- Ingqalasizinda yedijithali ye-5G ihlanganisa i-broadband esheshayo kakhulu, amanethiwekhi eselula athuthukile kanye nokuphepha kwe-inthanethi ukuvala izikhala zendawo kanye nezenhlalo.
- Izinhlelo ezifana neDigital Spain 2026 kanye neNational 5G Plan zikhuthaza izinguquko zomthetho, ukutshalwa kwezimali ku-spectrum kanye nokufakwa kwemishini ezindaweni ezikude, ezindaweni zasemakhaya naseziqhingini zobuchwepheshe.
- I-5G ivumela ukusetshenziswa okuhamba phambili ku-Industry 4.0, amadolobha ahlakaniphile, i-telemedicine, kanye ne-edge computing, okusekelwa yi-network virtualization kanye ne-network slicing.
- Phakathi komncintiswano womhlaba wonke wobukhosi bedijithali kanye ne-AI, inhlanganisela ye-fiber, i-5G kanye nefu kuzoba yisihluthulelo sokuncintisana kweYurophu kanye nokusimama.
Ukufika kwe -5G kanye nengqalasizinda entsha yedijithali kushintsha kakhulu indlela esixhumana ngayo, indlela esisebenza ngayo, kanye nendlela amadolobha namabhizinisi asebenza ngayo. Sikhuluma ngamanethiwekhi eselula ashesha kakhulu, i-fiber optics yonke indawo, izikhungo zedatha yamafu, kanye nezinhlelo zokuphepha kwe-cyber ezithuthukisiwe, ndawonye, ezakha umgogodla wokuguqulwa kwedijithali.
ESpain kanye ne-European Union, isu langempela likazwelonke nelesifunda seliqalisiwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akekho oshiywa ngemuva: izindawo zasemakhaya, ama-SME, noma amaqembu asengozini. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kukhona umncintiswano womhlaba wonke wobukhosi bedijithali lapho i-United States, i-China, i-India, ne-Europe zincintisana khona, futhi lapho i-5G, ifu, i-AI, kanye nokuphepha kwe-cyber kuyizinto ezibalulekile.
Uhlelo Lokuxhumana Nezingqalasizinda Zedijithali kanye nobudlelwano balo ne-5G
Uhlelo olubizwa ngokuthi Uhlelo Lokuxhumana kanye Nengqalasizinda Yedijithali luyindlela kahulumeni esemthethweni yokusebenzisa amanethiwekhi anamandla amakhulu ezweni lonke. Luhlanganiswa yiHhovisi Likahulumeni Lezokuxhumana kanye Nengqalasizinda Yedijithali futhi lwakha insika yokuqala yesu le-Spain Digital 2026, elihambisana neMigomo Yentuthuko Eqhubekayo ye-Ajenda ka-2030.
Inhloso yayo eyinhloko ukusebenzisa ukuxhumana kanye nokwenza kube yidijithali ukuvala ukuhlukana kwedijithali kwazo zonke izinhlobo: ezomnotho, ubulili, ubudala, indawo, noma lokho okuhlobene nomthelela wezemvelo. Umgomo obekelwe u-2025 ukuthi abantu abayi-100% babe nokusabalala okungaphezu kwe-100 Mbps kanye neSpain ukuqinisa isikhundla sayo njengesikhungo esikhulu sengqalasizinda yedijithali enqamula imingcele eNingizimu Yurophu.
Lolu hlelo luhambisana ne- 5G Technology Rollout Strategy , echaza ukuthunyelwa kwamanethiwekhi amasha eselula. Ndawonye, zakha ingxenye yokuxhumana, i-5G, kanye nokuphepha kwe-inthanethi yoHlelo Lokubuyisela, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ezokuxhumana zinamandla anele, ukuqina, kanye nokutholakala kunoma iyiphi indawo yezwe.
Ukutshalwa kwezimali komphakathi okuqondile okuhlelelwe isikhathi sika-2021-2025 kufinyelela kuma- euro ayizigidigidi ezingu-2.320 zokuxhuma kanye nengqalasizinda yedijithali kuphela, yize umphumela oqhubekayo kanye nobuchwepheshe be-5G uzodlula ama-euro ayizigidigidi ezingu-4.000 eminyakeni emihlanu, okukhuthaza iSpain ebumbene ngokwendawo nangokwenhlalo.
Okwamanje, ubhubhane lwe-COVID-19 lugcizelele ukuthi ukuxhumana manje kuyingqalasizinda ebalulekile njengamandla noma ezokuthutha. I-5G iyavela njengengxenye ezoqeda lolu hlelo, ihlinzeke kokubili ukululama komnotho kanye nokubumbana komphakathi kanye nendawo ngenxa yekhono layo lokuxhumanisa abantu, amabhizinisi, kanye nezinhlaka zikahulumeni ngesikhathi sangempela.
