How to choose the best external hard drive for your needs

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If you handle a lot of photos, videos, work projects, or simply want to avoid running out of space on your computer, sooner or later you're going to need a good external hard drive . They're the perfect accessory for storing backups, expanding your laptop's storage, or easily carrying your game library and documents with you.

Although they may all seem the same, choosing an external hard drive "by feel" is often costly : it might lack capacity, be incredibly slow, or you might discover too late that it's incompatible with your console or Mac. In this comprehensive guide, you'll see, point by point, what to look for to choose the ideal model for your intended use: personal, professional, gaming, or simply as a long-term backup.

Internal hard drive, external hard drive… and why you might want an external one

Inside your computer, you have an internal hard drive that houses the operating system, programs, and files; it's the drive that makes everything boot up. In contrast, an external hard drive is a separate device that connects via USB, USB-C, Thunderbolt, or other ports and can be used with multiple computers without opening any of them.

This difference is key: internal hard drives are designed to work "always in place ," while external hard drives are designed to transport data, create backups, and expand storage capacity without affecting the PC's internal components . Furthermore, many external models are already compatible with consoles, televisions, routers, or NAS servers, making them much more versatile. If you'd like to delve deeper into the differences between internal and external hard drives, you'll find more helpful details.

Therefore, if you want to protect your important data from failures, viruses, or human error , the sensible thing to do is to make a copy to an external drive that is not always connected or exposed to the same risks as your main computer.

Storage capacity: how many gigabytes (or terabytes) do you need

The first major decision is the size of the hard drive. Storing just documents is not the same as archiving 4K videos or massive game libraries. Capacity is measured in GB (gigabytes) and TB (terabytes) , and the jump from one category to the other significantly changes the price.

For reference, 1 TB is equivalent to a few hundred thousand documents, tens of thousands of photos, and several thousand songs , plus a good number of high-quality videos. But as soon as you start editing video, processing RAW photos, or playing modern games, that terabyte disappears faster than you'd think.

Suitable for personal and domestic use

If you just want to store documents, photos from your phone, some music, and a few home videos , there's no need to go overboard. An external hard drive between 500 GB and 1 TB is usually more than enough for most users who simply want to free up space on their laptop or have a secondary backup of their files. If you're unsure, learn how to identify which files are taking up space.

In this scenario, it's well worth investing in an affordable 1TB HDD or even a smaller but faster SSD if speed is your priority. You'll have peace of mind knowing that your memories and important documents aren't tied to a single computer.

Capacity for professional and intensive use

When we talk about professional video, RAW photography, graphic design, 3D, databases, or backups across multiple machines , we need to take things to the next level. For demanding freelancers and small businesses, starting at 2 TB and going between 4 TB and 8 TB is usually reasonable . If you work with 4 TB, you might be interested in learning how to properly configure a 4 TB drive in your system.

In larger or more critical environments (audiovisual studios, offices that handle a lot of documentation, backup servers) it is not uncommon to see external hard drives of 8 TB, 12 TB or even more , especially in desktop models designed to be always connected or integrated into RAID or NAS systems.

Physical size: 2,5″ vs. 3,5″ and true portability

In addition to capacity, you'll need to decide on the physical format. The vast majority of external hard drives come in two sizes: 2,5 inches and 3,5 inches , and the difference is much more than just a few centimeters.

2,5-inch external hard drives: compact and USB powered

2,5" hard drives are the typical portable hard drives. They are small, lightweight, and powered directly from the USB or USB-C port , without needing an additional power adapter. They are perfect for slipping into a backpack and connecting to any compatible laptop, game console, or television.

In the HDD range, it's common to find 2,5" drives with capacities between 500 GB and 2 TB at a good price, although models up to 4 TB are now available. For external SSDs of this size, the typical capacity ranges from 500 GB to 4 TB, with the advantage of being even lighter and more shock-resistant.

3,5-inch external hard drives: desktop, high capacity

3,5" hard drives are a different story: they're designed to be installed in a fixed location (desktop, living room cabinet, rack) and almost always require their own power supply via an AC adapter. In return, they offer greater capacity and a better price-per-TB ratio.

In this format, it's easy to find drives ranging from 2 TB to 16 TB and more . They are the ideal option for large backups, multimedia libraries, or long-term storage where portability isn't a priority but having a lot of cheap storage space is.

