Ukucushwa kwe-router okuphephile: umhlahlandlela ophelele nosebenzayo

Informatec Digital » Izinsiza » Ukucushwa kwe-router okuphephile: umhlahlandlela ophelele nosebenzayo

Uma uke wacabanga ukuthi i-Wi-Fi yakho yasekhaya "ilungile ngoba iyasebenza" kodwa ungakaze uzikhathaze ngokuhlola izilungiselelo ze-router yakho, unengozi yokuphepha phakathi kwegumbi lakho lokuphumula . I-router yakho iyisango le-inthanethi lawo wonke amadivayisi akho: amakhompyutha, amafoni, ama-TV ahlakaniphile, amakhamera e-IP, izipikha ezihlakaniphile... uma lelo sango lingavaliwe kahle, noma ubani angangena.

Ngaphandle komakhelwane oxhuma ngasese kunethiwekhi yakho, i-router engalungiselelwe kahle ingavumela ukuxhumana kwakho ukuthi kubanjwe, idatha yomuntu siqu yebiwe, noma uxhumano lwakho lusetshenziselwe ukwenza ubugebengu . Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi awudingi ukuba umphathi wesistimu ukuze uvikeleke kakhulu: ngokulungiswa okucatshangelwe kahle, ungaqinisa kakhulu inethiwekhi yakho yasekhaya noma yehhovisi elincane.

Kungani ukuvikela izilungiselelo ze-router yakho kubaluleke kangaka?

I-router isebenza njengomlindi wesango phakathi kwenethiwekhi yakho yangasese nomhlaba wangaphandle: inquma ukuthi yini engenayo, yini ephumayo, nokuthi ubani oxhumayo . Njengoba nje ubungeke ushiye umnyango wakho wangaphambili uvuliwe, akunangqondo ukushiya i-router yakho nazo zonke izilungiselelo zayo "zefektri" ngaphandle kokuzihlola. Cishe wonke amadivayisi anemingcele ejwayelekile eyenzelwe ukuxhumana okusheshayo, hhayi ukuphepha okuphezulu.

Asikhulumi nje ngenethiwekhi ye-Wi-Fi. Izilungiselelo ze-firewall, ukubethela okungenantambo, i-DHCP, i-Network Address Translation (NAT) , ama-open port, nokunye okuningi nakho kuyabandakanyeka. Yonke isethingi engalungile ingenye igebe umhlaseli angalibona noma angene ngalo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-router amadivayisi ahlala evuliwe cishe amahora angama-24 ngosuku, izinsuku eziyisikhombisa ngesonto, iminyaka eminingi, ngaphandle kokuthintwa muntu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi, uma ungawabuyekezi, aqoqa ubuthakathaka obaziwayo izigebengu ze-inthanethi ezaziyo ukuthi zingabusebenzisa kanjani . Njengoba nje ubuyekeza ifoni noma i-PC yakho ephathekayo, i-router yakho nayo idinga ukulungiswa.

Okwenza izinto zibe zimbi kakhulu, i-router eyonakele ayithinti nje ukusebenza kwayo. Ingasetshenziswa njengengxenye ye-botnet, ihlasele i-DDoS , iguqule i-DNS ukuze ikuqondise kumawebhusayithi ebhange noma ezinkundleni zokuxhumana , noma ivumele ukuhlaselwa komuntu ophakathi nendawo ekuxhumaneni kwakho.

Ngamafuphi: ukuvikela i-router yakho ukuvikela inethiwekhi yakho, amadivayisi akho, futhi, ezimweni eziningi, ubuwena bakho bedijithali kanye nesikhwama sakho semali . Kuhle ukuzinika isikhathi sokwenza lokho.

Izingozi ze-router engalungiselelwe kahle

Uma izilungiselelo ze-router zishiywa kuzilungiselelo zazo zasefekthri noma ziphazamiseka ngokungahleliwe, izinkinga zidlula kakhulu uxhumano oluhamba kancane. Izingozi ezinkulu ze-cyber zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba eziningana ezibalulekile ukuzikhumbula.

Omunye wemiphumela eshesha kakhulu ukufinyelela okungagunyaziwe kunethiwekhi. Isigebengu esikwazi ukuxhuma ku-Wi-Fi yakho singasebenzisa i-bandwidth yakho, sigcwalise inethiwekhi, futhi sibangele ukungasebenzi noma ukwehla okukhulu kwesivinini . Lokhu, yize kucasula, cishe kuyinkinga encane kunazo zonke.

