Ukucushwa kwe-router okuphephile: umhlahlandlela ophelele nosebenzayo

Informatec Digital » Izinsiza » Ukucushwa kwe-router okuphephile: umhlahlandlela ophelele nosebenzayo

Uma wake wacabanga ukuthi i-WiFi yakho yasekhaya "ilungile ngoba iyasebenza" kodwa awukaze uzinike isikhathi sokubheka izilungiselelo ze-router yakho, Unengozi yokuphepha khona kanye phakathi kwegumbiI-router iyisango lokungena kwi-inthanethi lawo wonke amadivayisi akho: amakhompyutha, omakhalekhukhwini, ama-Smart TV, amakhamera e-IP, izipikha ezihlakaniphile... uma lowo mnyango ungavaliwe kahle, noma ubani angangena.

Ngale komakhelwane oxhuma "ngokungagunyaziwe" kunethiwekhi yakho, i-router engalungiselelwe kahle ingavumela lokho vimba ukuxhumana kwakho, webe idatha yomuntu siqu, noma usebenzise uxhumano lwakho ukwenza ubugebenguIzindaba ezinhle ukuthi awudingi ukuba umphathi wesistimu ukuze uvikeleke kakhulu: ngokulungiswa okucatshangelwe kahle, ungaqinisa kakhulu inethiwekhi yakho yasekhaya noma yehhovisi elincane.

Kungani ukuvikela izilungiselelo ze-router yakho kubaluleke kangaka?

I-router isebenza njengomlindi wesango phakathi kwenethiwekhi yakho yangasese nomhlaba wangaphandle: inquma ukuthi yini engenayo, yini ephumayo, nokuthi ubani oxhumanisayoNjengoba nje ungeke ushiye umnyango wakho wangaphambili uvuliwe, akunangqondo ukushiya i-router yakho nazo zonke izilungiselelo zayo "zefektri" futhi ingakahlolwa. Cishe wonke amadivayisi anemingcele ejwayelekile eyenzelwe ukuxhumeka okusheshayo, hhayi ukuphepha okuphezulu.

Asikhulumi nje ngenethiwekhi ye-WiFi. Ezinye izici nazo ziyabandakanyeka. ukucushwa kwe-firewall, ukubethela okungenantambo, i-DHCP, kanye nokuhunyushwa kwekheli lenethiwekhi (i-NAT)Ama-port avulekile kanye nohlu olude lwezinye izinkinga. Yonke isethingi engalungile ingenye igebe lapho umhlaseli angangena khona ngokunyenya.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-router amadivayisi ahlala evuliwe cishe amahora angama-24 ngosuku, izinsuku eziyi-7 ngesonto, ngokuvamile iminyaka eminingi, ngaphandle kokuthintwa muntu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma ungawabuyekezi, Ziqoqa ubuthakathaka obaziwayo izigebengu ze-inthanethi ezaziyo ukuthi zingabusebenzisa kanjani.Njengoba nje ubuyekeza ifoni noma i-PC yakho ephathekayo, i-router yakho nayo idinga ukulungiswa.

Okwenza izinto zibe zimbi kakhulu, i-router eyonakele ayithinti nje kuphela ukusebenza. Ingasetshenziswa njengengxenye ye-botnet ukwenza... Ukuhlaselwa kwe-DDoS, Ukulawula i-DNS ukuze ikuthumele kumawebhusayithi ebhange noma ezinkundleni zokuxhumana mbumbulunoma uvumele ukuhlaselwa komuntu ophakathi nendawo ekuxhumaneni kwakho.

Ngamafuphi: ukuvikela i-router yakho ukuvikela inethiwekhi yakho, amadivayisi akho, futhi, ezimweni eziningi, ubuwena bakho bedijithali kanye nesikhwama sakho semaliKuhle ukuchitha isikhathi kukho.

Izingozi ze-router engalungiselelwe kahle

Uma ukucushwa kwe-router kushiywe njengoba kuvela efektri noma kuphazamiseke "ngokungahleliwe", izinkinga zidlula kakhulu uxhumano oluhamba kancane. Izingozi ezinkulu ze-cyber zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba eziningana okufanele kukhunjulwe.

Omunye wemiphumela eshesha kakhulu ukufinyelela okungagunyaziwe kunethiwekhi. Isigebengu esikwazi ukuxhuma kwi-Wi-Fi yakho singakwazi Sebenzisa i-bandwidth yakho, gcwalisa inethiwekhi, bese ubangela ukungasebenzi noma ukwehla okukhulu kwesivinini.Lokhu, nakuba kucasula, cishe kuyinkinga encane kunazo zonke esinazo.

