- Ugcino lwamandla lubalulekile ekulawulweni kwekhefu lamandla ahlaziyekayo.
- Iibhetri eziphucukileyo kunye ne-hydrogen eluhlaza zizinto ezintsha eziphambili kwikamva lamandla azinzileyo.
- Iigridi ze-Smart zidibanisa itekhnoloji eyohlukeneyo yokugcina amandla okusebenzisa amandla.
- Kukho imingeni yeendleko kunye nozinzo ekufuneka iqwalaselwe ukuze kuphuculwe ukusebenza kogcino lwamandla.
1. Ukugcinwa kwamandla: iingcamango ezisisiseko
Phambi kokuba singene kulwazi olutsha lwamva nje, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba yintoni kanye kanye ugcino lwamandla. Ukubeka ngokulula, ukugcinwa kwamandla kubhekiselele ekubanjeni amandla avelisiweyo ngexesha elithile ukuze asetyenziswe kamva. Oku kunokwenziwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwiibhetri zeekhemikhali ukuya kwiinkqubo zoomatshini okanye ezishushu.
Kutheni ukugcinwa kwamandla kubaluleke kangaka? Impendulo ikwimeko yethutyana yemithombo emininzi yamandla ahlaziyekayo. Ilanga alisoloko likhanya kwaye nomoya awusoloko uvuthuza, kodwa sifuna umbane 24/7. Ugcino lwamandla lusebenza njengebhulorho, ukulungelelanisa ukubonelela kunye nemfuno yombane.
Iindidi eziphambili zogcino lwamandla ziquka:
- Ugcino lweElectrochemical (iibhetri)
- Ukugcinwa koomatshini (ukumpompa ngobunzulu, umoya ocinezelweyo)
- Ukugcinwa kwe-thermal
- Ukugcinwa kweekhemikhali (hydrogen)
Nganye kwezi ndlela zineenzuzo zayo kunye nezicelo ezithile, kwaye kunye zenza i-ecosystem eyahlukeneyo yezisombululo zokugcina amandla.
2. Iibhetri ze-lithium-ion eziphucukileyo
Iibhetri ze-lithium-ion kudala zilihashe lokugcina amandla aphathwayo, kodwa inkqubela phambili yamva nje ithatha le teknoloji inyukele phezulu. Ngo-2024, sijonge iibhetri ezinoxinano oluphezulu kakhulu kunye nemijikelo yobomi obude.
Enye yezona zinto zintsha zinika umdla kuphuhliso lweebhetri zombuso oqinileyo. Ezi bhetri zisebenzisa i-electrolyte eyomeleleyo endaweni yeyolwelo, izenza zikhuseleke kwaye zibenakho ukuhlala ixesha elide. Isiphumo? Izithuthi zombane ezinoluhlu olungaphezulu kwe-1000 km ngentlawulo enye kunye nezixhobo zombane ezinokusebenza iintsuku ngaphandle kokufuna ukutshajwa.
Kodwa uphuculo alukhawulelwanga kwikhemistri yebhetri kuphela. Ukuqhubela phambili kwiinkqubo zokuvelisa kunye nezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo zenza iibhetri ze-lithium-ion zizinzileyo kwaye zikhuseleke ngokusingqongileyo. Umzekelo, ezinye iinkampani ziphuhlisa iindlela zokusebenzisa kwakhona phantse i-100% yemathiriyeli yebhetri esetyenzisiweyo, ukudala uqoqosho lwesetyhula kobu buchwepheshe bubalulekileyo.
Kwintsimi yeegridi zamandla, iibhetri ezinkulu ze-lithium-ion zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuzinzisweni kwegridi kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwamandla avuselelekayo. Iiprojekthi ezifana ne-300 MW “Big Battery” eVictoria, eOstreliya, zibonisa ukuba nako kobu bugcisa ukuguqula indlela esilawula ngayo iigridi zethu zombane.
3. Ukugcinwa kwamandla e-thermal
Ukugcinwa kwamandla e-Thermal (TES) kuvela njengesisombululo esithembisayo sokujongana nemingeni ye-intermittenncy kumandla avuselelweyo. Le teknoloji ithatha ithuba lobushushu okanye ukubanda ukugcina amandla, inika enye indlela esebenzayo nehlala inexabiso eliphantsi kwiibhetri zesintu.