Izinhloso, izinguquko kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okubalulekile kwengqalasizinda yedijithali ye-5G
Ukuxhumana, amanethiwekhi e-5G kanye nengxenye yokuphepha kwe-inthanethi yoHlelo Lokubuyisela Kubeka umgomo ocacile kakhulu: ukumbozwa okusheshayo kulo lonke izwe , ubuholi baseYurophu ekusetshenzisweni kwe-5G kanye nokubeka iSpain njengesikhungo samazwe ngamazwe sengqalasizinda kanye nethalente kwezokuphepha kwe-inthanethi.
Izinselelo ezinkulu ezixazululwe yile ngxenye zigxile ekulungiseni ukwehluleka kwemakethe okuvimbela ukwanda kwamanethiwekhi ashesha kakhulu ezindaweni zasemakhaya nasezindaweni zamasu, ukuvimbela ukuhlukana okusha kwedijithali, nokuqinisa amandla okuphendula ezinsongweni zokuphepha kwe-inthanethi. Konke lokhu kudluliselwa kuHlelo Lokuxhumana, Isu le-5G, kanye nochungechunge lwezinguquko zomthetho.
Phakathi kwezinguquko zesakhiwo, ukuvunyelwa koMthetho Ojwayelekile Wezokuxhumana (ukuguqulwa kweKhodi Yokuxhumana Ye-elekthronikhi YaseYurophu) kanye ne-5G Roadmap kuyagqama, okuhlanganisa ukuphathwa nokwabiwa kwe-spectrum, ukunciphisa izithiyo zokuthunyelwa, ukusekelwa kwezinhlangano zasendaweni ezinemikhuba emihle yokulawula kanye noMthetho Wezokuphepha Kwe-Cyber we-5G wesikhathi esizayo.
Ibhulokhi yokutshalwa kwezimali ihlelwe ngemigqa eminingi: ukwandiswa kwe-broadband esheshayo kakhulu (C15.I1), ukuqinisa ukuxhumana ezikhungweni ezibalulekile nasemapaki ezimboni (C15.I2), ama-voucher okuxhumana ama-SME namaqembu asengozini (C15.I3), ukuvuselelwa kanye nokusebenza kahle kwamandla engqalasizinda yezokuxhumana ezakhiweni (C15.I4) kanye nokufakwa kwengqalasizinda yedijithali emingceleni, izintambo zasolwandle kanye nefu laseYurophu (C15.I5).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhuthazwa ukutshalwa kwezimali ezithile ukuze kusetshenziswe ngqo i-5G (C15.I6) ezindaweni zokuthutha, izikhungo zabantu kanye namanethiwekhi okudlulisa amaselula, kanye namaphrojekthi okushayela emkhakheni, izindawo zemvelo ze-R&D ku-5G kanye ne-6G, amakhono okuphepha kwe-cyber athuthukile (C15.I7) kanye ne-PERTE Chip (C15.I8 kanye ne-C15.I9), okuhloswe ngawo ukuqinisa indawo zemvelo yama-microelectronics, amakamelo ahlanzekile, umklamo we-semiconductor kanye nokukhiqiza okusha.
Izindlela ezibalulekile zokuxhuma, ukumbozwa kanye nokulingana
Isici esibalulekile saleli cebo ukukhulisa i-broadband esheshayo okungenani engu-100 Mbps kubo bonke abantu, kugxilwe ekuqiniseni okwesikhashana ukuxhumana okungenani okungu-30 Mbps ezindaweni ezingenayo i-broadband eyanele njengamanje. Lokhu kwakha isisekelo lapho ukuqaliswa okukhulu kwe-5G kungakhiwa khona kamuva. Ukuze uqonde kangcono ukubaluleka kwengqalasizinda esekela lezi zinsizakalo, bheka isigaba sokubaluleka kwamanethiwekhi e-LAN, MAN, kanye ne-WAN.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akekho oshiywa ngemuva, ama-voucher okuxhumana ayacatshangelwa amaqembu asengozini abhekene nobunzima bezezimali ekutholeni uxhumano lwe-inthanethi oluzinzile noma oluhambayo. Lesi sidingo sabonakala kakhulu ngesikhathi semodeli yokufunda ehlanganisiwe eyasetshenziswa ngesikhathi sobhubhane, lapho imindeni eminingi yayingakwazi ukusebenza kude noma ukuqinisekisa ukufinyelela kwedijithali kwezingane zayo emfundweni.
Elinye isethi yezinyathelo lihlose lokho uhlelo olukubiza ngokuthi “iziqhingi zobuchwepheshe”: izindawo zezimboni, izikhungo zedatha, izindawo zokuthutha, kanye nezikhungo zocwaningo lapho ukusetshenziswa kwedatha kuphezulu kakhulu. Inhloso ukusebenzisa uxhumano lwe-1 Gbps kulezi zindawo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuncintisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kwemikhakha ekhiqizayo ethuthuke kakhulu. Kulesi simo, ukusebenza kahle kwamandla ezikhungweni zedatha kuyinto eza kuqala.