Ukwebiwa kolwazi olusakazwa kunethiwekhi kubi kakhulu. I-router engavikelekile kahle ingenza kube lula ngomuntu ukuthi avimbele ithrafikhi, ahogele, noma Gada amakhasi owavakashelayo, yiziphi izinsizakalo ozisebenzisayo, futhi uze webe iziqinisekiso kanye nedatha ebucayiikakhulukazi uma ufinyelela amasayithi ngaphandle kokubethela okwanele noma usebenzisa amaphrothokholi angavikelekile.

Uma umhlaseli ekwazi ukulimaza ngempela i-router, angakwazi ukulawula inethiwekhi yendawo uqobo, afinyelele finyelela amafayela abiwe, amakhamera, amamakrofoni, noma izinhlelo zokugcina ezixhunyiweUkusuka lapho kungenzeka ukuhlola, ukuhlukanisa amadivayisi, ukukhipha izithombe noma amadokhumenti, noma ukuwavimba nge-malware.

Esinye isimo esikhathazayo ukuntshontshwa kwe-DNS okudumile. Umhlaseli ushintsha amaseva e-DNS ahlelwe ku-router ukuze uma uthayipha i-URL yebhange lakho eliku-inthanethi noma inethiwekhi yokuxhumana nabantu, Esikhundleni sesayithi elisemthethweni, uthola ikhophi mbumbulu eyenzelwe ukweba igama lakho lomsebenzisi nephasiwedi.Emehlweni akho “konke kubonakala kujwayelekile”, kodwa empeleni ukhuluma nesigebengu se-inthanethi.

Ungakhohlwa ingozi engokomthetho: uma othile esebenzisa uxhumano lwakho ukuthumela ogaxekile abaningi, ukuqalisa ukuhlaselwa kokunqatshelwa kwenkonzo (i-DoS/DDoS), noma ukulanda okuqukethwe okungekho emthethweni, Ikheli le-IP elizoqoshwa yilelo le-router yakhoUkufakazela ukuthi bekungenjalo ungaba yikhanda elibuhlungu ngempela.

Ekugcineni, imikhankaso eminingi ye-malware ihlose ama-router asengozini ukuze iwaguqule abe ama-bot. Uma igciwane selithelelekile, ikhompyutha yakho ingakwazi cindezela ukusebenza kwakho ngenkathi uhlanganyela ekuhlaselweni okuhleliweFuthi konke lokhu ngaphandle kokuthi ungaboni lutho olucacile ngaphandle kokuxhumana okungahleliwe.

Ngaphambi kokuthinta noma yini: finyelela bese ulondoloza izilungiselelo

Ngaphambi kokuthi uqale ukushintsha izilungiselelo, kungcono ukwenza izinto ngendlela ehlelekile. Isinyathelo sokuqala ukufinyelela iphaneli yokulawula ye-router ngokuphephile futhi, uma kungenzeka, Londoloza ikhophi yokucushwa kwamanje uma kwenzeka udinga ukubuyela esimweni sangaphambilini..

Okungcono kakhulu, uma useduze kakhulu ne-router, kufanele uxhume ikhompyutha yakho ngekhebula le-Ethernet. Ukuxhumeka okunezintambo kugwema ukuphazamiseka futhi kunciphisa ingozi yokuxhuma ngephutha kunethiwekhi ye-WiFi yomphakathi noma engajwayelekile. ngenkathi ulungisa izilungiselelo ezibucayi. Uma ungenayo enye indlela ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-Wi-Fi, qiniseka ukuthi usenethiwekhi yakho.

Ezimweni eziningi, ukufinyelela ku-router Lokhu kwenziwa ngokuthayipha ikheli kusiphequluli, njengokuthi I-192.168.1.1 o-192.168.0.1Lolu lwazi luvame ukutholakala kusitika phansi noma ngemuva kwedivayisi, kanye negama lomsebenzisi nephasiwedi yomlawuli ezenzakalelayo.

Uma ungenaso isitikha noma incwadi yemiyalelo, ungasesha ku-inthanethi imodeli eqondile ye-router yakho (evame ukunikezwa yi-opharetha yakho: i-Movistar, i-Orange, i-Vodafone, i-Jazztel, njll.) kanye bheka umhlahlandlela osemthethweniKumamodeli amaningi amadala, iziqinisekiso ezizenzakalelayo ziyinhlanganisela efana nomphathi/umphathi, umphathi/1234, noma efanayo, into edinga ukushintshwa ngokushesha okukhulu.

Uma usungaphakathi kwephaneli yokuphatha, thola inketho yokuthi thumela noma londoloza izilungiselelo zamanjeAkuwona wonke ama-router avumela lokhu, kodwa uma eyakho inenketho, isebenzise. Ngale ndlela ungabuyisela isimo sangaphambilini uma ukuhlolwa kungahambi kahle noma uma ushintsha okuthile okukushiya ungenalo uxhumano.