Ukwebiwa kolwazi olusakazwa kunethiwekhi kubi kakhulu. I-router engavikelekile kahle ingenza kube lula ngomuntu ukuthi abambe ithrafikhi, ahoge idatha, noma aqaphe amakhasi owavakashelayo kanye nezinsizakalo ozisebenzisayo, futhi aze antshontshe ngisho neziqinisekiso kanye nedatha ebucayi , ikakhulukazi uma ufinyelela amasayithi ngaphandle kokubethela okwanele noma usebenzisa amaphrothokholi angavikelekile.

Uma umhlaseli ekwazi ukulimaza i-router, angathatha ukulawula yonke inethiwekhi yendawo, athole ukufinyelela kumafayela abiwe, amakhamera, amamakrofoni, noma amadivayisi esitoreji axhunyiwe . Ukusuka lapho, angakwazi ukuhlola abasebenzisi, ahlukanise amadivayisi, akhiphe izithombe noma amadokhumenti, noma awavale nge-malware.

Esinye isimo esikhathazayo ukuntshontshwa kwe-DNS okudumile. Umhlaseli ushintsha amaseva e-DNS ahlelwe ku-router yakho ukuze uma uthayipha i-URL yebhange lakho eliku-inthanethi noma inethiwekhi yokuxhumana nabantu, esikhundleni sesayithi elisemthethweni, ugcine usethole ikhophi mbumbulu eyenzelwe ukweba igama lakho lomsebenzisi nephasiwedi . Emehlweni akho, "konke kubonakala kujwayelekile," kodwa empeleni, ukhuluma nesigebengu se-inthanethi.

Ungakhohlwa ingozi engokomthetho: uma othile esebenzisa uxhumano lwakho ukuthumela ugaxekile omkhulu, ukuqalisa ukuhlaselwa kokunqatshelwa kwenkonzo (i-DoS/DDoS), noma ukulanda okuqukethwe okungekho emthethweni, ikheli le-IP elizoqoshwa yileli le-router yakho . Uma ufakazela ukuthi bekungelona iqiniso ungaba yikhanda elibuhlungu ngempela.

Okokugcina, imikhankaso eminingi ye-malware ihlose ama-router asengozini ukuze iwaguqule abe ama-bot. Uma isithelelekile, ikhompyutha yakho ingonakalisa ukusebenza kwakho ngenkathi ihlanganyela ekuhlaselweni okuhleliwe , konke lokhu ngaphandle kokuthi uqaphele noma yini esobala ngaphandle kokuxhumeka okungahleliwe.

Ngaphambi kokuthinta noma yini: finyelela bese ulondoloza izilungiselelo

Ngaphambi kokuthi uqale ukushintsha izilungiselelo, kungcono ukwenza izinto ngendlela ehlelekile. Okokuqala, finyelela iphaneli yokulawula ye-router ngokuphephile futhi, uma kungenzeka, gcina ikhophi yokucushwa kwamanje uma kwenzeka udinga ukubuyela esimweni sangaphambilini.

Okungcono kakhulu, uma useduze ne-router, xhuma ikhompyutha yakho usebenzisa ikhebula le-Ethernet. Ukuxhumeka okunezintambo kugwema ukuphazamiseka futhi kunciphisa ingozi yokuxhuma ngephutha kunethiwekhi ye-Wi-Fi yomphakathi noma yomunye umuntu ngenkathi ulungisa izilungiselelo ezibucayi. Uma ungenayo enye indlela ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-Wi-Fi, qiniseka ukuthi usenethiwekhi yakho.

Ezimweni eziningi, ungafinyelela i-router yakho ngokuthayipha ikheli elifana ne -192.168.1.1 noma i-192.168.0.1 kusiphequluli sakho sewebhu . Lolu lwazi luvame ukutholakala kusitika phansi noma ngemuva kwedivayisi, kanye negama lomsebenzisi nephasiwedi yomlawuli ezenzakalelayo.

Uma ungenaso isitikha noma incwadi yemiyalelo, ungasesha ku-inthanethi imodeli eqondile ye-router yakho (evame ukunikezwa umhlinzeki wakho wesevisi ye-inthanethi: i-Movistar, i-Orange, i-Vodafone, i-Jazztel, njll.) bese ubheka umhlahlandlela osemthethweni . Kumamodeli amaningi amadala, iziqinisekiso ezizenzakalelayo ziyinhlanganisela efana ne-admin/admin, i-admin/1234, noma efanayo, okusobala ukuthi idinga ukushintshwa ngokushesha okukhulu.

Uma usuvele usephaneli yokuphatha, thola inketho yokuthumela noma ukulondoloza ukucushwa kwamanje . Akuwona wonke ama-router avumela lokhu, kodwa uma eyakho ivumela lokhu, yisebenzise. Ngale ndlela, ungabuyisela isimo sangaphambilini uma ukuhlolwa kungahambi kahle noma uma ushintsha okuthile okukushiya ungenalo uxhumano.

