholakala okuphezuluUma ihadiwe eyodwa yehluleka, imishini ebonakalayo ingathuthelwa kwenye iseva ebonakalayo (kuye ngokuthi ikhambi elisetshenzisiwe) ngokuphazamiseka okuncane.

Ezindaweni lapho izinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha noma ukucushwa kudingeka kuhlolwe khona, i-virtualization inikeza ukuguquguquka okukhulungoba ikuvumela ukuthi udale futhi ubhubhise imishini ebonakalayo ngemizuzu embalwa, ngaphandle kokuthinta iseva eyinhloko.

Izixazululo eziningi zesimanje zamafu kanye ne-automation zithembele ku-virtualization, ngakho-ke ukuqonda lokhu cishe kuyimpoqo kunoma ubani ofuna ukungena ngokujulile ekuphathweni kwezinhlelo.

Indawo yokubeka iseva yakho: ihhovisi, isikhungo sedatha, noma ifu

Indawo ebonakalayo noma enengqondo yeseva Kubaluleke kakhulu njengehadiwe noma uhlelo lokusebenza. Ukukhetha phakathi kokuba nayo endaweni, esikhungweni sedatha sangaphandle, noma ngqo efwini kuzothinta izindleko, ukuphepha, kanye namathuba okukhula.

Setha iseva ngaphakathi kwehhovisi uqobo Inikeza ukulawula okukhulu: ukufinyelela ngqo emshinini, kumadiski awo, kanye nazo zonke izingxenye zomzimba. Ngokuvamile inikeza ukubambezeleka okuncane kwenethiwekhi yendawo futhi yenza lula imisebenzi ethile yokulungisa uma kukhona abasebenzi bezobuchwepheshe bangaphakathi.

Uhlangothi olubi yilokho Kudinga isikhala esibonakalayo, ukupholisa okwanele, ukuvikelwa ekunqamukeni kukagesi, kanye nezinyathelo zokuphepha. ukuze kungabikho muntu ongagunyaziwe ongaphazamisa imishini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhuphula imishini eminingi kungaba nzima.

Okunye ongakwenza ukusingatha iseva ku- isikhungo sedatha sobungcwetiInezinhlelo zokuphakelwa kukagesi ezingasasebenzi, ukulawulwa kwesimo sezulu, ukuqapha, ukulawula ukufinyelela kanye nochwepheshe abakhethekile, okwandisa ukuthembeka kwensizakalo.

Lokho kusho ukuthi, kuhilela ukukhokha. izimali zanyanga zonke noma zonyaka zesikhala, amandla kanye nokuxhumanafuthi ukulawulwa okuqondile kwendawo ezungezile kuyalahleka, njengoba noma yikuphi ukungenelela kuzodingeka kuhlanganiswe nomhlinzeki.

Izinketho zamafu kanye nokucabangela imvelo

Ifu linikeza enye indlela "yokuba" namaseva ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngehadiwe ebonakalayo. Uthola izenzakalo ezingokoqobo, izizindalwazi eziphethwe, isitoreji, kanye nezinye izinsizakalo ngaphansi kwemodeli yokukhokha njengoba uhamba.

Kwamabhizinisi amancane naphakathi amaningi, le nketho inikeza ukukhuliswa okunonyaUma isidingo siphezulu, izinsiza ziyanda; uma umsebenzi uncipha, ziyancishiswa ukuze kongiwe izindleko. Konke lokhu ngaphandle kokuthenga noma yimiphi imishini.

Nokho, ukuthembela ngokuphelele efwini kusho ukuthi ukuthembela okukhulu kumhlinzekiLokhu kusebenza kokubili ekutholakaleni kanye nezinguquko emananini noma emigomeni. Kungase kube nemikhawulo yokwenza ngokwezifiso uma kuqhathaniswa neseva ezinikele.

Uma ukhetha amaseva angokoqobo (ehhovisi noma esikhungweni sedatha), kufanele uqaphele nge- umongo wezemvelo: gcina izinga lokushisa ngaphakathi kwezinga eliphephile, lawula umswakama ukuze uvimbele ukugqwala noma ukuminyana, futhi uvikele imishini ekufinyeleleni okungagunyaziwe.

Ukunikezwa kukagesi kubalulekile: a Uhlelo lwe-UPS Kuyasiza ekuvimbeleni ukucima kukagesi okungazelelwe kanye nokwanda kwamandla kagesi okungalimaza ihadiwe noma ukonakalisa idatha, okubaluleke kakhulu kumaseva okukhiqiza.