Ukuvuselela i-firmware: isinyathelo sokuqala sokuvala izimbobo

Abakhiqizi kanye nabaqhubi ngokwabo bakhipha izinguqulo ezintsha ze-firmware ukuze bangeze izici, bathuthukise ukusebenza, kanye ubuthakathaka obuseduze obungasetshenziswa abahlaseliUma ubulokhu une-router efanayo iminyaka eminingi futhi ungakaze uyibuyekeze, kungenzeka ukuthi uchayeke ezinkingeni esezivele zibhaliwe.

Kuye ngemodeli, inqubo yokubuyekeza ingaba ngokuzenzakalelayo noma ngesandla. Ama-router amaningi anamuhla anenketho "yokuhlola izibuyekezo" ngaphakathi kwemenyu yokuphatha, noma ngisho uhlelo lokusebenza lweselula ongahlola futhi uqalise ngalo isibuyekezoKwezinye, kuzodingeka ulande ifayela kusuka kuwebhusayithi esemthethweni bese ulilayisha ngesandla kusuka kuphaneli.

Kuma-router anikezwa yi-ISP, izibuyekezo zivame ukusunduzwa kude, ngokuvamile ekuseni kakhulu, okuphawulekayo ngoba Ikhompyutha iqala kabusha ngezikhathi ezithileNoma kunjalo, kungumqondo omuhle ukuya kuphaneli yokulawula bese uhlola ukuthi iyiphi inguqulo ye-firmware oyifakile nokuthi iyahambisana yini neyakamuva ebhalwe phansi yemodeli yakho.

Ngesikhathi wenza lokhu, qiniseka ukuthi amadivayisi akho (i-PC, iselula, ithebhulethi) nawo asesikhathini, njengoba izinkinga eziningi zokuhambisana kwe-WiFi noma zokuphepha zingavela. Zincishiswa ngokugcina kokubili i-router namadivayisi axhuma kuyo kusesikhathini..

Ukuphepha kwe-WiFi: igama lenethiwekhi, ukubethela, kanye nephasiwedi

Indawo elandelayo enkulu ukuphepha kwenethiwekhi engenantambo. Lokhu kuhilela izinto ezintathu ezibalulekile: igama lenethiwekhi (i-SSID), indlela yokubethela, kanye nephasiwedi ye-WiFiNdawonye banquma ukuthi kuzoba lula noma kunzima kangakanani ngomuntu wesithathu ukuzama ukungena ngokunyenya.

Ukuqala ngegama lenethiwekhi, ukugwema ama-SSID azenzakalelayo kuwumqondo omuhle. Ama-router amaningi afika nezihlonzi ezifana ne-MOVISTAR_XXXX, i-JAZZTEL_1234, i-Livebox-ABCD, njll. Lokhu kunikeza izinkomba mayelana nemodeli kanye nenkampani yenethiwekhi, okuyinto Kwenza kube lula ngomhlaseli ukusesha iziqinisekiso ezijwayelekile noma ukusebenzisa ubuthakathaka obuthile.Shintsha i-SSID ibe yinto engakuvezi noma engakuvezi uhlobo lwedivayisi yakho noma indawo okuyo.

Ngokuphathelene nokubethela, umkhuba onconywayo kulezi zinsuku uwukusebenzisa I-WPA3-Personal, uma nje i-router yakho namadivayisi esekela yona.Kuyindlela yesimanje neqinile kakhulu. Uma leyo nketho ingatholakali, lungiselela okungenani i-WPA2-Personal (AES). Gwema i-WEP, i-WPA endala, noma izindlela ezixubile njenge-WPA/WPA2 ene-TKIP ngazo zonke izindleko, njengoba zingavikelekile futhi, kwezinye izimo, zinganciphisa nokusebenza.

Iphasiwedi yakho ye-WiFi kufanele ibe namandla futhi ihluke. Ungasebenzisi igama lakho, igama lenja yakho, noma "iMadrid2024". Okungcono kakhulu, dala i- ukhiye omude ohlanganisa izinhlamvu ezinkulu, izinhlamvu ezincane, izinombolo, kanye nezimpawuLokhu akuhlobene ngqo negama lenethiwekhi yakho noma ulwazi lomuntu siqu. Umphathi wephasiwedi angenza lo msebenzi ube lula kakhulu.