Enye yeenkqubo ezinomdla kakhulu kule ntsimi kukugcinwa kwamandla okushisa usebenzisa iityuwa ezityhidiweyo. Le ndlela isebenzisa iityuwa ezinobushushu obuphezulu ukugcina amandla ngendlela yobushushu. Ingaba isebenza kanjani? Emini, iityuwa zifudunyezwa kusetyenziswa amandla agxininisiweyo elanga. Ebusuku, obu bushushu buyakhutshwa ukuze bukhuphe umphunga yaye, bona, nombane. Le nkqubo sele isetyenziswa kumaziko ombane agxininisiweyo elanga kwihlabathi jikelele, ivumela ukuveliswa kombane iiyure ezingama-24 ngosuku.
Enye indlela entsha yokugcinwa kwamandla e-cryogenic. Obu bugcisa busebenzisa umbane ukupholisa umoya de ube unyibilike, uwugcine kwiitanki ezigqunyiweyo. Xa kufuneka amandla, umoya wolwelo uyafudunyezwa kwaye uyanda, uqhuba i-injini yomoya ukuvelisa umbane. Inzuzo ephambili yale ndlela kukukwazi ukusebenzisa intsalela "ebandayo" kwizicelo zefriji, ukwandisa ngakumbi ukusebenza kwayo.
Ukuhlanganiswa kokugcinwa kwe-thermal kunye namandla ahlaziyekayo kuvula amathuba amatsha olawulo lwegridi yamandla. Ngokomzekelo, eDenmark, iitanki ezinkulu zamanzi ashushu zisetyenziswa “njengeebhetri” zokugcina amandla omoya amaninzi, zibonelela ngokufudumeza amakhaya xa imfuno iphezulu.
4. I-hydrogen eluhlaza: i-vector yamandla yexesha elizayo
I-hydrogen eluhlaza ivela njengenye yezona zisombululo ezithembisayo zokugcina amandla exesha elide kunye ne-decarbonisation yamacandelo okunzima ukuwenza umbane. Kodwa yintoni kanye kanye i-hydrogen eluhlaza kwaye kutheni ivelisa uchulumanco olungaka?
Ihydrogen eluhlaza iveliswa yi-electrolysis yamanzi, kusetyenziswa umbane osuka kwimithombo ehlaziyekayo. Le nkqubo yahlula iimolekyuli zamanzi kwi-hydrogen kunye ne-oksijini, ngaphandle kokukhupha i-CO2 kwinkqubo. Ubuhle bale ndlela buxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi: i-hydrogen inokugcinwa, ihanjiswe kwaye isetyenziswe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.
Esinye sezicelo ezinomdla kakhulu ze-hydrogen eluhlaza licandelo lezothutho ezinzima. Iilori zeHydrojeni, iinqanawa kunye neenqwelomoya zinokuguqula izinto zehlabathi, zinike enye indlela ecocekileyo kumafutha efosili. Umzekelo, inkampani yaseNorway i-Nel ASA iphuhlisa izikhululo ze-hydrogen ezinokuthi zenze i-refueling yemoto ye-hydrogen ngokukhawuleza kwaye kulula njengokugalela i-petroli.
Kwimizi-mveliso, i-hydrogen eluhlaza inamandla okwenza iinkqubo ze-decarbonise ebezikade zithathwa ngokuba nzima ukufakwa kombane, ezinje ngentsimbi kunye nesamente yokuvelisa. Umenzi wensimbi waseSweden u-SSAB, umzekelo, sele evelise intsimbi yokuqala "ye-fossil-free" yehlabathi esebenzisa i-hydrogen eluhlaza endaweni yamalahle.
Kodwa ukugcinwa kwe-hydrogen kubangela imingeni yayo. Izisombululo ezininzi ngoku ziyaphononongwa, ukusuka kwindawo yokugcina uxinzelelo oluphezulu ukuya kusetyenziso lwezithwali ze-hydrogen eziphilayo (LOHCs). Ezi teknoloji zinokwenza ukugcinwa kwamandla amaninzi avuselelekayo ixesha elide, lisebenza njengoluhlobo "lwebhetri yexesha" kwigridi yamandla.