Ukuxhumeka kwe-inthanethi kanye nekhwalithi yenethiwekhi

Ukuxhumeka kwe-inthanethi “kuyiyona ndlela enkulu” lapho idatha idlula khona lapho iseva inikeza izinsizakalo ngaphandle (isibonelo, iwebhusayithi yomphakathi noma ukufinyelela okude nge i-VPN noma i-SSH).

Kunconywa ukuqasha umugqa we-broadband onekhono elanele amandla aphezulu naphansi okusekela ithrafikhi ezokhiqizwa, ngaphandle kokuba lonke inethiwekhi yenkampani ivinjwe.

Kumaphrojekthi abalulekile, ngokuvamile kuwumqondo omuhle ukuba nawo uxhumano oluphindaphindayo: abahlinzeki ababili noma okungenani imizila emibili ehlukene engena esakhiweni, ukuze uma eyodwa yehluleka, enye igcine izinsizakalo zisebenza.

Akuyona nje i-bandwidth ebalulekile; i-latency (isikhathi esithathayo ukuthi iphakheji ihambe futhi ibuye) nayo iyisihluthulelo ezinhlelweni zokusebenza zesikhathi sangempela, njengezingcingo zevidiyo, imidlalo yevidiyo eku-inthanethi, noma izinhlelo zokulawula kude.

Inethiwekhi yangaphakathi eklanywe kahle, enamaswishi afanele, izintambo ezifanele, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwe-VLAN uma kudingeka, kuzosiza ekwenzeni lokhu. iseva isebenza kahle kakhulu ngaphandle kwezithiyo ezingadingekile.

Ukuphepha kweseva: izinsongo kanye nemikhuba emihle kakhulu

Ukuphepha kungenye yezinkinga ezibucayi kakhulu. Uma sikhuluma ngamaseva, sibhekisela ekugcinweni kwedatha yamakhasimende, amadokhumenti angaphakathi, izizindalwazi ezibucayi, kanye nolwazi lwebhizinisi oluvame ukuba lubucayi.

Phakathi kwezingozi ezivame kakhulu yilezi: ukuhlaselwa okuvela ku-inthanethi (imizamo yokungena, ukusebenzisa kabi amaphasiwedi, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamaphutha ohlelo lokusebenza, ukufakwa kwe-malware, i-ransomware, njll.).

Kudingeka futhi siqaphele ubuthakathaka besofthiweNoma yiluphi uhlelo lokusebenza noma uhlelo lokusebenza lungaba namaphutha okuthi, uma lungalungiswa ngama-patches nezibuyekezo, abe yithuba elivulekile kubahlaseli.

Isici somuntu asinakukhohlwa: amaphutha okucushwa, amaphasiwedi abuthakathaka, ama-akhawunti angalawulwa Imikhuba engaphephile (njengokusebenzisa i-akhawunti yomphathi njalo) ingenye yemithombo eyinhloko yezinkinga.

Ukuze kuncishiswe lezi zingozi, kutuswa ukusebenzisa isethi yemikhuba emihle yokuphepha kusukela ngosuku lokuqala futhi uyigcine ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uhlole njalo ukuthi konke kusalawulwa.

Indlela yokuvikela iseva yakho isinyathelo ngesinyathelo

Umugqa wokuqala wokuzivikela Kumayelana nokugcina yonke isofthiwe isesikhathini: uhlelo lokusebenza, amaphaneli okulawula, izinhlelo zokusebenza, i-firmware yedivayisi… Ama-patch okuphepha akhishwa ngqo ukuze kuvalwe ubuthakathaka obaziwayo.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe amaphasiwedi aqinile futhi ahlukile Kubalulekile kuwo wonke ama-akhawunti. Noma nini lapho kungenzeka, kuyalulekwa ukuthi kuvunyelwe ukuqinisekiswa kwezinyathelo ezimbili ukuze kufinyelelwe ngokubucayi ukuze kuvinjelwe iphasiwedi evuzayo ukuthi ingangeni ngokwanele.

Un i-firewall ilungiselelwe kahle Ikhawulela ukuthi yimaphi amachweba nezinsizakalo ezifinyeleleka ngaphandle nangaphakathi kwenethiwekhi, kunciphisa indawo yokuhlasela. Ku-Linux, ungasebenzisa i-ufw noma i-iptables, naku-Windows, ama-firewall akhelwe ngaphakathi.