Ama-SME nawo anethuluzi lawo, elinamavawusha okuxhumana axhunywe ezinhlelweni zokwenza idijithali, okwenza amabhizinisi amancane naphakathi nendawo afinyelele amanethiwekhi anamandla aphezulu ngaphandle kwezindleko zokuxhumana zibe yisithiyo esingenakunqotshwa. Lawa mathuluzi ahlanganiswe nezinhlelo zokuxhumana zebhizinisi ezihlose ukuguqula izinqubo nezinsizakalo.
Okokugcina, ukuthunyelwa kwengqalasizinda yedijithali ewela imingcele (amafu, ama-microprocessor, ukuxhumana ngesathelayithi, izintambo zasemanzini) kukhuthazwa ngokubambisana namanye amazwe angamalungu ngaphakathi kohlelo lwe-Connecting Europe Facility, okuqinisa ubukhosi bedijithali baseYurophu kanye nendima yeSpain njengendawo yokuxhumana. Kulesi simo, ukuxhumana ngesathelayithi kuvela njengokwengeza kumanethiwekhi asemhlabeni.
Uhlelo Lukazwelonke lwe-5G: i-spectrum, amaphrojekthi okuhlola kanye nohlaka lokulawula
Uhlelo Lukazwelonke lwe-5G lwadalwa ngenhloso yokubeka iSpain phakathi kwamazwe ahamba phambili ekuthuthukisweni kwe-5G , ukuze lapho ubuchwepheshe bufinyelela ekuvuthweni kwezentengiselwano, izwe lizokulungela ukusebenzisa ngokugcwele amandla alo. Ngokungafani nokusuka ku-3G kuya ku-4G, ukushintshela ku-5G akulona nje ushintsho lwesivinini: kusho umthelela ohlanganisa yonke indawo cishe emnothweni wonke kanye nomphakathi.
Amanethiwekhi amasha eselula azovumela inani elingakaze libonwe lamadivayisi axhunyiwe, inani elikhulu ledatha , kanye namakhono okulawula kude athuthukisiwe ngesikhathi sangempela. Lokhu kubhekwa njengokubalulekile ekusheshiseni ukuguqulwa kwedijithali, kusukela embonini ehlakaniphile kuya kwezempilo kanye nokuhamba okuxhunyiwe.
Uhlelo Lukazwelonke lwe-5G luhlela izenzo zalo ngezinsika ezine eziyinhloko: ukuphathwa nokuhlela i-radio spectrum, ukukhuthazwa kobuchwepheshe nezinhlelo zokuhlola inethiwekhi kanye nezinsizakalo kanye nezinhlelo ze-R&D, ukuhlanganiswa kohlelo kanye nokubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe, kanye nokulungiswa kwemithetho ukuze kunikezwe isiqiniseko sezomthetho ekutshalweni kwezimali kanye nokusetshenziswa kwengqalasizinda.
Ngokuphathelene ne-spectrum, amabhendi ayisihluthulelo ahlelwe futhi athengiswa endalini: ibhendi engu-3,6–3,8 GHz yathengiswa endalini ngo-2018, kanti ibhendi engu-700 MHz (inzuzo yesibili yedijithali) yayihlelelwe u-2020, yize indali yayo yayibambezelekile ngenxa yobhubhane. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwadalwa iHhovisi Lobuchwepheshe Lohlelo lwe-5G ukuze kuhlanganiswe ukuqaliswa kwayo, futhi kwaqalwa ukubonisana nomphakathi ngo-2017 ukuze kuqoqwe imibono evela kubabambiqhaza embonini.
Umhlahlandlela wohlelo uhlanganisa izigigaba zonyaka: u-2017 njengonyaka wokuklama nokubonisana , u-2018 njengendawo yokuqala yokuthengiswa kwamafrikhwensi kanye nezicelo zabashayeli bezindiza kanye namaphrojekthi e-R&D, u-2019 ozinikele kumaphrojekthi okuhlola kanye nokukhishwa kwesabelo sesibili sedijithali, kanye no-2020 njengonyaka wokuqala kokuthunyelwa kwezentengiselwano kwamanethiwekhi e-5G.
Ukusabalala kwe-5G, imizila yezokuthutha kanye nenselele yabantu
Ukuze i-5G ibe nomthelela wangempela, ukuqalisa nje ama-antenna emadolobheni amakhulu akwanele. Uhlelo lwaseSpain lubona ukusheshisa ukuthunyelwa kanye nokumbozwa kwe-5G emigwaqweni ebalulekile yezokuthutha kazwelonke kanye neyaphesheya kwemingcele (imigwaqo emikhulu, izitimela, imigwaqo eyinhloko neyesibili, kanye nezingxenye zomngcele), okuhlanganiswe nemizila echazwe yiKhomishini yaseYurophu. Lokhu kubalulekile ezinsizakalweni zokuthutha ezixhunyiwe kanye nezinhlelo zokuthutha ezithuthukisiwe.