5. Iinkqubo zomoya ezicinezelekileyo (CAES)
Iinkqubo zogcino lwamandla omoya oxinisiweyo (CAES) zimele isisombululo esinobuchule sokugcina amandla amakhulu. Le teknoloji, nangona ingekho ntsha, ifumana ukuvuselelwa ngokutsha ngenxa yezinto ezintsha eziyenza isebenze ngakumbi kwaye isebenzise izinto ezininzi.
Isebenza njani i-CAES? Ngokusisiseko, isebenzisa umbane ngamaxesha emfuno ephantsi yokucinezela umoya kwaye iwugcine kwimiqolomba engaphantsi komhlaba okanye kwiitanki. Xa imfuno yombane isanda, lo moya ucinezelweyo uyakhululwa kwaye ufudunyezwe, ukwandisa ukuqhuba i-turbine eyenza umbane.
Olona ncedo lubalulekileyo lwe-CAES kukukwazi ukugcina amandla amakhulu ixesha elide. Ngokomzekelo, iprojekthi ye-Huntorf yaseJamani, i-CAES yokuqala yorhwebo yehlabathi, isebenze ukususela ngo-1978, ibonisa ubude kunye nokuthembeka kobu buchwepheshe.
Nangona kunjalo, iinkqubo ze-CAES zendabuko zinenzuzo: zilahlekelwa amandla ngendlela yokushisa ngexesha loxinzelelo lomoya. Ukujongana nale ngxaki, iinkqubo eziphambili ze-adiabatic ze-CAES ziyaphuhliswa ezibamba kwaye zigcine lo bushushu ukuze zisetyenziswe kamva, ukwandisa kakhulu ukusebenza kwenkqubo.
Umzekelo onomdla wokuqamba izinto ezintsha kwi-CAES yiprojekthi yeHydrostor eCanada. Le nkampani iphuhlise inkqubo esebenzisa imiqolomba engaphantsi komhlaba ezaliswe ngamanzi ukugcina umoya oxinanisiweyo. Xa kufuneka amandla, umoya uyakhululwa, ufuduse amanzi kunye nokuvelisa umbane. Le ndlela ayisebenzi nje kuphela, kodwa ivumela ukwakhiwa kwezibonelelo ze-CAES kwiindawo apho ukubunjwa kwe-geological efanelekileyo akukho ngokwemvelo.
6. Iibhetri ezihambayo
Iibhetri ezihambayo zibonisa indlela eyodwa kunye nethembisayo yokugcina amandla amakhulu. Ngokungafaniyo neebhetri eziqhelekileyo, apho amandla agcinwe kwii-electrode eziqinileyo, iibhetri zokuhamba zisebenzisa iitanki ezimbini ze-electrolyte engamanzi ezimpontshwa ngeseli ye-electrochemical ukuvelisa umbane.
Ziziphi iingenelo zale nkqubo? Okokuqala, umthamo wokugcina ibhetri ejikelezayo unokunyuswa ngokulula ngokongeza i-electrolyte engaphezulu, ibenze babe nokunyuka okukhulu. Ukongeza, ezi bhetri zinobomi obude kakhulu, zikwazi ukumelana namashumi amawaka entlawulo kunye nokukhupha imijikelo ngaphandle kokuthotywa okubalulekileyo.
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zeebhetri zokuhamba, kodwa i-vanadium-redox iibhetri zokuhamba (i-VRFB) ngoku zezona zihambele phambili kwaye zithengiswa. Ezi bhetri zisebenzisa iimeko ezahlukeneyo ze-oxidation ze-vanadium kwisisombululo se-asidi njenge-electrolytes. Enye yeenzuzo eziphambili ze-VRFBs kukuba ngokusebenzisa into efanayo kuzo zombini i-electrolytes, umngcipheko wokungcola okunqamlezayo, ingxaki eqhelekileyo kwezinye iintlobo zeebhetri zokuhamba, zipheliswa.