Ukuvuselela i-firmware: isinyathelo sokuqala sokuvala izimbobo

Abakhiqizi kanye nabahlinzeki bezinsizakalo ze-inthanethi bavame ukukhipha izinguqulo ezintsha ze-firmware ukuze bangeze izici, bathuthukise ukusebenza, futhi balungise ubuthakathaka obungasetshenziswa abahlaseli . Uma ubulokhu usebenzisa i-router efanayo iminyaka eminingi futhi ungakaze uyibuyekeze, kungenzeka ukuthi usengozini yeziphazamiso ezibhalwe phansi.

Kuye ngemodeli, inqubo yokubuyekeza ingaba ngokuzenzakalelayo noma ngesandla. Ama-router amaningi anamuhla anenketho "yokuhlola izibuyekezo" ngaphakathi kwemenyu yokuphatha, noma ngisho nohlelo lokusebenza lweselula lokuhlola nokusebenzisa isibuyekezo . Kwabanye, kuzodingeka ulande ifayela kusuka kuwebhusayithi esemthethweni bese ulilayisha ngesandla ngephaneli yokulawula.

Kuma-router anikezwa yi-ISP, izibuyekezo zivame ukusunduzwa kude, ngokuvamile ekuseni kakhulu, okubonakalayo ngoba idivayisi iqala kabusha yodwa ngezikhathi ezithile . Noma kunjalo, kungumqondo omuhle ukufinyelela iphaneli yokulawula bese uhlola ukuthi iyiphi inguqulo ye-firmware oyifakile nokuthi iyahambisana yini nenguqulo yakamuva ebhalwe phansi yemodeli yakho.

Ngesikhathi wenza lokhu, qiniseka ukuthi amadivayisi akho (i-PC, iselula, ithebhulethi) nawo abuyekeziwe, njengoba izinkinga eziningi zokuhambisana kwe-WiFi noma zokuphepha zincishiswa ngokugcina kokubili i-router namadivayisi axhuma kuyo evuselelwe.

Ukuphepha kwe-WiFi: igama lenethiwekhi, ukubethela, kanye nephasiwedi

Indawo elandelayo enkulu ukuphepha kwenethiwekhi engenantambo. Lokhu kuhilela izinto ezintathu ezibalulekile: igama lenethiwekhi (i-SSID), indlela yokubethela, kanye nephasiwedi ye-Wi-Fi . Konke lokhu kunquma ukuthi kuzoba lula noma kunzima kangakanani ngomuntu wesithathu ukuzama ukungena kunethiwekhi.

Ukuqala ngegama lenethiwekhi, ukugwema ama-SSID azenzakalelayo kungumqondo omuhle. Ama-router amaningi afika nezihlonzi ezifana ne-MOVISTAR_XXXX, i-JAZZTEL_1234, i-Livebox-ABCD, njll. Lokhu kunikeza izinkomba mayelana nemodeli kanye nenkampani yenethiwekhi, okwenza kube lula ngomhlaseli ukuthola iziqinisekiso ezijwayelekile noma ukusebenzisa ubuthakathaka obuthile . Shintsha i-SSID ibe yinto engakubonisi noma engavezi uhlobo lomshini noma indawo yakho.

Ngokuphathelene nokubethela, kunconywa kulezi zinsuku ukusebenzisa i-WPA3-Personal noma nini lapho i-router yakho namadivayisi ekusekela . Kuyindlela yesimanje kakhulu futhi eqinile. Uma leyo nketho ingatholakali, lungiselela okungenani i-WPA2-Personal (AES). Gwema i-WEP, i-WPA endala, noma izindlela ezixubile njenge-WPA/WPA2 ene-TKIP ngazo zonke izindleko, njengoba zingavikelekile futhi, kwezinye izimo, zinganciphisa nokusebenza.

Iphasiwedi yakho ye-Wi-Fi kufanele ibe namandla futhi ihluke. Ungalokothi usebenzise igama lakho, igama lenja yakho, noma "iMadrid2024". Okungcono kakhulu, dala iphasiwedi ende ehlanganisa izinhlamvu ezinkulu nezincane, izinombolo, kanye nezimpawu , ngaphandle kokuxhumana okuqondile negama lenethiwekhi yakho noma ulwazi lomuntu siqu. Umphathi wephasiwedi angenza lo msebenzi ube lula kakhulu.