HDD, SSD and RAID: choosing storage technology

Once you have a general idea of ​​the capacity and physical size, the big dilemma arises: HDD or SSD? And where does a RAID system or a NAS fit into all of this? This is where speed, reliability, price, and intended use come into play.

HDD (mechanical hard drive): lots of space for little money

The traditional hard disk drive (HDD) is a mechanical system with rotating platters and read/write heads. Its main advantage is that it offers many terabytes of storage at a very affordable price , which is why it remains the first choice for large backups and mass storage.

In terms of performance, a typical HDD spins at 5400 or 7200 RPM , which translates to speeds of around 80-120 MB/s for 5400 RPM models and up to 150-200 MB/s for 7200 RPM models . This is sufficient for documents, photos, and HD video, but it falls short compared to SSDs when it comes to heavy workloads or real-time editing.

The downside is that, having moving parts, they are more susceptible to shocks, vibrations, and wear and tear . With careful use, they can last for years, but it's best not to mistreat them if you want your copies to remain intact.

SSD (solid state drive): speed, silence and durability

SSDs store data in flash memory, without platters or read/write heads. This means they have no moving parts, they don't vibrate, they make almost no noise, and they are more resistant to drops . On top of that, they are much faster, especially the newer models.

External SSDs typically offer read and write speeds of 500-1000 MB/s in entry-level models and over 1000 MB/s in high-end models , sometimes reaching 2000-3000 MB/s when the interface (especially Thunderbolt or USB 3.2 Gen 2x2) allows it. To choose reliable models, consult our guide to fast and reliable compact SSDs.

They're perfect for video editing, demanding projects, virtual machines, and intensive gaming , where every second of loading time counts. The downside is that they're still more expensive per gigabyte than HDDs , so if you need a lot of terabytes, the budget skyrockets.

RAID systems and network-attached storage (NAS)

If you need something more advanced, RAID systems (with multiple disks) and NAS (network-attached storage) servers come into play . Instead of a single disk, they use two or more drives to:

• Increase redundancy (If a disk fails, you don't lose the data).
• Improve performance by distributing the load among several disks.
• Share storage over a network between multiple devices.

A NAS with RAID is ideal for businesses, studios, photographers, or anyone who wants robust backups accessible from different devices and even remotely . However, the cost and setup complexity are higher than those of a simple external USB drive.

Types of external hard drives according to their use and format

Beyond the internal technology, you'll find several "families" of external hard drives on the market, each designed for a specific type of user and context. It's worth understanding their differences to avoid paying for features you won't use.

Desktop or desktop disks

These are the large 3,5″ drives that plug into a wall outlet. They typically offer high capacity and a very competitive price per TB , making them ideal for placing next to your home or office PC and leaving them switched on or plugged in whenever you need to perform a backup.

Their weak point is portability: they are not designed to be carried in a backpack , they weigh more and depend on their own power source.

External multimedia hard drives

In addition to storing data, multimedia discs are designed to directly play photos, music, and videos on a TV or stereo system, often with a remote control and HDMI or similar connection.

They were very popular before the rise of mass streaming, and they still make sense if you want to keep your media library local and not rely on online platforms . They're usually priced in the mid-range, and the key feature here is compatibility with video and audio formats.

Standard portable hard drives

Under this label, you'll find the vast majority of 2,5" HDDs and SSDs powered by USB . They're ideal for transferring files, making quick backups, or expanding the storage of a laptop or game console without any hassle.

Here the variety is enormous: from very simple and cheap models to "rugged" ranges with reinforced casings, water resistance and hardware encryption for sensitive information.

Network-attached drives (network storage)

Some drives include Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, or even Wi-Fi connectivity to function as shared storage for multiple computers and home devices. Some are full-fledged NAS systems, while others are simpler enclosures for one or two drives.

They're very practical if you want all the computers and mobile devices on your local network to have access to the same copies, documents, or multimedia libraries . The cost is slightly higher than a regular USB drive, but you gain in convenience and flexibility.

Connectivity: USB, USB‑C, Thunderbolt, eSATA, FireWire…

A very fast hard drive is of little use if the connection interface creates a bottleneck . Therefore, in addition to the type of drive, it's vital to know which ports your computer (and your console, if you plan to use it) has and which version they support.