Kusenezinhlelo zokukhuthaza imizila yamazwe amaningi, ikakhulukazi leyo exhumanisa iSpain nePortugal neFrance , ukuze kuvunyelwe izinsizakalo zokuhamba ezixhunyiwe, ezokuthutha, nezokuhamba ukuze zisebenze ngensizakalo engaphazanyiswa kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Lokhu kubalulekile ezinhlelweni ezifana nezimoto ezixhunyiwe kanye nokuphathwa kwethrafikhi okuhlakaniphile.
Uhulumeni uhlose futhi ukusheshisa ukuqaliswa kwe-5G kuzo zonke izindawo zezwe, kokubili emadolobheni nasemakhaya, ngezinhlelo ezithile zokwandisa amandla e-backbone yenethiwekhi ekhona. Ubuningi beziteshi eziyisisekelo ezidingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe i-5G budinga ukuqinisa izixhumanisi ze-fiber optic kanye ne-backhauls ezingenantambo.
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi abantu abaphakathi kuka-800.000 no-1.400.000 , iningi labo lihlala ezindaweni zasemakhaya, basabhekene nokuntuleka kokusabalala kwe-broadband yeselula okungu-30 Mbps. Enye yezinto eziza kuqala ukwandisa i-5G ukusiza ukubhekana nale nselele yabantu, okwenza kube lula ukufinyelela izinsizakalo zedijithali ezithuthukisiwe kwezemfundo, ezempilo, kanye nohulumeni we-e. Ukuze kufinyelelwe kulezi zindawo, kucatshangelwa izixazululo ezengeziwe ezifana nobuchwepheshe be-stratospheric , obuhambisana nokusabalala kwesathelayithi yendabuko.
Ukuze kufezwe lokhu, kuzodingeka ukutshalwa kwezimali okusha kokubili kubuchwepheshe bomhlaba kanye nobesathelayithi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuxhumana kwezindawo ezintsha nezikhona ze-5G, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinabantu abambalwa. Ukushintsha izixhumanisi zomsakazo nezinye izinto ezivimbela ithrafikhi ye-5G njengamanje kuzoba yinto ebalulekile, njengoba kulinganiselwa ukuthi amasayithi eselula angu-5.000 asathembele ekuxhumaneni okungakwazi ukukhushulelwa ku-1 Gbps. Ukuthuthukiswa kokucushwa kwengqalasizinda kanye nokwenza ngcono, njengezixhumanisi zomsakazo, kusekelwa iziqondiso ezisebenzayo mayelana nokucushwa kwemishini kanye nezixhumanisi.
Amacala okusetshenziswa kwamatrakta: imboni, izinsizakalo ezibalulekile kanye namadolobha ahlakaniphile
Ukuqaliswa kwe-5G kubhekwa njengethuba lokudala uhlelo lokusungula izinto ezintsha olusetshenziswayo , lapho izinkampani, opharetha, kanye nezikhungo zocwaningo bakha khona izixazululo ezingathunyelwa kwamanye amazwe futhi zikhuliswe emhlabeni jikelele. Ngenxa yalokhu, izimo zokusebenzisa "eziqhubayo" ziyakhuthazwa emikhakheni yamasu kanye nezinsizakalo ezibalulekile.
Emkhakheni wezomnotho, imisebenzi enomthelela omkhulu njengokukhiqiza okuthuthukile, ezokuthutha, ezimoto, amandla, kanye nezinsizakusebenza zibekwa phambili, kusetshenziswa ukubambezeleka okuphansi kanye nokuphathwa kwamadivayisi amakhulu ukuze kusebenze izinqubo ngokuzenzakalela, kuvunyelwe ukulungiswa okubikezelayo, futhi kuxhunywe izitshalo zokukhiqiza ezisatshalaliswe. Ikakhulukazi, umkhakha wamandla udlula ezinguqukweni eziqhutshwa ubuchwepheshe obuphazamisayo obuxhunywe kumagridi ahlakaniphile kanye nokwenziwa kwedijithali.
Ezinsizeni ezibalulekile, amaphrojekthi kwezokwelapha ngocingo, imfundo ehlakaniphile, kanye nokunakekelwa kwempilo okuthuthukisiwe kuyahlolwa, lapho ukuxhumana kwe-5G kusekela khona ividiyo yesikhathi sangempela enencazelo ephezulu, amadivayisi ezokwelapha e-IoT, amarekhodi ezempilo kagesi , amathuluzi okuzilawula izifo, kanye nokusekelwa okukude kochwepheshe bezempilo.