Uma umhlinzeki wakho ekunike i-router enephasiwedi engahleliwe ephrintiwe kusitika, lokho kuyamukeleka njengendawo yokuqala, kodwa kusanconywa ukuyishintsha ibe yileyo oyilawulayo futhi engenakuqagelwa kalula kusuka ku-SSID . Futhi uma ukhohlwa iphasiwedi, ungayisetha kabusha njalo i-router kuzilungiselelo zayo zasefekthri, wazi ukuthi kuzodingeka uhlele kabusha konke.

Ngokuphathelene nokufihla i-SSID yakho, kubalulekile ukuqonda into eyodwa: ayinikezi ukuphepha kwangempela . Amanethiwekhi "afihliwe" ayaqhubeka nokusakaza futhi angatholakala ngamathuluzi okuhlaziya e-Wi-Fi ayisisekelo, futhi aphoqa amadivayisi akho ukuthi asakaze igama lawo njalo, okungabeka ubumfihlo bakho engcupheni. Kungcono ukuyishiya ibonakale futhi ugxile ekubethelweni okuqinile kanye nephasiwedi eqinile.

Izilungiselelo zokuphepha ezinconywe abakhiqizi kanye ne-Apple

Abanye abakhiqizi, kanye ne-Apple ikakhulukazi ngenxa yesimiso sayo sezinto eziphilayo, bashicilela iziqondiso ezicacile mayelana nokuthi yiziphi izilungiselelo okufanele zisetshenziswe ukuze kugwenywe "inethiwekhi engaphephile" noma izixwayiso "zokuphepha okubuthakathaka". Ukusebenzisa lezi ziqondiso kuvame ukuthuthukisa kokubili ukuphepha kanye nokuqina koxhumano.

Ngokuphathelene nokuphepha okungenantambo, isincomo ukusebenzisa i-WPA3-Personal noma nini lapho kungenzeka, noma imodi ye -WPA2/WPA3 Transitional uma unenhlanganisela yemishini yesimanje neyakudala. Uma kungekho neyodwa etholakalayo, inketho encane eyamukelekayo yi-WPA2-Personal ene-AES encryption.

Ukusebenzisa amaphrothokholi amadala njenge-WPA kuphela, i-WEP (ngisho nezinhlobo "eziguquguqukayo" ezine-802.1X), noma yikuphi ukucushwa okuhlanganisa i-TKIP egameni le-cipher akukhuthazwa kakhulu . Lezi zinketho azigcini nje ngokuba sengozini, kodwa futhi zingabangela izinkinga zokusebenza kanye nezixwayiso eziqhubekayo kumadivayisi amasha.

Kunconywa futhi ukuthi wonke ama-band ku-router eyodwa (2,4 GHz, 5 GHz, kanye, uma kusebenza, 6 GHz) abelane nge-SSID efanayo kunethiwekhi yasekhaya evamile. Ukunikeza amagama ahlukene ku-band ngayinye kungabangela ukuthi amadivayisi ahluleke ukuxhuma kahle noma ukushintsha phakathi kwawo ngokungahleliwe , okuyinto eyinkinga kakhulu ngamadivayisi eselula.

Enye inkinga engabangela izixwayiso kuma-iPhone, ama-iPad, noma ama-Mac ukuvimba i-DNS ebethelwe . Uma i-router yakho noma umhlinzeki wesevisi ye-inthanethi engavumeli i-DNS nge-HTTPS noma i-DNS nge-TLS, ezinye izinhlelo zizobonisa izixwayiso. Kulezi zimo, ukubuyekeza i-firmware, ukubuyekeza izilungiselelo zokuphepha ezinconywayo, futhi, uma kudingeka, ukuxhumana nomhlinzeki wakho wesevisi ye-inthanethi noma ukushintshela kuseva ye-DNS yomphakathi yesimanje ngokuvamile kuyisisombululo.

Ngokuphathelene nezinsizakalo zesistimu, i-Apple igcizelela ukuthi izinsizakalo zendawo zivulwe kumanethiwekhi angenantambo kumadivayisi ayo, njengoba imithetho ezweni ngalinye ikhawulela iziteshi kanye namandla okudlulisa. Uma ukhubaza ngokuphelele izinsizakalo zendawo ezihlobene ne-Wi-Fi, ungase ube nezinkinga zokubona amanethiwekhi aseduze , ukusebenzisa i-AirDrop noma i-AirPlay, noma ukuxhuma ngokuthembekile ezindaweni zokufinyelela.

Ukuphathwa kwe-router: iphasiwedi yomlawuli, ukufinyelela okukude, kanye ne-WPS

Esinye sezilungiselelo ezibaluleke kakhulu, futhi abantu abaningi abasikhohlwayo, iphasiwedi yomlawuli we-router. Lena akuyona iphasiwedi ye-Wi-Fi, kodwa leyo esetshenziswa ukufinyelela iphaneli yokulawula. Ukuyishiya kumanani azenzakalelayo cishe kumema noma ubani ukuthi ayizame.