I-Las izipele ezivamile Bayindlela yakho yokuphila: uma kukhona okungahambi kahle (ukuhlasela, ukususwa ngengozi, ukwehluleka kwehadiwe), uzokwazi ukubuyisa idatha yakho. Okungcono kakhulu, kufanele uhlanganise ama-backup aphelele nama-backup aqhubekayo noma ahlukile ukuze uthuthukise isikhathi nendawo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile qapha iseva ngamathuluzi akuxwayisa ngomsebenzi osolisayo, ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza okungajwayelekile, noma ukungasebenzi kahle kwezinsizakalo, ukuze ukwazi ukusabela ngaphambi kokuba inkinga ibe nkulu.

Ukuphepha okungokwenyama, ukuphepha kolwazi, kanye nama-backups

Ukuvikeleka ngokomzimba kuvame ukunganakwaKodwa kubaluleke njengokuqonda. Ukunciphisa ukufinyelela endaweni yeseva ngamakhadi, okhiye, noma izinhlelo ze-biometric kuvimbela noma ubani ukuthi aphazamise ihadiwe.

Qinisa lokho kuvikelwa nge amakhamera okuqapha kanye nezinhlelo ze-alamuikakhulukazi uma iseva isegumbini elihlukile noma ekhabetheni lokuxhumana abantu abadlula kulo njalo.

Ngombono onengqondo, kumelwe sicabangele izinhlelo zokuvikela umlilo kanye nokutholwa kokungena (i-IDS) ezihlaziya ithrafikhi ukuthola amaphethini angajwayelekile kanye nemizamo yokuhlasela, zixwayisa umphathi.

El ukubethela kwedatha kusendleleni nasekwephumulweni Kungenye isendlalelo esibalulekile: ukusebenzisa i-HTTPS (SSL/TLS) kumasevisi ewebhu, i-VPN yokufinyelela kude, kanye nokubethela idiski noma ivolumu kwedatha egciniwe kunciphisa umthelela wokuvuza okungenzeka.

Okokugcina, kubalulekile ukuchaza ngokucacile Ukuphathwa komsebenzisi nezimvumeUkusebenzisa isimiso samalungelo aphansi: umuntu ngamunye kufanele abe nokufinyelela okudingekayo emsebenzini wakhe kuphela, kungabi ngaphezu kwalokho noma ngaphansi kwalokho.

Imisebenzi yokulungisa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iseva ihlala iminyaka

Iseva akuyona into oyifaka bese uyikhohlwa.Kudinga ukulungiswa njalo ukuze kuhlale kuzinzile, kuphephile futhi kushesha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Phakathi kwemisebenzi ejwayelekile kukhona izibuyekezo ezivamile kwesistimu yokusebenza kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza, ezingalungisi nje kuphela amaphutha okuphepha, kodwa futhi namaphutha kanye nezinkinga zokuhambisana.

I-Las amakhophi wokulondoloza Kumelwe zibuyekezwe njalo: akwanele ukuzihlela, kufanele futhi uhlole ukuthi zenziwa ngaphandle kwamaphutha nokuthi izinqubo zokulungisa ziyasebenza.

El ukuqapha ukusebenza okuqhubekayo Kuyasiza ukuthola izithiyo, izinqubo eziqalayo, amadiski aphelelwa isikhala, noma izinsizakalo eziqala kabusha zodwa, ngaphambi kokuba zithinte abasebenzisi.

Ngezikhathi ezithile kungumqondo omuhle ukwenza imisebenzi ye- Ukuhlanza amafayela aphelelwe yisikhathi, izingodo, kanye nezinsalela zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezingasasetshenziswa, ukukhulula isikhala nokugcina uhlelo luhlelekile.

Ukufakwa kwesinyathelo ngesinyathelo kweseva yakho yokuqala ye-Linux

Uma uqala ekuphathweni kwezinhleloEnye yezindlela ezinhle kakhulu zokufunda ukusetha iseva ye-Linux yokuhlola, ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphula noma yini. Ikhompyutha endala noma umshini obonakalayo wanele lokhu.

Into yokuqala ukukhetha ukusatshalaliswaOkokuqala, i-Ubuntu Server ivame ukunconywa kakhulu: izinzile, inombhalo obanzi, kanye nomphakathi omkhulu. Ezinye izinketho eziqinile zifaka phakathi i-Debian, i-CentOS/AlmaLinux/Rocky Linux, kanye ne-openSUSE Leap.