Umzekelo okhuthazayo wokusetyenziswa kweebhetri zokuhambahamba yiprojekthi eDalian, eChina, apho inkqubo ye-VRFB engama-200 MW/800 MWh, eyona inkulu ehlabathini, ifakiwe. Le nkqubo inceda ukudibanisa umoya kunye namandla elanga kwigridi yombane, ebonisa amandla okuhamba kweebhetri zokugcinwa kwamandla egridi.
Uphuhliso lwakutsha nje kwiibhetri zokuhamba lujolise ekuphuculeni ukuxinana kwamandla kunye nokunciphisa iindleko. Ngokomzekelo, abaphandi kwi-Pacific Northwest National Laboratory baye baphuhlisa i-chemistry entsha yebhetri esekelwe kwi-electrolytes ye-organic, ethembisa ukuba iya kuba nexabiso eliphantsi kwaye igcineke ngakumbi kuneebhetri zokuhamba eziqhelekileyo.
7. Ii-Supercapacitors
I-Supercapacitors, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-ultracapacitors, ivela njengeteknoloji yokugcina amandla ehambelanayo kwiibhetri zendabuko. Ezi zixhobo zithatha i-niche ekhethekileyo kwi-ecosystem yokugcina amandla, inika indibaniselwano yamandla aphezulu kunye nentlawulo ekhawulezayo / ukukhutshwa okubenza balungele izicelo ezithile.
Kodwa yintoni eyahlula ii-supercapacitors kwiibhetri eziqhelekileyo? Umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwee-supercapacitors kunye neebhetri eziqhelekileyo yindlela abagcina ngayo amandla. Ngelixa iibhetri zisebenzisa iikhemikhali, ii-supercapacitors zigcina amandla kwindawo yombane. Oku kubavumela ukuba bahlawule kwaye bakhuphe ngokukhawuleza ngakumbi kwaye bamelane nenani eliphezulu kakhulu lemijikelo ngaphandle kokuthotywa.
Zisetyenziswa phi ii-supercapacitors? Umzekelo onomtsalane kukwizithuthi zikawonke-wonke. E-China, iibhasi zombane ezixhotyiswe nge-supercapacitors zinokuhlawuliswa ngokupheleleyo ngemizuzwana kwindawo nganye yokumisa, ukuphelisa imfuneko yekhefu elide lokutshaja. Le nkqubo ayiphuculi nje ukusebenza kakuhle kwezithuthi zikawonke-wonke, kodwa inciphisa imfuno yeebhetri ezinkulu nezinzima.
Ehlabathini lombane wabathengi, ii-supercapacitors zifumana indlela yazo kwizixhobo ezifuna ukuqhuma kwamandla aphezulu. Ngokomzekelo, ezinye ii-smartphones sele zisebenzisa ii-supercapacitors ukunika amandla i-flash yekhamera, ukuvumela inani elikhulu leefoto ze-flash ngaphandle kokukhupha ibhetri enkulu.
Inkqubela phambili yamva nje kwimathiriyeli ithatha ii-supercapacitors ukuya kwiindawo eziphakamileyo. Umzekelo, iGraphene iphandwa njengesixhobo esithembisayo se-electrode ye-supercapacitor ngenxa yendawo yayo enkulu kunye nokuhanjiswa okugqwesileyo. Abaphandi kwiYunivesithi yaseSurrey baye baphuhlisa ii-graphene-based supercapacitors ezinokubiza izixhobo zombane ngemizuzwana kwaye zibenakho ukuguqula izithuthi zombane ngokuvumela amaxesha okutshaja okukhawulezayo.
8. Ukugcinwa komxhuzulane
Ukugcinwa kwe-gravitational yenye yezona zinto zintsha kwaye, ngexesha elifanayo, iingcamango ezilula kwintsimi yokugcina amandla. Obu buchwephesha busebenzisa amandla omxhuzulane ukugcina kunye nokukhulula amandla, ukunika isisombululo esinokubakho sokugcinwa kwamandla ixesha elide.