Ngokuvamile, uma ungena okokuqala, uzobona amagama abasebenzisi afana no-admin, 1234, noma angenalutho. Into yokuqala okufanele uyenze uma usungene ukuya esigabeni esithi "Administration," "Security," noma "Advanced Settings" bese ushintsha iphasiwedi yomlawuli ibe yinye eqinile, ehlukile . Uma i-router yakho ivumela, shintsha negama lomsebenzisi; ungalishiyi njengegama elivamile elithi "admin".

Okuhlobene kakhulu nalokhu ukufinyelela kude kwi-console. Amanye amamodeli akuvumela ukuthi uphathe i-router ungaphandle kwenethiwekhi yendawo, nge-inthanethi. Lokhu kulula uma uphatha ukufakwa okuningi noma udinga ukufinyelela kuyo usemsebenzini, kodwa ekhaya, ngokuvamile kuyingozi engadingekile.

Uma ungenaso isidingo esithile, khubaza ukuphathwa okude. Kuma-router amaningi, uma ufuna ukukuvimba ngokuphelele, ungasetha ikheli le-IP lokuphatha libe ngu-0.0.0.0 noma ku-255.255.255.255, noma umane ususe ukumaka ibhokisi elithi "ukuphathwa okude" kumenyu yokuphepha. Uma uvula izindawo zokufinyelela ezimbalwa kwi-inthanethi, kuba ngcono.

Enye inkinga ebucayi yi -Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS) . Lesi sici sasungulwa ukuze kube lula ukuxhuma amadivayisi amasha, kungaba ngokucindezela inkinobho ebonakalayo noma ukufaka i-PIN enezinombolo ezingu-8. Inkinga ukuthi le PIN ingahlaselwa kusetshenziswa amandla amakhulu, okunciphisa kakhulu ukuphepha kokubethela kwe-WPA2.

Noma nini lapho kungenzeka, finyelela imenyu ye-WPS ye-router yakho bese uyikhubaza. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi ukuxhuma idivayisi entsha kuzothatha isikhathi eside (kuzodingeka ufake iphasiwedi), kodwa ingozi ye-WPS esebenzayo ayidluli ukulula okucatshangelwayo . Uma udinga ukuxhuma ama-repeater noma ama-adapter e-powerline, udinga ukukwenza kanye kuphela.

I-Firewall, i-NAT, amachweba kanye ne-UPnP: ukulawula okungenayo nokuphumayo

Ngemuva kwengxenye "elula ukuyisebenzisa" ye-router kunesethi yemisebenzi yokuxhumana enquma ukuthi ixhumana kanjani ne-inthanethi. Okubaluleke kakhulu kwalokhu yi -firewall, i-Network Address Translation (NAT), ukuphathwa kwe-port, kanye nezinsizakalo ezifana ne-UPnP.

Cishe wonke ama-router esimanje aqukethe i-firewall eyakhelwe ngaphakathi ekwazi ukuhlunga ithrafikhi engenayo nephumayo ngokusekelwe emithethweni yokuphepha . Kunconywa ukuthi uyigcine ivuliwe, futhi uvule ama-port athile kuphela uma udinga ngempela imidlalo eku-inthanethi, amaseva asekhaya, amakhamera e-IP, noma ezinye izinsizakalo ezithile.

I-NAT umsebenzi ohumusha amakheli e-IP ayimfihlo kunethiwekhi yakho yangaphakathi aye ekhelini le-IP lomphakathi elinikezwe ngumhlinzeki wakho wesevisi ye-inthanethi. Ngokuvamile, i-router kuphela eyenza lokhu kuhumusha. Uma une-NAT evuliwe kumadivayisi angaphezu kweyodwa (isibonelo, kumodemu bese kuba ku-router eyengeziwe) , ungase ubhekane nenkinga evamile "ye-NAT ephindwe kabili"—ukuze ugweme lokhu, bheka ukuthi ungawaxhuma kanjani ama-router amabili ngendlela efanele.

Uma sikhuluma ngokuvula noma ukuvala ama-port, sibhekisela ekuchazeni ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zokuxhumeka okungenayo ozivumelayo kusuka ku-inthanethi kuya kunethiwekhi yakho. I-router yakho inama-port angama-65.536 e-theoretical; ngokuzenzakalelayo, amaningi avaliwe. Kufanele uvule ama-port adingekayo kuphela bese uwavala uma engasasetshenziswa , ngoba i-port evulekile, engasetshenziswa iyisimemo sabahlaseli sokuyisebenzisa kabi. Uma ungaqiniseki, landela umhlahlandlela wokuthi ungawavula kanjani ama-port ku-router yakho ngokuphephile.