Bese udinga lungisa umshiniUngayifaka ku- izinto ezibonakalayo (kungcono uma ufuna into "yangempela") noma udale umshini obonakalayo onamathuluzi afana ne-VirtualBox noma i-VMware, okukuvumela ukuthi uzame ngaphandle kokuthinta uhlelo lwakho oluyinhloko.

Landa ifayela le- Isithombe se-ISO Kusukela ekusakazweni okukhethiwe, qalisa umshini kuleyo ISO bese ulandela iwizadi yokufaka, ezokucela ulimi, indawo yesikhathi, ukucushwa kwediski kanye nokudalwa komsebenzisi womlawuli.

Kulesi sigaba kungumqondo omuhle ukukhetha eyodwa ukufakwa okuncane, ngaphandle kwendawo enezithombe, ukuze iseva isebenzise izinsiza ezimbalwa futhi ukwazi ukugxila kumasevisi adingekayo ngempela.

Ukusetha kokuqala: inethiwekhi, izibuyekezo, kanye nezinsizakalo eziyisisekelo

Uma uhlelo selufakiwe Ngemva kokuqala, isinyathelo esilandelayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi unokuxhumeka kwenethiwekhi. Ukuxhumanisa okulula nesizinda esaziwayo kuzokutshela ukuthi unokufinyelela kwe-inthanethi.

Uma inethiwekhi isebenza kahle, kufanele ukwazi ukusebenzisa izibuyekezo zephakheji ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iseva inezinguqulo zakamuva kanye nama-patch okuphepha atholakala ezindaweni zokugcina zokusabalalisa.

Isinyathelo esilandelayo ngokuvamile ukufaka izinsizakalo eziyisisekelo njengeseva yewebhuKu-Ubuntu Server, isibonelo, ungathumela kalula i-Apache bese uqinisekisa kusuka kwenye ikhompyutha ukuthi ikhasi lokwamukela liyaboniswa uma ufinyelela ikheli le-IP leseva.

Kungumqondo omuhle futhi ukwengeza amathuluzi awusizo njenge I-OpenSSH yokufinyelela okukude okuphephileufw ukuphatha i-firewall kanye nezinsiza zokuqapha ezifana ne-htop, ezikuvumela ukuthi ubone ukusetshenziswa kwe-CPU kanye nememori ngokushesha.

Njengoba uqhubeka, uzongeza izinsizakalo ezengeziwe (izizindalwazi, i-DNS, i-imeyili, njll.) kuye ngokuthi yini ofuna ukuyifunda noma izidingo zendawo okuyo, uzama njalo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ushintsho ngalunye lubhalwe kahle.

Ukuphathwa komsebenzisi, izimvume kanye ne-firewall

Akukhuthazwa ukusebenza njengempande njalo. kuseva ye-Linux. Umkhuba ojwayelekile ukudala umsebenzisi ojwayelekile bese umnikeza amalungelo okuphatha ngeqembu le-sudo ukuze enze imisebenzi ebalulekile kuphela uma kudingeka.

Inqubomgomo enhle dala umsebenzisi oyedwa ngomuntu ngamunye ukuthi bazofinyelela iseva futhi balungise izimvume zabo ngokwemisebenzi abazoyenza. Ngale ndlela, uma kuvela inkinga, kulula ukulandelela ukuthi iyiphi i-akhawunti ebekwe engcupheni noma eyenze iphutha.

I-firewall ingenye ingxenye ebalulekile: nge-ufw ungakwazi vumela izinsizakalo ezidingekayo kuphela (isibonelo, i-SSH, i-HTTP kanye ne-HTTPS) futhi ivimbele amanye amachweba, inciphise ingozi yokuhlaselwa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyatuswa hlola njalo ukuthi yimaphi amachweba avuliwe. nokuthi yiziphi izinsizakalo ezisebenzayo, ukugwema ukushiya ama-daemons asebenzayo noma izinhlelo zokusebenza ongasazisebenzisi futhi ezingasebenza njengesango.

Uma ukufinyelela okukude nge-SSH kanye ne-firewall sekulungisiwe, ungakwazi ukuphatha iseva kalula kusuka kwenye ikhompyutha, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuba phambi komshini ngokoqobo.