Uma umhlinzeki wakho ekunike i-router enokhiye ongahleliwe ophrintiwe kusitika, lokho kungase kwamukeleke njengendawo yokuqala, kodwa kusanconywa ukuyishintsha ibe yileyo oyilawulayo. lokho akutholakali kalula kusuka ku-SSID uqoboFuthi uma ukhohlwa iphasiwedi, ungayisetha kabusha njalo i-router kuzilungiselelo zayo zasefekthri, wazi ukuthi kuzodingeka ulungise konke.

Ngokuphathelene nokufihla i-SSID, kubalulekile ukukhumbula into eyodwa: Akunikezi ukuphepha kwangempela.Amanethiwekhi "afihliwe" ayaqhubeka nokusakaza futhi angatholakala ngamathuluzi okuhlaziya e-Wi-Fi ayisisekelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, aphoqa amadivayisi akho ukuthi asakaze igama lawo njalo, okungabeka ubumfihlo bakho engcupheni. Kungcono ukushiya inethiwekhi yakho ibonakalayo futhi ugxile ekubethelweni okuqinile kanye nephasiwedi eqinile.

Izilungiselelo zokuphepha ezinconywe abakhiqizi kanye ne-Apple

Abanye abakhiqizi, kanye ne-Apple ikakhulukazi ngenxa yesimiso sayo sezinto eziphilayo, bashicilela iziqondiso ezicacile mayelana nokuthi yiziphi imingcele okufanele zisetshenziswe ukugwema izixwayiso "zenethiwekhi engaphephile" noma "ukuphepha okubuthakathaka". Ukusebenzisa lezi zindlela kuvame ukuthuthukisa kokubili ukuphepha kanye nokuzinza koxhumano.

Ngokuphathelene nokuphepha okungenantambo, izincomo ziwukusebenzisa i-WPA3-Personal noma nini lapho kungenzeka, noma imodi ehlukile. I-WPA2/WPA3 Transitional Uma unenhlanganisela yemishini yesimanje neyakudala. Uma kungekho neyodwa etholakalayo, inketho encane eyamukelekayo yi-WPA2-Personal ene-AES encryption.

Akukhuthazwa kakhulu ukusebenzisa amaphrothokholi amadala njenge-WPA yodwa, i-WEP (ngisho nasezinguqulweni "ezishintshashintshayo" ezine-802.1X) noma noma yikuphi ukucushwa okuhlanganisa I-TKIP egameni lokubethelaLezi zinketho azigcini nje ngokuba sengozini, kodwa futhi zingabangela izinkinga zokusebenza kanye nezexwayiso eziqhubekayo kumadivayisi amasha.

Kunconywa futhi ukuthi wonke amabhendi e-router efanayo (2,4 GHz, 5 GHz kanye, uma kusebenza, 6 GHz) abelane nge-SSID efanayo uma kuyinethiwekhi yasekhaya evamile. Ukunikeza amagama ahlukene ibhendi ngayinye kungabangela ukuthi amadivayisi angaxhumani kahle noma agxume kusuka kwelinye ibhendi aye kwelinye ngokungahleliwe., into eyinkinga kakhulu ngamadivayisi eselula.

Enye inkinga edala izexwayiso ku-iPhone, iPad, noma Mac ukuvimba I-DNS ebethelweUma i-router noma i-ISP yakho ingavumeli i-DNS nge-HTTPS noma i-DNS nge-TLS, ezinye izinhlelo zizobonisa izexwayiso. Kulezo zimo, buyekeza i-firmware, ubuyekeze izilungiselelo zokuphepha ezinconyiwe, futhi, uma kudingeka, Khuluma nomhlinzeki wakho we-inthanethi noma ushintshele ku-DNS yomphakathi yesimanje. Ngokuvamile kuyindlela yokuphuma.

Ngokuphathelene nezinsizakalo zesistimu, i-Apple igcizelela ukuthi izinsizakalo zendawo zivunyelwe kumanethiwekhi angenantambo kumadivayisi ayo, njengoba imithethonqubo ezweni ngalinye ikhawulela iziteshi kanye namandla okudlulisa. Uma ukhubaza ngokuphelele amasevisi endawo ahlobene ne-WiFi, ungase ube nenkinga yokubona amanethiwekhi aseduze.Sebenzisa i-AirDrop, i-AirPlay, noma uxhume ezindaweni zokufinyelela ezizinzile.

Ukuphathwa kwe-router: iphasiwedi yomlawuli, ukufinyelela okukude, kanye ne-WPS

Esinye sezilungiselelo ezibaluleke kakhulu, futhi abantu abaningi abasikhohlwayo, iphasiwedi yomlawuli we-router. Lena akuyona iphasiwedi ye-Wi-Fi, kodwa yileyo esetshenziswa ukufinyelela iphaneli yokulawula. Ukuyishiya namanani azenzakalelayo cishe kumema noma ubani ukuthi ayizame..