Amadolobha ahlakaniphile angenye indawo ethembisayo: i-5G ivumela ukuthunyelwa kwezinzwa zokuphatha kangcono ithrafikhi, ukukhanya kwemigwaqo, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, imfucuza yasemadolobheni, kanye nekhwalithi yomoya namanzi . Izicelo ze-drone nazo ziyahlolwa ukuze kuhlolwe, kuhlolwe ingqalasizinda, kanye nokulethwa kwezinsiza zezokwelapha ngokushesha.
Ezingeni laseYurophu, amanye amaphrojekthi okuhlola axhaswe yi-Connecting Europe Facility asebenzisa amanethiwekhi e-5G angazimele azoguquka abe amanethiwekhi azimele, afaka iziteshi ezintsha zesisekelo ngobuchwepheshe be-MIMO, izixhumanisi ze-fiber noma zomsakazo, kanye nezinsizakusebenza ze-cloud and edge computing. La maphrojekthi agxile ekunakekelweni kwezempilo kwedijithali , izikole ezihlakaniphile neziluhlaza, kanye nokuvikelwa komphakathi okuthuthukisiwe emlilweni noma ezikhukhuleni, ngokusekelwa okuqinile okuvela ku-AI kanye ne-IoT. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe- cloud and edge computing kuyisihluthulelo salezi zimo eziningi zokusetshenziswa.
Iyini ngempela ingqalasizinda ye-5G futhi ithembele kanjani ku-4G?
Ingqalasizinda ye-5G iqukethe inethiwekhi yeziteshi ezinkulu kanye namaseli amancane aqinisekisa ukusebenza kwesizukulwane esisha seselula. Umsebenzi wayo ukuhlinzeka ngokubambezeleka okuphansi kakhulu kanye nokumbozwa okuphezulu kwe-bandwidth yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana nezimoto ezizimele kancane, i-Intanethi Yezinto, kanye nezinsizakalo ezibalulekile zezimboni.
Ingxenye enkulu yengqalasizinda ebonakalayo isivele ikhona ngenxa yenethiwekhi ye-4G: imibhoshongo, izinsika, kanye nezindawo ezithuthukiswa manje ngama-antenna amasha e-5G kanye nemishini yomsakazo. Okusha kusesidingo se- mesh eningi kakhulu yamaseli amancane kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamagagasi e-millimeter (mmWave) lapho kungenzeka khona, njengoba la maza esebenza kuphela emabangeni amafushane nangomugqa wokubona.
Umphumela uba inethiwekhi eyakhiwe inani elikhulu lama-node asatshalalisiwe axhunywe nge-fiber noma izixhumanisi ezingenantambo ezinamandla aphezulu, esebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obufana ne-Massive MIMO, i-beamforming, kanye ne -OFDM ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-spectral . Inethiwekhi yeselula ishintsha kusukela ekuthembeleni emibhoshongweni embalwa enamandla amakhulu iye ekuthembeleni ezindaweni eziningi zokufinyelela eziseduze nomsebenzisi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka kwe-5G ngokwemvelo kwethula ukusebenza kwenethiwekhi okubonakalayo kanye nokusikwa kwenethiwekhi, okuvumela ukudalwa kwamanethiwekhi azimele abonakalayo engqalasizinda efanayo ebonakalayo. Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukubhukha izingxenye ezithile zenethiwekhi ukuze zisetshenziswe ngokubalulekile (izimoto ezizimele, izinsizakalo eziphuthumayo, i-Industry 4.0) ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ithrafikhi yabathengi ejwayelekile. Ukuze uthole umongo owengeziwe wobuchwepheshe kumamodeli nezinhlaka zenethiwekhi, bheka imodeli ye-OSI.
Empeleni, i-5G ayizalwanga kusukela ekuqaleni, kodwa ithembele ku-LTE kanye ne-fiber esivele isetshenzisiwe, futhi iqhubekela phambili ngezigaba ezimbili: isigaba sokuqala se-5G NSA (Non-Standalone), esisebenzisa kabusha ingqalasizinda ye-4G, kanye nesigaba sesibili se-5G SA (Standalone), esinomgogodla wayo, isivinini esiphezulu esisebenzayo kanye nokubambezeleka okuphansi kakhulu.
Umthelela we-5G ku-IoT, ezakhiweni ezihlakaniphile nasezindlini zokuhlala
Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-5G kanye ne-Internet of Things kuzokwenza kube lula ukuthunyelwa kwezigidi zezinzwa namadivayisi axhunyiwe emakhaya, ezakhiweni, emafektri nasemadolobheni. Lokhu kuzovumela ukuqapha ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, ukuthuthukisa ukukhanya, ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha, kanye nokuthola izehlakalo ngesikhathi sangempela.
Isibonelo esibonakalayo yingqalasizinda yokukhanyisa ye-LED ehlakaniphile ezindaweni zasemadolobheni: izibani zasemgwaqweni ezixhunyiwe ezilungisa ukuqina kwazo ngokuya ngokuba khona kwabahamba ngezinyawo noma izimoto, ezibika ngokuphazamiseka okungenzeka futhi zisize ekwenzeni ngcono ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, zikhiqize idatha enenani elikhulu kubaphathi bomasipala.