I-UPnP (Universal Plug and Play) ingenye indlela elula eyingozi. Ivumela izinhlelo zokusebenza namadivayisi kunethiwekhi yakho yendawo ukuthi avule futhi avale ngokuzenzakalelayo ama-port ku-router yakho, ngaphandle kokuthi ulungiselele noma yini. Kuzwakala kukuhle, kodwa uma i-malware ifakwa ku-PC noma ku-console yakho, ingasebenzisa i-UPnP ukuthola ukufinyelela ku-inthanethi ngaphandle kokuthi uqaphele . Abantu abaningi bakhetha ukukhubaza i-UPnP futhi baphathe ngesandla ama-port abawadingayo.

Amanye ama-router anikeza ne-"DMZ host": empeleni, echaza ikheli le-IP langaphakathi elivezwe kakhulu (elingahlungiwe kangako) ezweni langaphandle. Lesi sici sinengqondo kuphela ezimweni ezithile kakhulu nezilawulwayo. Endaweni yasekhaya ejwayelekile, kuphephile kakhulu ukungasebenzisi i-DMZ nhlobo.

I-DHCP, i-DNS, nezinye izilungiselelo zenethiwekhi okufanele ziqashwe

Ngale kwesici se-wireless, kunezilungiselelo zenethiwekhi ezifanele ukubuyekezwa ukuze kugwenywe izingxabano futhi kuncishiswe indawo yokuhlasela. Eziyinhloko iseva ye-DHCP, ukucushwa kwe-DNS, kanye namapharamitha afana namamodi omsakazo kanye nobubanzi besiteshi.

Iseva ye-DHCP ye-router inesibopho sokwabela amakheli e-IP angaphakathi kudivayisi ngayinye exhunyiwe. Ngokuvamile, kuneseva ye-DHCP eyodwa kuphela kunethiwekhi. Uma uvula i-DHCP ngephutha kwenye idivayisi (isibonelo, i-router yesibili kwimodi engalungile) , ungase ubhekane nokungqubuzana kwe-IP, okuholela ekutheni amadivayisi angakwazi ukuphequlula i-inthanethi noma izinsiza zingatholakali.

Isikhathi sokuqasha se-DHCP sibonisa ukuthi ikheli le-IP ligcinelwe isikhathi esingakanani idivayisi ethile. Uma unamadivayisi amaningi axhumayo futhi anqamulayo, ungase ufune ukunciphisa lesi sikhathi ukuze amakheli aphinde asetshenziswe ngokushesha . Ekhaya elivamile, amanani azenzakalelayo ngokuvamile anele.

Ngokuphathelene ne-DNS, i-router yakho ivame ukusebenzisa amaseva omhlinzeki wakho we-inthanethi futhi iwasabalalise kumadivayisi akho. Ungashintsha izilungiselelo ze-DNS ku-router yakho uma ufuna ukusebenzisa amaseva e-DNS omphakathi asheshayo noma lawo asekela kangcono imibuzo ebethelwe. Kodwa-ke, qaphela: uma ulungiselela iseva ye-DNS engasekeli i-DNS ebethelwe futhi amadivayisi akho ethembele kulesi sici, ungathola izexwayiso zobumfihlo.

Ngokuphathelene nezindlela zomsakazo ze-Wi-Fi (802.11n, ac, ax, njll.) kanye nama-band (2,4 GHz, 5 GHz, 6 GHz), ngokuvamile kungumqondo omuhle ukugcina zonke izindlela ezihambisanayo zivuliwe , ukuze idivayisi ngayinye isebenzise entsha eyisekelayo. Kodwa-ke, kubhendi ye-2,4 GHz, kunconywa ukusetha ububanzi besiteshi ku-20 MHz ukuze kuncishiswe ukuphazamiseka kwe-Bluetooth namanye amanethiwekhi aseduze.

Kuma-band angu-5 GHz no-6 GHz, ungavumela ama-bandwidth aphezulu kanye nokukhetha iziteshi okuzenzakalelayo ukuze kusetshenziswe kangcono umthamo wedatha. Uma i-router yakho ingaphathi kahle ukukhetha iziteshi okuzenzakalelayo, ungahlola iziteshi ezahlukene ngesandla bese ukhetha leyo engenakuphazamiseka okukhulu kanye nokuqina okukhulu , ikakhulukazi uma uhlala esakhiweni esinamanethiwekhi amaningi aseduze.