Ngokuvamile, uma ungena okokuqala, uzobona amagama abasebenzisi afana no-admin, 1234, noma angenalutho. Into yokuqala okufanele uyenze uma usungene ukuya esigabeni esithi "Administration," "Security," noma "Advanced Settings" bese Shintsha iphasiwedi yomlawuli ibe yiphasiwedi eqinile neyingqayizivele.Uma i-router yakho ikuvumela, shintsha negama lomsebenzisi; ungalishiyi njenge-"admin" evamile.

Okuhlobene kakhulu nalokhu yi- ukufinyelela okukude ku-console. Amanye amamodeli akuvumela ukuthi uphathe i-router ungaphandle kwenethiwekhi yendawo, nge-inthanethi. Lokhu kulula uma uphatha ukufakwa okuningi noma udinga ukufinyelela kuyo usemsebenzini, kodwa ekhaya, ngokuvamile kuyingozi engadingekile.

Uma ungenaso isidingo esithile, khubaza ukuphathwa okukude. Kuma-router amaningi, uma ufuna ukukuvimba ngokuphelele, ungasetha ikheli le-IP lokuphatha libe ngu-0.0.0.0 noma u-255.255.255.255, noma umane ususe ukumaka ibhokisi elithi "ukuphathwa okukude" kumenyu yokuphepha. Uma uvula iminyango embalwa kwi-inthanethi, kuba ngcono..

Elinye iphuzu elibucayi yi- Ukusetha Okuvikelwe kwe-Wi-Fi (WPS)Lesi sici sasungulwa ukuze kube lula ukuxhumana kwamadivayisi amasha, kungaba ngokucindezela inkinobho ebonakalayo noma ngokufaka i-PIN enezinombolo ezingu-8. Inkinga ukuthi le PIN ingahlaselwa kusetshenziswa amandla amakhulu, okunciphisa kakhulu ukuphepha kokubethela kwe-WPA2.

Noma nini lapho kungenzeka, finyelela imenyu ye-WPS ye-router yakho bese uyikhubaza. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi ukuxhuma idivayisi entsha kuzothatha isikhathi eside (kuzodingeka ufake iphasiwedi), kodwa Ingozi ebangelwa yi-WPS esebenzayo ayidluli ukulula okucatshangelwayo.Uma udinga ukuxhuma ama-repeater noma ama-PLC, ukwenza kanye bese kuphelela lapho.

I-Firewall, i-NAT, amachweba kanye ne-UPnP: ukulawula okungenayo nokuphumayo

Ngemuva kwengxenye "elula ukuyisebenzisa" ye-router kunesethi yemisebenzi yokuxhumana enquma ukuthi ixhumana kanjani ne-inthanethi. Okubaluleke kakhulu kwalokhu yile: i-firewall, ukuhumusha ikheli lenethiwekhi (i-NAT), ukuphathwa kwembobo, kanye nezinsizakalo ezifana ne-UPnP.

Cishe wonke ama-router esimanje aqukethe i-firewall eyakhelwe ngaphakathi ekwaziyo Hlunga ithrafikhi engenayo nephumayo ngokusekelwe emithethweni yokuphephaKunconywa ukuthi ivulwe, futhi uvule ama-port athile kuphela uma uyidinga ngempela imidlalo eku-inthanethi, amaseva asekhaya, amakhamera e-IP noma ezinye izinsizakalo ezithile.

I-NAT umsebenzi ohumusha amakheli e-IP ayimfihlo kunethiwekhi yakho yangaphakathi aye ekhelini le-IP lomphakathi elinikezwe wena ngumhlinzeki wakho wesevisi ye-inthanethi. Ngokuvamile, i-router kuphela eyenza lokhu kuhumusha. Uma i-NAT ivuliwe kumadivayisi angaphezu kweyodwa (isibonelo, kumodemu bese kuba ku-router eyengeziwe)Ungase uhlangane nenkinga edumile "ye-NAT ephindwe kabili" — ukuze uyigweme, bona ukuthi kanjani xhuma ama-routers amabili kahle.

Uma sikhuluma ngokuvula noma ukuvala ama-port, sibhekisela ekuchazeni ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zokuxhumeka okungenayo ozivumelayo kusuka ku-inthanethi kuya kunethiwekhi yakho. I-router inama-port angama-65.536 e-theoretical; ngokuzenzakalelayo, amaningi avaliwe. Kufanele uvule ama-port adingeka kakhulu bese uwavala uma engasasetshenziswa.Ngoba imbobo evulekile, engasetshenziswa iyisimemo sabahlaseli sokuyisebenzisa kabi. Uma ungaqiniseki, landela umhlahlandlela ku- vula izimbobo kumzila ngokuphepha.