USB 2.0, 3.0, 3.1 and USB-C

USB is still king. You'll find it in three main flavors:

• USB 2.0: very old. Theoretically up to 480 Mbps (~60 MB/s). Sufficient only for slow HDDs and basic useThese days it's best to avoid it if you can.
• USB 3.0 / 3.1 Gen 1Up to 5 Gbps. Allows you to take advantage of fast HDDs and many mid-range external SSDs. That's the minimum recommended right now..
• USB 3.1 Gen 2, USB 3.2…: up to 10 Gbps or more depending on the standard. Perfect for fast SSDsIt greatly reduces copying times for large files.

The USB-C connector is just the physical form: a USB-C port can carry USB 3.x, Thunderbolt, or both . So don't just focus on the shape of the connector; also check the version and speeds that your device's port supports.

Thunderbolt 3 and 4

Thunderbolt is an Intel technology (widely used in Macs and high-end laptops) that reaches speeds of up to 40 Gbps and easily allows for real-world speeds close to 1 GB/s sustained. It's the preferred choice for:

• 4K/8K video editing from external drive.
• I work professionally on large multimedia projects..
• Configurations with multiple monitors and peripherals in a chain.

Thunderbolt drives tend to be more expensive and more niche , but if your workflow justifies it, the jump in speed is very noticeable.

eSATA and FireWire

Today they are being phased out, but you can still find them in older equipment or in specific professional environments. eSATA offers speeds comparable to an internal SATA (up to 6 Gbps) , while FireWire was once popular for professional video, especially in the Apple ecosystem.

If you're reusing hardware with these ports, they may still be valid for fast transfers , but for new equipment it makes more sense to focus on USB-C and Thunderbolt.

File compatibility and format (Windows, macOS, consoles…)

It's not enough to just plug it in and go: the disk comes formatted with a specific file system , and that determines whether you can read and write to it smoothly on your PC, Mac, console, or TV.

The most common formats are:

• NTFSNative to Windows. It allows very large files, is robust, and supports advanced permissions. On macOS, by default, It can only be read (not written) without extra software.
• HFS+ / APFSmacOS formats. Perfect for the Apple environment, but Windows doesn't understand them by default. without specific programs.
• FAT32: ultra compatible (read by almost all devices), but It does not support files larger than 4 GB and it's not the most robust for large volumes.
• exFAT: the most versatile today if you're going to switch between Windows, macOS, consoles, and modern TVs. It supports large files and has good cross-compatibility..

If you buy the drive "for Mac," it will probably be formatted as HFS+ or APFS; if it's "for Windows," it will almost certainly be NTFS. You can always reformat it from your system to change the format , but be aware: this will erase everything on it, so it's best to do this as soon as you buy it or after backing up your data.

External hard drives for gaming and consoles

If your idea is to expand the storage of a console (PlayStation, Xbox, Switch in certain cases) or a gaming PC , there are some important nuances.

For modern consoles and demanding games, the following are of particular interest:

• Capacity of at least 1 TB If you're an average gamer, and 2 TB or more if you like having many titles installed.
• Sufficient speed so that loading times are not endlessHere, an external USB 3.1/3.2 SSD makes all the difference compared to an HDD.
• Good compatibility with the console systemSome require you to format the disk in their own format, others use it only for storage and not for execution, etc.

In PC gaming, a fast external SSD is also a huge help if you don't want to open your laptop or case to install an internal one . You can move less demanding games to the external HDD and leave the heavier or more competitive ones on the internal or fast external SSD; plus, you can reuse it as an external drive if you upgrade your system.

Security and data protection: shocks, water, encryption…

Besides storing many gigabytes, it's important that the hard drive withstands daily use and protects your data if it's lost or stolen . Fortunately, many models include security features and physical reinforcements.

Resistance to shocks and falls

If you're going to carry the hard drive in your backpack, make sure it has a robust enclosure, preferably a rugged type with rubber or reinforcements . For HDDs, this helps absorb impacts and reduces the risk of damage to the platters. Even though SSDs are inherently more durable, a good enclosure is still a good idea.

Protection against water, dust and extreme temperatures

Some hard drives are certified with an IP (Ingress Protection) rating against dust and splashes. The higher the rating, the more protected the device will be if it gets wet or covered in fine dust. It's not mandatory, but it's a welcome feature in outdoor or harsh environments.

It's also advisable to avoid very high or very low temperatures . Extreme heat accelerates wear and can cause overheating; intense cold is especially harmful to mechanical hard drives. Always store hard drives in cool, dry places, free from sudden temperature changes.

Encryption and access via password or fingerprint

If the disk is going to contain sensitive information (customer data, internal documentation, confidential projects…) , consider models with hardware encryption and software protection using a password or even a fingerprint.