Ukuhlunga kwe-MAC, ukuhlukaniswa kwamakhasimende, kanye nokufakwa ohlwini olumhlophe/oluvinjelwe

Ama-router amaningi afaka izici ezengeziwe zokulawula ukufinyelela, njengokuhlunga ikheli le-MAC, ukuhlukaniswa kwamakhasimende e-Wi-Fi, kanye nokufaka ohlwini olumhlophe/olumnyama. Nakuba lokhu kunokusetshenziswa kwako, kubalulekile ukuqonda imikhawulo yawo ukuze ugweme ukuthembela kakhulu kuwo.

Ikheli le-MAC liyisihlonzi esiyingqayizivele sekhadi lesixhumi esibonakalayo senethiwekhi yedivayisi ngayinye. Ukuhlunga kwe-MAC kukuvumela ukuthi uthi, "Lawa madivayisi angaxhuma, lawa awakwazi." Ephepheni, lokhu kuzwakala njengokulawula okuphelele, kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi noma yimuphi umhlaseli onekhono eliphakathi angakhohlisa ikheli le-MAC eligunyaziwe , ngakho-ke le ndlela akufanele isetshenziswe njengesithiyo sokuphepha kuphela.

Uhlu olumhlophe (oluvumela amadivayisi athile kuphela) kanye nohlu olumnyama (ukuvimba lawo athile) lungasebenza njengesendlalelo esengeziwe sokususa amadivayisi angafuneki owatholile kunethiwekhi , noma ukukhawulela ukuthi ubani oxhuma ezindaweni lapho ulawula khona yonke ihadiwe. Kodwa njalo kuhambisana nokubethela okuhle namaphasiwedi aqinile.

Ukuhlukaniswa kweklayenti le-WiFi (ngezinye izikhathi okubizwa ngokuthi "ukuhlukaniswa kwe-AP" noma "ukuhlukaniswa kweklayenti") kuvimbela amadivayisi axhunywe kunethiwekhi efanayo engenantambo ukuthi angaboni. Lokhu kuwusizo kakhulu kumanethiwekhi ezivakashi noma ezindaweni zomphakathi , lapho ungafuni khona ukuthi i-laptop yeklayenti elilodwa ikwazi ukuskena ifoni yeselula yelinye iklayenti.

Ukuvumela lokhu kuhlukaniswa kunethiwekhi yezivakashi zekhaya lakho kunciphisa ingozi yokuthi isivakashi sibe ne-laptop ethelelekile ehlasela amanye amadivayisi akho. Kodwa-ke, ungase ungafuni ukuyivula kunethiwekhi yakho eyinhloko uma uthembele ekwabelaneni ngamafayela, ukusebenzisa amaphrinta enethiwekhi, noma ukusakaza okuqukethwe kuma-smart TV.

Ngamafuphi, lezi zici zingamathuluzi awusizo ngaphakathi kwesu lomhlaba wonke: azithathi indawo yokubethela kwesimanje noma amaphasiwedi aqinile , kodwa ziyasiza ekulungiseni ukuthi ubani oxhumanayo nokuthi amadivayisi angasebenzisana kanjani.

Inethiwekhi yezivakashi, ukulawula ukufinyelela, kanye nokusetshenziswa okunesibopho

Enye yezindlela ezinhle kakhulu zokugcina inethiwekhi yakho ihlanzekile futhi ihlelekile ukuhlukanisa ithrafikhi kumadivayisi akho ayinhloko kwezivakashi, amadivayisi angathembekile kangako, noma amagajethi ahlakaniphile ekhaya. Yilokho amanethiwekhi e-Wi-Fi ezivakashi akwenzela khona , futhi cishe wonke ama-router esimanje akuvumela ukuthi uwadale.

Umqondo ulula: kumenyu ye-router yakho, uvumela inethiwekhi yesibili engenantambo enegama layo nephasiwedi, bese ucacisa ukuthi izokwazi yini ukufinyelela kwamanye amadivayisi kunethiwekhi yakho yangaphakathi noma kwi-inthanethi kuphela. Okungcono kakhulu, izivakashi kufanele zikwazi ukufinyelela inethiwekhi kuphela futhi zingaboni amakhompyutha akho, amadivayisi e-NAS, noma amaphrinta.

Le nethiwekhi yezivakashi ilungele uma abantu befika endlini yakho, izingane noma intsha engaqapheli ngempela lokho ezikulandayo, kanye namadivayisi e-IoT "ashibhile" angakhuthazi ukuzethemba okukhulu, njengama- smart bulbs, ama-plug e-Wi-Fi, noma amakhamera avela kumikhiqizo engaziwa kakhulu . Uma noma iyiphi yazo isengozini, umonakalo ongaba khona ulinganiselwe kakhulu.