Amathrendi: ifu elihlanganisiwe, i-edge computing, kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa

Umhlaba weseva ubhekene noshintsho olukhulu Ngenxa yezindlela ezintsha zokusebenzisa nokuphatha ingqalasizinda, izakhiwo ze-hybrid kanye namafu amaningi sezithandwa kakhulu ezinkampanini ezifuna ukuguquguquka nokugwema ukuncika kumhlinzeki oyedwa.

Ku-a ifu elixubileEzinye izinsizakalo zisebenza efwini lomphakathi kanti ezinye zisebenza ezingqalasizinda ezizimele, zikhetha esimweni ngasinye lapho kunengqondo khona ngezizathu zokuphepha, izindleko noma ukusebenza.

Isu amafu amaningi Kuhamba ibanga elide futhi kuhlanganisa izinsiza ezivela kubahlinzeki bamafu abaningana bomphakathi, kusatshalaliswa imithwalo ukuze kuzuze okuhle kakhulu ngakunye futhi kuncishiswe ingozi yokungasebenzi kahle okukhulu.

Lezi zindlela zivumela ukuzivumelanisa ngokushesha kakhulu nezinguquko zesidingoLungiselela izindleko ngokukhokha kuphela lokho okusetshenzisiwe futhi uthuthukise ukuqina, njengoba ungancikile ephuzwini elilodwa lokwehluleka.

Ngokuhambisanayo, i- ikhomputha yekhompyutha Ihambisa okunye ukucutshungulwa kwedatha eduze nalapho ikhiqizwa khona (isibonelo, kumadivayisi e-IoT noma kuma-node esifunda), inciphisa ukubambezeleka futhi ilayishe ifu eliphakathi ukuze lenze imisebenzi emikhulu.

Indima yobuhlakani bokwenziwa kanye nokuzenzakalela

Ubuhlakani bokwenziwa buyaqhubeka. Ekuphathweni kweseva, ukuhlaziya amalogi, amamethrikhi okusetshenziswa, kanye namaphethini ethrafikhi ukuthola okungahambi kahle okungase kubonise ukuhlaselwa noma ukwehluleka kwehadiwe okuseduze.

Ukusebenzisa amasu okufunda komshini, kungenzeka lungiselela izinsiza ngokuzenzakalelayo kusuka kuseva, ukulungisa inkumbulo, i-CPU noma isitoreji esabelwe izinsizakalo ezahlukene ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza nokunciphisa izindleko.

I-AI nayo inika amandla i-a ukuphathwa kokubikezela: ithola izimpawu zokuqala zokwehluleka kumadiski, amakhadi noma isofthiwe, okunikeza umphathi isikhathi sokuthatha isinyathelo ngaphambi kokuba okuthile kuphuke ngokuphelele futhi kubangele ukuphazamiseka kwesevisi.

Ekuphepheni, izinhlelo ezihlakaniphile ziyasiza thola amaphethini omgwaqo asolisayo futhi uvimbele izinsongo ngesikhathi sangempela, usabela ngokushesha kunokuba umuntu engakwenza ngokuhlaziya idatha ngesandla.

Konke lokhu kuhlanganiswe nokuthambekela okunamandla kokuthi ukuzenzekela kwemisebenzi ephindaphindwayo (ukuthunyelwa kweseva, ukucushwa okujwayelekile, ama-patches, ama-backup, ukuqapha), okunciphisa amaphutha abantu futhi kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuphatha ingqalasizinda enkulu kakhulu.

Isifinyezo sokufunda ukuphatha amaseva

Kusukela ekukhetheni ihadiwe kanye nesistimu yokusebenza Kusukela ekuphepheni okuthuthukisiwe kanye nefu elihlanganisiwe kuya ekuhlakanipheni kokwenziwa, umhlaba wamaseva uhlanganisa izingxenye eziningi ezixhumene. Kwabaqalayo, indlela ehlakaniphile kakhulu ukuthuthuka ngezigaba: setha iseva encane ye-Linux noma ye-Windows, uzijwayeze ngenethiwekhi, abasebenzisi, ama-firewall, kanye nama-backups, bese ufaka kancane kancane i-virtualization, izinsizakalo ezengeziwe, kanye nokwenza ngokuzenzakalela. Ngezifundo ezinhle zokucushwa kweseva, ukubekezela okuthile, kanye nokuzimisela ukuzama, ungahamba kusukela ekungakaze uthinte iseva uye ekuyiphatheni kalula nokubeka isisekelo sengqalasizinda eqinile yanoma yiliphi ibhizinisi elincane noma eliphakathi.