Emkhakheni wezenhlalo nowezempilo, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-5G emakhaya asebekhulile nasezindaweni zokuhlala ezizimele kwenza kube lula ukuthunyelwa kwezinhlelo ze-telehealth ezithuthukisiwe ezisekelwe ezinzwa, izinto ezigqokwayo, kanye namapulatifomu ahlakaniphile, njengezixazululo zokuqapha izimpilo zansuku zonke zabasebenzisi . Lezi zinhlelo zihlaziya amaphethini ajwayelekile, zithole ukuziphatha okungavamile, futhi zithumele izexwayiso ezizenzakalelayo kumalungu omndeni noma ochwepheshe bezempilo.
Izakhiwo ezihlakaniphile, kungaba amahhotela, izibhedlela, izikole, noma amafulethi, seziba izindawo zasemadolobheni ze-IoT, ezikwazi ukuxhumana nedolobha futhi zinikeze ulwazi oluwusizo mayelana nokuhlalwa kwabantu, ukusetshenziswa, kanye nezingozi. Izinkampani ezigxile engqalasizinda yezokuxhumana ezakhiweni zisiza ukuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe be-5G kanye ne-IoT ukuze zisebenzise lesi simo esisha.
Konke lokhu kuhlangana nomqondo wedolobha elihlakaniphile: idolobha aligcini nje ngokuba nokuxhumana okuhle, kodwa futhi lisebenzisa ngenkuthalo idatha ekhiqizwe yingqalasizinda yalo kanye nezinsizakalo ukwenza izinqumo ezihlakaniphile, ukonga izinsiza, kanye nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokuphila kwezakhamuzi zalo.
I-5G namadolobha ahlakaniphile: izinselele, amathuba kanye nezibonelo ezingokoqobo
Amadolobha ahlakaniphile ayizindawo zasemadolobheni lapho ubuchwepheshe bedijithali buhlanganiswa khona ukuze kuphathwe kahle izinsiza kanye nezinsizakalo zomphakathi . Izinzwa ezilawula izibani zomgwaqo, izitsha ezixwayisayo uma zigcwele, izibani zomgwaqo ezibona ubukhona, kanye nezinhlelo eziqapha ithrafikhi kanye nekhwalithi yomoya ziyizibonelo ezivamile.
I-5G iyisihluthulelo sokuxhuma izigidi zamadivayisi e-IoT ngekhilomitha lesikwele ngesikhathi esisodwa, inikeza isivinini esifinyelela ku-1 Gbps kanye nokubambezeleka okucishe kube yi-1 ms. Lokhu kusabela okusheshayo kanye nekhono elikhulu lokuphatha uxhumano yilokho okwenza ingqalasizinda yedijithali eqinile nengakhula ikwazi ukusebenza emadolobheni ahlakaniphile.
Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwe-5G edolobheni kuletha izinselelo ezinkulu: kudinga ukuminyana okukhulu kweziteshi namadivayisi, okusho ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kanye nokuhlela ukumbozwa ngokucophelela . Ukuqinisekisa ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezinzwa namapulatifomu avela kubakhiqizi abahlukene kanye nokubhekana nezingozi zokuphepha kwe-cyber kanye nobumfihlo nakho kubalulekile.
Phakathi kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezinamandla kakhulu kukhona ezokuthutha ezizimele nezixhumene, ukukhanyisa emgwaqweni okuguquguqukayo, ukubhekwa kwevidiyo ngokuhlaziywa kwesithombe ngesikhathi sangempela, ukuphathwa kwemfucuza okuhlakaniphile, kanye nezinhlelo zezokwelapha nge-telemedicine zasemadolobheni ezinama-ambulensi axhunyiwe . Zonke lezi zixazululo zincike kunethiwekhi ethembekile, ephephile, nebambezelekile.
Nakuba ukuxhumana okuhle kuyisimo esidingekayo, akwenzi idolobha libe "elihlakaniphile" ngokwalo. Umehluko usekusetshenzisweni okusebenzayo nokuhlelekile kwedatha ekhiqizwe ukuze kwenziwe ngcono ukusebenza kwedolobha nokwenza izinqumo ezisekelwe ebufakazini - into i-5G eyenza kube lula ngokuphindaphinda imithombo yolwazi lwesikhathi sangempela.
Amakhono obuchwepheshe e-5G uma kuqhathaniswa ne-4G kanye ne-3G
Ubuchwepheshe beselula besizukulwane sesihlanu bubonakala ngokunikeza ukuxhumana okusheshayo okufika ku-100 kune-4G ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele, ukubambezeleka kwe-millisecond ephansi kakhulu, kanye ne-bandwidth enkulu kakhulu. Iphinde ivumele ukuphathwa kahle kwamadivayisi axhunywe ngasikhathi sinye.