I-UPnP (Universal Plug and Play) ingenye indlela elula eyingozi. Ivumela izinhlelo zokusebenza namadivayisi kunethiwekhi yakho yendawo ukuthi avule futhi avale ngokuzenzakalelayo ama-port ku-router, ngaphandle kokuthi ulungiselele noma yini. Kuzwakala kukuhle, kodwa Uma i-malware izifaka yona kwi-PC noma kwi-console yakho, ingasebenzisa i-UPnP ukuthola ukufinyelela kwi-inthanethi ngaphandle kolwazi lwakho.Abantu abaningi bakhetha ukukhubaza i-UPnP bese bephatha ngesandla ama-port abawadingayo.

Amanye ama-router anikeza ne-"DMZ host": empeleni, echaza ikheli le-IP langaphakathi elivezwe kakhulu (elingahlungiwe kangako) ezweni langaphandle. Lesi sici sinengqondo kuphela ezimweni ezithile nezilawulwayo. Endaweni ejwayelekile yasekhaya, kuphephile kakhulu ukungasebenzisi i-DMZ nhlobo..

I-DHCP, i-DNS, nezinye izilungiselelo zenethiwekhi okufanele ziqashwe

Ngale kwesici se-wireless, kunezilungiselelo zenethiwekhi ezifanele ukubuyekezwa ukuze kugwenywe izingxabano futhi kuncishiswe indawo yokuhlasela. Eziyinhloko yilezi: iseva ye-DHCP, ukucushwa kwe-DNS, kanye namapharamitha athile afana namamodi omsakazo noma ububanzi besiteshi.

Iseva ye-DHCP ye-router inesibopho sokwabela amakheli e-IP angaphakathi kudivayisi ngayinye exhunyiwe. Ngokuvamile, kuneseva ye-DHCP eyodwa kuphela kunethiwekhi. Uma usebenzisa i-DHCP ngephutha kwenye idivayisi (isibonelo, i-router yesibili kwimodi engalungile)Ungase ubhekane nokungqubuzana kwe-IP okuholela ekutheni amadivayisi angakwazi ukuphequlula i-inthanethi noma izinsiza zingatholakali.

Isikhathi sokuqasha se-DHCP sibonisa ukuthi ikheli le-IP ligcinelwe isikhathi esingakanani idivayisi ethile. Lokhu kungaba usizo uma unamadivayisi amaningi axhumayo futhi anqamulayo. nciphisa leso sikhathi kancane ukuze amakheli aphinde asetshenziswe ngokusheshaEndlini evamile, amanani azenzakalelayo ngokuvamile anele.

Ngokuphathelene ne-DNS, i-router ngokuvamile isebenzisa amaseva omhlinzeki wakho we-inthanethi futhi iwasabalalise kumakhasimende. shintsha izilungiselelo ze-DNS kumzila Uma ufuna ukusebenzisa amaseva e-DNS omphakathi asheshayo noma lawo asekela kangcono imibuzo ebethelwe, qaphela: uma ulungiselela iseva ye-DNS engasekeli i-DNS ebethelwe futhi amadivayisi akho elindele leso sici, ungathola izixwayiso zobumfihlo.

Ngokuphathelene nezindlela zomsakazo we-WiFi (802.11n, ac, ax, njll.) kanye nama-band (2,4 GHz, 5 GHz, 6 GHz), ngokuvamile kuwumqondo omuhle. gcina zonke izindlela ezihambisanayo zivuliweukuze idivayisi ngayinye isebenzise eyesimanje kakhulu eyisekelayo. Kodwa-ke, ebhendini engu-2,4 GHz, kunconywa ukusetha ububanzi besiteshi ku-20 MHz ukuze kuncishiswe ukuphazamiseka kwe-Bluetooth namanye amanethiwekhi aseduze.

Kuma-band angu-5 GHz kanye no-6 GHz, ungavumela ama-bandwidth aphezulu kanye nokukhethwa kweziteshi okuzenzakalelayo ukuze kusetshenziswe kangcono umthamo wedatha. Uma i-router yakho ingaphathi kahle ukukhethwa kweziteshi okuzenzakalelayo, ungakwazi Hlola iziteshi ezahlukene ngesandla bese unamathela kuleyo enikeza ukuphazamiseka okuncane kanye nokuqina okukhuluikakhulukazi uma uhlala esakhiweni esigcwele amanethiwekhi aseduze.