Isebenza njani kanye? Yiba nomfanekiso wenqaba yeebhloko zekhonkrithi. Xa kukho amandla angaphezulu kwigridi, isetyenziselwa ukuphakamisa ezi bhloko. Xa amandla efuneka, iibhloko ziyawa, ziguqule amandla anokubakho kumbane ngokusebenzisa iijenereyitha. Ivakala ilula, akunjalo? Kodwa le nto ilula yiyo kanye eyenza le teknoloji ibe nomtsalane.
Enye inkampani ekhokelayo kweli candelo yi-Energy Vault. Inkqubo yabo isebenzisa iikhreyini ukupakisha iibhloko zekonkrithi eziziitoni ezingama-35 kwinqaba. Xa amandla efuneka, isoftware ilawula ukuhla kweebhloko, iguqula amandla anokubakho kumandla ekinetic ize ibe ngumbane. Into enomdla ngale ndlela kukuba inokubonelela ngokugcinwa kwexesha elide ngaphandle kwesidingo sezinto ezingaqhelekanga okanye iinkqubo zekhemikhali eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Enye ingcamango entsha ekugcinweni komxhuzulane ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa koololiwe. Inkampani yase-US i-Advanced Rail Energy Storage (i-ARES) iphuhlise inkqubo esebenzisa oololiwe abathwele kakhulu kwithambeka. Oololiwe bakhwela ithambeka xa kukho amandla agqithisileyo kwaye behle xa kufuneka umbane. Le nkqubo inokubonelela ngekhulu leemegawathi zamandla kwaye igcine amandla kangangeentsuku okanye iiveki.
Ziziphi iingenelo zokugcinwa komxhuzulane? Okokuqala, inobomi obude kakhulu njengoko kungekho kuthotywa kweekhemikhali njengakwiibhetri. Ngaphezu koko, isebenzisa izinto ezininzi kunye nexabiso eliphantsi, ezinokuthi ziyenze ingeniso enkulu kakhulu. Okokugqibela, ezi nkqubo zinokwakhiwa phantse naphi na, nto leyo ezenza zisebenziseke kakhulu.
9. Ukuhlanganiswa kweenkqubo zokugcina kwiigridi ezihlakaniphile
Inguqu yokwenyani yokugcina amandla ayikho nje ngokuphuhlisa itekhnoloji yomntu ngamnye, kodwa malunga nokudibanisa ngobukrelekrele kwiigridi zethu zamandla. Iigridi ezihlakaniphile, ezisebenzisa iteknoloji yedijithali ukulawula imfuno yombane kunye nokubonelela, zisembindini wolu tshintsho.
Zisebenza njani ezi grids ezihlakaniphile ezinokugcinwa okudibeneyo? Khawucinge ngesixeko apho iibhetri zasekhaya, izithuthi zombane kunye neenkqubo zokugcina ezinkulu zixhunyiwe kwigridi. Isoftware yolawulo lwamandla ekwinqanaba eliphezulu ilungelelanisa ezi zixhobo, zizihlawulisa xa kukho amandla avuselelekayo agqithisileyo kwaye ziwakhuphe xa imfuno iphezulu.
Umzekelo othakazelisayo wolu kuhlanganiswa yiprojekthi yeTesla ye-Virtual Power Plant eMzantsi Australia. Le projekthi idibanisa amawaka eepaneli zelanga kunye neebhetri zasekhaya zePowerwall ukwenza "isixhobo sombane esibonakalayo" esinokubonelela ngombane kwigridi xa kuyimfuneko. Ayizange incede nje ukuzinzisa igridi, kodwa iye yanciphisa iindleko zombane kubathathi-nxaxheba.
Olunye uphononongo olunomdla lolo lwesiqithi sase-El Hierro kwiiCanary Islands. Esi siqithi sincinci siphumelele ukuzimela kwamandla ngokudibanisa amandla omoya kunye nenkqubo yokugcina impompo. Xa kukho amandla omoya agqithisileyo, amanzi ampontshelwa kwidama elinobude obuphezulu. Xa umoya ungavuthuzi, kukhutshwa amanzi ukuze kuveliswe umbane ngamanzi. Le nkqubo ye-hybrid iye yavumela isiqithi ukuba siqhube phantse ngokukodwa kumandla avuselelekayo.