Amanethiwekhi e-3G amele ukushelela ekuphequluleni kweselula, okuvumela isivinini esifinyelela ku-Mbps ezimbalwa, kuyilapho i-4G/LTE inyuse leso sibalo saya kumashumi e-Mbps, okuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwevidiyo enencazelo ephezulu kanye nokuqukethwe okukhulu kokusakaza. I-5G iya phambili ngesivinini esilinganiselwe esifinyelela ku-10 Gbps kanye nokubambezeleka okuncishiswe kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezizukulwane ezedlule.
Ngokombono wobuchwepheshe, i-5G yethula ubuchwepheshe obufana ne-OFDM, i-Massive MIMO, amagagasi e-millimeter, amaseli amancane, ukwenza imisebe, kanye nokusikwa kwenethiwekhi. Konke lokhu kuvumela ukusetshenziswa okungcono kwe-spectrum etholakalayo , ukwanda komthamo wenethiwekhi, kanye nokuguqulwa okuguquguqukayo kwezinsizakusebenza kusevisi noma umkhakha ngamunye.
Ngokombono womsebenzisi, enye yezinzuzo ezibonakala kakhulu izoba ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla edivayisi, kwandise impilo yebhethri ngenxa yezinqubo ezisebenzayo kanye nesignali yomsakazo eyenziwe ngcono. Ezingeni lenethiwekhi, kulinganiselwa ukuthi i-5G inganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngeyunithi ngayinye yethrafikhi ngamaphesenti afinyelela ku-90.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthuka kwe-5G SA kuzovumela ukuqedwa kancane kancane kokuncika okuthile kwe-4G, okuhlinzeka ngama-core enethiwekhi ye-5G aphelele alungele ukuhlanganisa ngokugcwele imisebenzi yokubala esezingeni eliphezulu kanye nezinsizakalo ezibalulekile zesikhathi sangempela.
Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezithuthukisiwe: Imboni 4.0, i-telemedicine, ukusakaza, kanye nokusebenza ngocingo
Emkhakheni webhizinisi, i-5G iyavela njengobuchwepheshe obuqondiswe kakhulu ezimakethe eziqondile kunabasebenzisi ngabanye. Imboni yokukhiqiza izokwazi ukusakaza izimboni ezihlakaniphile lapho amarobhothi, imishini, kanye nezinhlelo zezokuthutha zixhunywe khona ngesikhathi sangempela, ngama-algorithms e-AI okunikeza idatha ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhiqizwa.
Ukuhamba okuzenzakalelayo kanye nezimoto ezixhunyiwe kuncike ngqo ekuxhumaneni okuphansi kwe-latency kanye nokuxhumana okungenamthungo phakathi kwemoto nemoto kanye nokuxhumana phakathi kwengqalasizinda nemoto. Imigwaqo ehlonyiswe ngezinzwa nama-transmitter axhumana ngokushesha nezimoto izokwenza amazinga amasha okuphepha nokusebenza kahle , kuncishiswe izingozi kanye nokuminyana kwezimoto.
Kwezokunakekelwa kwempilo, i-telemedicine izozuza ngevidiyo esezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu, ukwabelana ngezithombe zokuxilonga okuthuthukisiwe, kanye nokusetshenziswa kabanzi kwezinto ezigqokwayo zezokwelapha. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, inhlanganisela yamarobhothi, i-5G, kanye ne-AI yenza kube nokwenzeka ukuhlinzwa okukude , ochwepheshe abasebenza amakhulu amakhilomitha kude besebenzisa amarobhothi okuhlinzwa axhunywe ngesikhathi sangempela.
Ezweni lokuzijabulisa nokuqukethwe, i-5G izokwenza kube lula okuhlangenwe nakho okungokoqobo nokungathandwa kwabaningi, ukusakazwa bukhoma okujulile, kanye nezinsizakalo zokusakaza ezizinzile , ngisho nasezixukwini ezinkulu. Izophinde ithuthukise kakhulu ikhwalithi yomsebenzi okude, ngemihlangano yevidiyo enesinqumo esiphezulu kanye nokufinyelela okungenamthungo ezinsizeni zamafu.
Okokugcina, ukubalwa kwe-edge, okuxhumene kakhulu ne-5G, kuzokwenza kube nokwenzeka ukucubungula idatha eduze kakhulu nalapho ikhiqizwa khona, kuncishiswe kakhulu ukubambezeleka futhi kuvumele izimo zokusetshenziswa lapho impendulo yesikhathi sangempela ibaluleke kakhulu, njengasekuzenzekeleni kwezimboni, emadolobheni ahlakaniphile, noma ezinsizeni eziphuthumayo.