Ukuhlunga kwe-MAC, ukuhlukaniswa kwamakhasimende, kanye nokufakwa ohlwini olumhlophe/oluvinjelwe

Ama-router amaningi afaka izici ezengeziwe zokulawula ukufinyelela, njengokuhlunga ikheli le-MAC, ukuhlukaniswa kwamakhasimende e-Wi-Fi, kanye nokufaka ohlwini olumhlophe/olumnyama. Nakuba lokhu kunokusetshenziswa kwako, Kubalulekile ukuqonda imingcele yakho ukuze ungazithembi ngokweqile..

Ikheli le-MAC liyisihlonzi esiyingqayizivele sekhadi lenethiwekhi yedivayisi ngayinye. Ukuhlunga i-MAC kukuvumela ukuthi uthi, "Lawa madivayisi angaxhuma, lawa awakwazi." Ephepheni, kuzwakala njengokulawula okuphelele, kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi Noma yimuphi umhlaseli onekhono eliphakathi angakhohlisa ikheli le-MAC eligunyaziwe.Ngakho-ke, le ndlela akufanele isetshenziswe njengesithiyo sokuphepha kuphela.

Uhlu olumhlophe (oluvumela amadivayisi athile kuphela) kanye nohlu olumnyama (ukuvimba lawo athile) kungasebenza njengesendlalelo esengeziwe se khipha amadivayisi angafuneki owatholile kunethiwekhiNoma ukunciphisa ukuthi ubani ongaxhuma ezindaweni lapho ulawula khona yonke ihadiwe. Kodwa njalo kuhambisana nokubethela okuhle namaphasiwedi aqinile.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwamakhasimende e-WiFi (ngezinye izikhathi okubizwa ngokuthi "ukuhlukaniswa kwe-AP" noma "ukuhlukaniswa kwamakhasimende") kuvimbela amadivayisi axhunywe kunethiwekhi efanayo engenantambo ukuthi angaboni. Lokhu kuyathakazelisa kakhulu ku amanethiwekhi ezivakashi noma izindawo zomphakathi, lapho ungafuni khona ukuthi i-laptop yekhasimende elilodwa ikwazi ukuskena ifoni yeselula yekhasimende elilodwa.

Ukuvumela lokhu kuhlukaniswa kunethiwekhi yezivakashi zekhaya lakho kunciphisa ingozi yokuthi isivakashi sibe ne-laptop ethelelekile ehlasela amanye amadivayisi akho. Kodwa-ke, ungase ungafuni ukuyivula kunethiwekhi yakho eyinhloko uma uthembele ekwabelaneni ngamafayela, ukusebenzisa amaphrinta enethiwekhi, noma ukusakaza okuqukethwe kuma-smart TV.

Ngamafuphi, le misebenzi ingamathuluzi awusizo ngaphakathi kwesu lomhlaba wonke: Akuzona izinto ezithatha indawo yokubethela kwesimanje noma amaphasiwedi aqinile.kodwa ziyasiza ekuhleleni ukuthi obani abaxhumanayo nokuthi amaqembu angaxhumana kanjani.

Inethiwekhi yezivakashi, ukulawula ukufinyelela, kanye nokusetshenziswa okunesibopho

Enye yezindlela ezinhle kakhulu zokugcina inethiwekhi yakho ihlanzekile futhi ihlelekile ukuhlukanisa ithrafikhi kumadivayisi akho ayinhloko kwezivakashi, amadivayisi angathembekile kangako, noma amagajethi ahlakaniphile ekhaya. Yilokho okwenziwa ama-adapter enethiwekhi. amanethiwekhi WiFi isivakashicishe wonke ama-router esimanje akuvumela ukuthi uwadale.

Umqondo ulula: kumenyu ye-router, uvula inethiwekhi yesibili engenantambo, enegama layo nephasiwedi, bese ucacisa ukuthi izokwazi yini ukufinyelela kwamanye amadivayisi kunethiwekhi yakho yangaphakathi noma kwi-inthanethi kuphela. Into ehlakaniphile kakhulu okufanele uyenze iwukuba Izivakashi zingafinyelela inethiwekhi kuphela futhi azikwazi ukubona amakhompyutha akho, ama-NAS, noma amaphrinta..

Le nethiwekhi yezivakashi ilungele uma abantu befika endlini yakho, izingane noma intsha engaqapheli ngempela lokho ezikulandayo, kanye namadivayisi e-IoT "ashibhile" angakhuthazi ukuzethemba okukhulu, njengokuthi amabhalbhu ahlakaniphile, ama-plug e-WiFi, noma amakhamera avela kumikhiqizo engaziwaUma noma yikuphi kubo kusengozini, umonakalo ongaba khona ulinganiselwe impela.