Ukuhlanganiswa kweenkqubo zokugcina kwiigridi ezihlakaniphile kwakhona kuvula amathuba amatsha okuthatha inxaxheba kwabathengi kwiimarike zamandla. Ngokomzekelo, kwezinye iindawo, abanikazi bezithuthi zombane bangenza imali ngokuvumela iibhetri zabo ukuba zisetyenziswe ukulinganisa igridi, ingcamango eyaziwa ngokuba yi "vehicle-to-grid" (V2G).
10. Imingeni yexesha elizayo kunye namathuba
Ngaphandle kokuqhubela phambili okuchulumancisayo kugcino lwamandla, imiceli mngeni ebalulekileyo kusafuneka yoyiswe. Omnye wemiqobo ephambili yindleko. Nangona amaxabiso ebhetri ehle kakhulu kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, sisafuna ukucuthwa okungakumbi ukwenza ugcino lwamandla lusebenze ngokwezoqoqosho kwizinga elikhulu.
Omnye umngeni obalulekileyo kukuzinza. Ngelixa iitekhnoloji ezifana nokugcinwa komxhuzulane zizinzile ngokwendalo, ezinye, ezinje ngeebhetri ze-lithium-ion, zixhomekeke kwizinto ezinqongopheleyo kunye neenkqubo zokutsalwa ezinokuba yingozi kokusingqongileyo. Ukuphuhliswa kweendlela ezisebenzayo zokurisayikilishwa kunye nokukhangela ezinye imathiriyeli ziinkalo eziphambili zophando.
Ngokwemigaqo-nkqubo kunye nemimiselo, sifuna izikhokelo ezikhuthaza utyalo-mali ekugcinweni kwamandla kwaye ziququzelele ukuhlanganiswa kwayo kwigridi. Amanye amazwe akhokelayo kulo mba. Umzekelo, iCalifornia ibeke iinjongo ezinqwenelekayo zokuthunyelwa kogcino lwamandla, nto leyo eye yaqhuba inguqulelo entsha kunye nokwamkelwa kobu buchwepheshe.
Imbonakalo yemarike yokugcina amandla ithembisa kakhulu. Ngokwengxelo ye-Bloomberg New Energy Finance, imarike yokugcina amandla kwihlabathi kulindeleke ukuba ikhule iye kuthi ga kwi-942 GW / 2,857 GWh ngo-2040, itsale i-620 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kutyalo-mali. Oku kukhula kuya kuqhutywa kukwehla kweendleko zebhetri, ukunyuka kokungena kwezinto ezihlaziyiweyo kunye nesidingo esikhulayo sokuqina kwegridi.
Isiphelo sokugcinwa kwamandla
Ugcino lwamandla kusembindini wotshintsho oluya kucoceko kunye nekamva lamandla elizinzileyo. Ukusuka kwiibhetri ze-lithium-ion eziphambili ukuya kwiinkqubo zogcino lomxhuzulane, ubugcisa esibuphononongileyo kweli nqaku buguqula indlela esenza ngayo, sisasaze kwaye sisebenzise amandla.
Ezi zisombululo azenzi nje amandla ahlaziyekayo ukuba asebenze ngakumbi kwaye athembeke, zikwaxhobisa abathengi, ziphucula ukomelela kweegridi zethu zombane kunye nokuvula amathuba amatsha olawulo lwamandla.
Njengoko sijonge ku-2024 nangaphaya, kuyonwabisa ukucinga ukuba obu buchwepheshe bogcino lwamandla buza kuqhubeka njani nokuvela kwaye loluphi ulutsha oluza kuvela. Inye into eqinisekileyo: ukugcinwa kwamandla kuya kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubumbeni ikamva lethu lamandla.
Kwaye wena, ucinga ntoni malunga nolu tshintsho kugcino lwamandla? Ucinga ukuba baya kuyitshintsha kakhulu indlela esiyisebenzisa ngayo kunye nokucinga ngamandla? Yabelana ngeli nqaku kunye nabahlobo bakho kunye nosapho ukuqala incoko malunga nekamva lamandla kunye nendlela esinokuba negalelo ngayo kwihlabathi elizinzileyo.