Ukuthunyelwa kwe-5G eSpain kanye nobuholi bamazwe ngamazwe
ESpain, uhlelo lwe-5G lwaqala ngo-2017 ngokubonisana nomphakathi kanye nokuhlela, lwaqhubeka ngo-2018 ngokudayiswa kwebhendi ye-3,6–3,8 GHz , kanye nango-2019–2020 ngamaphrojekthi okuhlola kanye nezivivinyo zokuqala zezentengiselwano. Ukuqaliswa kwangempela kwezentengiselwano kwaqala ngo-2020–2021, ekuqaleni ngemodi ye-5G NSA esekelwa yingqalasizinda ekhona ye-4G.
Ukuthengiswa kwebhendi ye-700 MHz kwabambezeleka ngenxa yobhubhane, olwathinta ukutholakala kwe-5G kumaza aphansi, okulungele ukumboza izindawo ezinkulu nokuthuthukisa ukungena ngaphakathi. Noma kunjalo, abaqhubi abakhulu bebelokhu bandisa ukumbozwa, ngokushintshela kancane kancane ku-5G SA kusukela ngo-2023, ngokusekelwe kuma-fiber optics azinikele kanye nenethiwekhi eyinhloko ye-5G.
Emhlabeni jikelele, i-5G isetshenziswa ngesivinini esingakaze sibonwe, kanti iNingizimu Korea, i-United States, i-China, iSwitzerland, kanye namazwe aseNordic ahamba phambili. Kodwa-ke, iSpain yenza umzamo omkhulu ngenxa yezinhlelo ze-ÚNICO kanye nokuzibophezela kwayo kumanethiwekhi aphakathi nendawo , okuyibeka endaweni eqinile yokuqhathanisa eYurophu.
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ngo-2025, cishe u-75% wabantu baseSpain bazobe sebene-5G SA, kanti kuzoqala ukuqaliswa komasipala abanabantu abangaphezu kuka-20.000 kanye nokwandiswa okulandelayo emadolobheni amancane. Imibiko yesilinganiso ikhombisa ukuthi ukusebenza kwamanethiwekhi e-5G aseSpain kuphakeme kunokwamazwe afana neJalimane noma i-United Kingdom.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuthuthukiswa kwamanethiwekhi azimele e-5G ezimboni kuyahlanganiswa , lapho izinkampani nezinhlangano zingaba nengqalasizinda yazo yeselula ezinikele, ehlanganiswe ne-edge computing kanye nezinsizakalo zamafu zamacala okusetshenziswa abaluleke kakhulu.
Umjaho womhlaba wonke wengqalasizinda yedijithali kanye ne-AI
Emhlabeni wonke, ingqalasizinda yedijithali kanye ne-5G akuseyona nje inkinga yezobuchwepheshe, kodwa kuyindaba yobukhosi namandla ezomnotho . Imizamo efana ne-Stargate e-United States, enezinhlelo zokutshalwa kwezimali ezifika ku-$500.000 billion kwingqalasizinda ye-AI, ikhombisa ubukhulu bomncintiswano oqhubekayo.
IYurophu isabela ngezindlela ezifana ne-InvestAI kanye ne-EuroHPC Joint Undertaking, ezihlose ukwakha amafektri amakhulu e-AI, ama-supercomputer amasha, kanye nenethiwekhi yezikhungo zedatha ezisebenza kahle kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, izibalo zaseYurophu zisasele ngemuva kokutshalwa kwezimali e-United States noma e-China, futhi yiphesenti elincane kuphela lezinkampani zaseYurophu ezizibona zikulungele ngokugcwele ukwamukela i-AI ngezinga elikhulu.
Kulesi simo, ingqalasizinda efana ne-fiber optics, i-5G, ifu, kanye namaphuzu okuxhumana angathathi hlangothi aba yimpahla yamasu. Izinkampani ezifana neDeutsche Telekom ziphakamisa ukuhlanganiswa kwe-fiber, i-5G, kanye nefu njengenjini yokusungula izinto ezintsha emikhakheni efana nokukhiqiza, ezokuthutha, ezokuthengisa, kanye nokunakekelwa kwempilo, okuqinisa umqondo wobukhosi bedijithali njengenzuzo yokuncintisana.
Isizukulwane esilandelayo sengqalasizinda kumele futhi sisebenzise amandla ngendlela eyongayo, sisebenzisa ukulinganisela umthwalo okuqhutshwa yi-AI, izinhlelo zokupholisa ezithuthukisiwe, kanye nezikhungo zedatha ezisatshalaliswayo ezixhumene. Inselele iwukuvumelanisa izidingo zokubala ezikhulayo ze-AI nemigomo yokungathathi hlangothi kwesimo sezulu, into ezobumba impikiswano yeshumi leminyaka elizayo.
Ngakho-ke, ukuzibophezela kumanethiwekhi e-5G avikelekile, aqinile, futhi azinzile ngeke kunqume kuphela ukuncintisana kwezomnotho kwesifunda ngasinye, kodwa futhi nekhono laso lokugcina izindinganiso zaso kanye nokuzimela emncintiswaneni womhlaba wonke wobuholi bedijithali.