Amanye ama-router akuvumela ukuthi ukhawulele i-bandwidth noma uhlunge okuqukethwe okuthile kunethiwekhi yezivakashi. Ngale ndlela ungakwazi vimbela othile ukuthi angakwazi ukuxhuma lonke uxhumano ngokulanda ngokunganaki noma uvimbele amawebhusayithi angafanele izingane ezincane. Ukulungiselela le mikhawulo kuvame ukutholakala ngaphakathi kokulawula kwabazali noma izinketho ze-QoS.

Omunye umkhuba omuhle Shintsha iphasiwedi yakho ye-WiFi (noma yenethiwekhi yezivakashi) ngezikhathi ezithileIkakhulukazi uma usuyihlanganisile nabantu abaningi. Asikho isidingo sokuba yisiwula, kodwa ukuyishintsha njalo kunciphisa ingozi yokuthi iphasiwedi endala iphuke noma ibhalwe phansi endaweni engaphephile.

Okokugcina, khumbula ukuthi i-router ayiyona into engenakubhujiswa noma engenaphutha. Uma ungeke uyisebenzise izinsuku eziningi (uhambo olude, amaholide, njll.), ukuyicisha kuqeda ngokuphelele indawo yokuhlasela.Ngaphezu kokonga amandla amancane, kuyindlela yokuphepha ephelele: lokho okucishiwe akukwazi ukugetshengwa.

Ukuqapha, ukugcinwa, kanye nemikhuba yokuphepha kwe-inthanethi

Ukusetha i-router yakho kahle kanye kubalulekile, kodwa ukuphepha akushintshi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kuvela ubuthakathaka obusha, ungeza amadivayisi, imikhuba yakho iyashintsha… yingakho kungumqondo omuhle ukugcina izinto zibuyekeziwe. buyekeza njalo izici ezithile bese wamukela imikhuba emihle yokusebenzisa.

Ngezikhathi ezithile (isibonelo, kanye ngenyanga), ngena kuphaneli yokulawula ye-router yakho bese uhlola uhlu lwamadivayisi axhunyiwe, kokubili anezintambo kanye ne-Wi-Fi. Uma ubona amagama noma amakheli e-MAC ongawazi, Ungase ube nabantu abangena ngenkani kunethiwekhi yakho.Uma kunjalo, shintsha iphasiwedi yakho ye-WiFi ngokushesha, cabanga ngokuvula ukuhlunga kwe-MAC, bese ubuyekeza ezinye izilungiselelo zokuphepha.

Kunezinhlelo zokusebenza zokuskena inethiwekhi namathuluzi angakusiza Dala uhlu lwamadivayisi akho, thola ama-port avulekile, bese ukwazisa ngobuthakathaka obungaba khona.Ama-router amaningi anamuhla ahlanganisa nezici "zokuhlaziya ukuphepha" ezihlola ukucushwa kwawo kanye nokwamadivayisi axhunyiwe.

Ungakhohlwa ukuthi noma ngabe i-router yakho iphephile, idivayisi esiphelelwe yisikhathi noma ethelelekile iyingozi ngendlela efanayo. Zonke izinhlelo zakho zokusebenza, iziphequluli, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zisesikhathinifuthi isebenzisa izixazululo zokuphepha ezithembekile kumakhompyutha nakumadivayisi eselula.

Uma ukhathazeke kakhulu ngobumfihlo ngenkathi uphequlula, cabanga nge I-VPN ifakwe ngqo ku-router Lokhu kungaba mnandi. Ngale ndlela, Yonke ithrafikhi ephuma kunethiwekhi yakho idlula emhubheni obethelwe iye kumhlinzeki we-VPN.Noma kunjalo, idinga ukulungiswa kahle futhi kufanele ukhumbule ukuthi ingathinta ukusebenza.

Ekugcineni, isihluthulelo ukuhlanganisa ukusethwa kokuqala okuhle nokuqapha okuncane kanye nezibuyekezo. Akudingeki ube uchwepheshe ukuze ugcine izinga lokuphepha elihloniphekile. uma uzinika isikhathi sokuqonda izisekelo futhi ungashiyi i-router ishiywe ilahliwe iminyaka.

Ukuthatha isikhathi ukubuyekeza i-firmware, ukulungisa ukubethela kwe-WiFi, ukushintsha amaphasiwedi azenzakalelayo, ukukhubaza ukufinyelela okungadingekile njenge-WPS noma ukuphathwa okukude, kanye nokusebenzisa izici ezifana namanethiwekhi ezivakashi noma i-firewall eyakhelwe ngaphakathi iguqula i-router "ejwayelekile" ibe umnakekeli othembekile kakhulu woxhumano lwakho, amadivayisi akho, kanye nolwazi lwakho lomuntu siqu.