Amanye ama-router akuvumela ukuthi ukhawulele i-bandwidth noma uhlunge okuqukethwe okuthile kunethiwekhi yezivakashi. Ngale ndlela, ungavimbela othile ukuthi axhumeke ngokulanda ngokweqile noma ukuvimba amawebhusayithi angafanele izingane. Ukulungiselela le mikhawulo kuvame ukutholakala ngaphakathi kokulawula kwabazali noma izilungiselelo ze-QoS.

Omunye umkhuba omuhle ukushintsha iphasiwedi yakho ye-Wi-Fi (noma yenethiwekhi yezivakashi) ngezikhathi ezithile , ikakhulukazi uma uke wayabelana ngayo nabantu abaningi. Akudingeki ube ngumuntu othanda ngokweqile, kodwa ukuyishintsha njalo kunciphisa ingozi yokuthi iphasiwedi endala iphuze noma ibhalwe phansi endaweni engaphephile.

Okokugcina, khumbula ukuthi i-router yakho ayiyona engenakubhujiswa noma engenakugwenywa. Uma ungeke uyisebenzise izinsuku eziningana (uhambo olude, amaholide, njll.), ukuyicisha kuqeda ngokuphelele indawo yokuhlasela futhi konge amandla athile. Kuyindlela yokuphepha ephelele: okucishiwe akukwazi ukugetshengwa.

Ukuqapha, ukugcinwa, kanye nemikhuba yokuphepha kwe-inthanethi

Ukusetha i-router yakho kahle kanye kubalulekile, kodwa ukuphepha akushintshi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kuvela ubuthakathaka obusha, ungeza amadivayisi, imikhuba yakho iyashintsha... yingakho kungumqondo omuhle ukubuyekeza njalo izici ezithile bese usebenzisa imikhuba emihle yokusebenzisa.

Ngezikhathi ezithile (isibonelo, kanye ngenyanga), finyelela iphaneli yokulawula ye-router yakho bese ubuyekeza uhlu lwamadivayisi axhunyiwe, kokubili anezintambo kanye ne-Wi-Fi. Uma ubona amagama noma amakheli e-MAC ongawazi, ungase ube nabantu abangenayo inethiwekhi yakho . Uma kunjalo, shintsha iphasiwedi yakho ye-Wi-Fi ngokushesha, cabanga ngokuvula ukuhlunga kwe-MAC, bese ubuyekeza ezinye izilungiselelo zokuphepha.

Kunezinhlelo zokusebenza zokuskena inethiwekhi namathuluzi angakusiza ukuthi udale uhlu lwamadivayisi akho, uthole ama-port avulekile, futhi akuxwayise ngobuthakathaka obungaba khona . Ama-router amaningi anamuhla afaka nezici "zokuskena kokuphepha" ezihlola ukucushwa kwawo kanye nokwamadivayisi axhunyiwe.

Ungakhohlwa ukuthi noma ngabe i-router yakho iphephile, idivayisi esiphelelwe yisikhathi noma ethelelekile iyingozi ngendlela efanayo. Gcina zonke izinhlelo zakho zokusebenza, iziphequluli, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zisesikhathini , futhi usebenzise izixazululo zokuphepha ezithembekile kumakhompyutha akho kanye namadivayisi eselula.

Uma ukhathazeke kakhulu ngobumfihlo ngenkathi uphequlula, ukufaka i -VPN ngqo ku-router yakho kungaba kuhle ukukucabanga. Ngale ndlela, yonke ithrafikhi ephuma kunethiwekhi yakho idlula emhubheni obethelwe iye kumhlinzeki we-VPN . Kodwa-ke, idinga ukulungiswa kahle, futhi kufanele uqaphele ukuthi ingathinta ukusebenza.

Ekugcineni, isihluthulelo ukuhlanganisa ukusethwa kokuqala okuhle nokuqapha okuncane kanye nezibuyekezo. Akudingeki ube uchwepheshe ukuze ugcine izinga elihle lokuphepha uma uzinika isikhathi sokuqonda izisekelo futhi ungashiyi i-router yakho inganakwa iminyaka eminingi.

Ukuthatha isikhathi ukubuyekeza i-firmware, ukulungisa ukubethela kwe-WiFi, ukushintsha amaphasiwedi azenzakalelayo, ukukhubaza ukufinyelela okungadingekile njenge-WPS noma ukuphathwa okude, kanye nokusebenzisa izici ezifana namanethiwekhi ezivakashi noma i-firewall eyakhelwe ngaphakathi iguqula i-router evamile ibe umqaphi othembekile kakhulu woxhumano lwakho, amadivayisi akho, kanye nolwazi lwakho lomuntu siqu.