This way, even if someone physically takes the disk, they won't be able to read the contents without the key or the appropriate authentication method . It's an extra layer of security that in many cases is required by law or simply common sense.

Automatic backups

Some manufacturers include automatic backup software that lets you schedule backups at regular intervals or as soon as the drive is connected. This is very useful if you want to avoid the manual process and ensure you always have a recent version of your data . If you've already lost data, see how to recover files from a damaged or formatted hard drive.

If your model doesn't come with its own backup tools , you can always use Windows, macOS, or third-party software to automate the process and not rely solely on memory.

Good maintenance and usage practices

Having a good external hard drive is only half the battle: if you mistreat it, it will eventually fail prematurely . With a few basic habits, you can significantly extend its lifespan, especially in the case of HDDs.

• Do not move or hit the disk while it is workingEspecially if it's an HDD. The read/write heads are delicate, and a shock during a read/write operation can be fatal.
• Always use it in a stable position and, if possible, face up, without taut cables or unstable supports.
• Avoid leaving it plugged in unnecessarily If it's a hard drive you only use for regular backups, you'll reduce spinning time and heat.
• Always disconnect it using “Safely Remove Hardware” or “Eject” before unplugging the cable. This reduces the likelihood of data corruption.
• Don't coil the cables excessively.Over time they may suffer internal damage.

In the case of HDDs, in some systems it still makes sense to defragment periodically to improve performance , provided the drive is used intensively. With SSDs, it's not advisable, as it doesn't improve performance and adds unnecessary write cycles that shorten their lifespan.

It's also a good idea to keep your drive's firmware updated and periodically check its "health" using tools like CrystalDiskInfo or the manufacturer's utilities; learn how to read the health of a hard drive or SSD . If you detect bad sectors or other concerning warnings, back up your data to another drive as soon as possible.

Where to store your backups: HDD, SSD, USB or NAS?

For external backups, you have several options, each with its pros and cons. It's common to combine several, but it's helpful to know what to expect from each type.

In summary, its main features:

• External HDDs: high capacity and low price. Perfect for large copies and mass storage, somewhat more fragile than the rest.
• External SSD: more expensive but very fast, quiet and durable. Ideal if you make frequent backups or work directly from the drive.
• USB flash drives / memory sticks: very portable and cheap in small capacities. A good complement for specific documents and files, less recommended as the sole long-term backup.
• NAS servers: more complex and expensive, but they allow centralized backups, accessible via network and with RAID redundancyThey are the most complete solution for advanced homes and businesses.

The sensible thing to do is not to put all your eggs in one basket : combine, for example, an external HDD for regular full backups, an SSD for daily work with heavy projects, and, if your budget allows, a NAS or the cloud for an additional backup off your main computer; here's a cloud vs. external hard drive comparison to help you decide.

How to choose your ideal external hard drive, step by step

With all the theory on the table, it might seem confusing, but in reality, you just need to answer a few very specific questions to find the perfect type of hard drive for you :

• What do I mainly want it for? Mass backups, moving files from one place to another, video editing, console upgrades, etc.
• How much space do I need today and how much will I need in a couple of years? It's better to go a little overboard than to fall short the following month.
• Will I be moving it around a lot or will it stay put? If it travels with you, the 2,5″ size and robustness are paramount; if it stays on the desk, you can go for a 3,5″ with more capacity.
• What ports does my computer have and what speeds are available? There's no point in buying a Thunderbolt SSD if your PC only has USB 2.0.
• Do I need encryption, water resistance, multimedia features, or network access? These features increase the price, so it's only worth it if you're really going to use them.

Once you have those answers, the ideal approach is to compare several models from reputable manufacturers, read genuine user reviews, and pay attention to the warranty . Brands with years of experience in the industry (Western Digital, Seagate, Samsung, SanDisk, Crucial, etc.) typically offer robust products and, equally important, good support in case of problems.

Finally, when you first use it, take five minutes to format it with your preferred file system (NTFS, exFAT, APFS, etc.) , create a clear folder structure, and configure your backup software. Once that's done, the rest is simply a matter of connecting, copying, and sleeping soundly knowing your data isn't tied to a single device.

Knowing what type of files you handle, how much they are worth to you, and how you like to work will allow you to choose the external hard drive that truly fits your needs, your budget, and your way of using technology on a daily basis , without any surprises or unpleasant surprises in the medium term.